mev-toolkit/The-Merge/README.md

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# A PoS world
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## proposer/builder separation (PBS)
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### resources
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* [State of research: increasing censorship resistance of transactions under proposer/builder separation (PBS), by Vitalik et al](https://notes.ethereum.org/@vbuterin/pbs_censorship_resistance)
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## tools
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### validators
* [Beacon Chain Explorer](https://prater.beaconcha.in/)
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### Definitions
* LMD-GHOST: latest message drive greediest heaviest observed subtree, the fork choice rule determining which block is viewed as the current chain head.
* Casper FFG: the finality gadget used in Ethereum PoS which moves blocks from the "proposed" to "justified" to "finalized" stage.
* Gasper: Ethereums PoS implementation, a combination of the LMD-GHOST fork choice rule, Casper FFG, and the specific reward/penalty scheme.
* RANDAO: random number generation scheme used to select block proposers, sort validators into committees, etc.
* BLS: cryptographic signature scheme used for validator attestations.
* inactivity leak: validators which dont submit attestations are penalized if the chain stops finalizing.
* slashing: validators which maliciously propose or attest to multiple blocks at the same height have their stake reduced.
* proposer boost: a modification to LMD-GHOST giving additional weight to blocks proposed earlier in the slot to defend against avalanche attacks, see an explanation of a 7-block reorg in the beacon chain while this update was being rolled out.