A PoS world
proposer/builder separation (PBS)
resources
tools
validators
Definitions
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LMD-GHOST: latest message drive greediest heaviest observed subtree, the fork choice rule determining which block is viewed as the current chain head.
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Casper FFG: the finality gadget used in Ethereum PoS which moves blocks from the "proposed" to "justified" to "finalized" stage.
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Gasper: Ethereum’s PoS implementation, a combination of the LMD-GHOST fork choice rule, Casper FFG, and the specific reward/penalty scheme.
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RANDAO: random number generation scheme used to select block proposers, sort validators into committees, etc.
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BLS: cryptographic signature scheme used for validator attestations.
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inactivity leak: validators which don’t submit attestations are penalized if the chain stops finalizing.
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slashing: validators which maliciously propose or attest to multiple blocks at the same height have their stake reduced.
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proposer boost: a modification to LMD-GHOST giving additional weight to blocks proposed earlier in the slot to defend against avalanche attacks, see an explanation of a 7-block reorg in the beacon chain while this update was being rolled out.