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@ -1,23 +1,51 @@
## tricks to save gas
## gas
<br>
### tl; dr
### gas costs
- gas is the cost for on-chain computation and storage.
- examples: addition costs 3 gas, Keccak-256 costs 30 gas + 6 gas for each 256 bits of data being hashed, and sending a transaction costs 21,000 gas.
- brute force hashes of function names to find those that start 0000, so this can save around 50 gas.
- avoid calls to other contracts.
- ++i uses 5 gas less than i++.
- if you don’t need a variable anymore, you should delete it using the delete keyword provided by solidity or by setting it to its default value.
<br>
- gas is the cost for on-chain computation and storage. examples:
- addition costs 3 gas, keccak-256 costs 30 gas + 6 gas for each 256 bits of data being hashed
- sending a transaction costs 21,000 gas (intrinsic gas)
- creating a contract cost 32000 gas
- each **calldata** byte costs gas (gas per byte equal to 0, and 16 gas for the others), the larger the size of the transaction data, the higher the gas fees.
- each opcode has a [specific fixed cost to be paid upon execution](https://www.evm.codes/?fork=arrowGlacier)
<br>
----
### calculating gas for your code
<br>
<img width="532" alt="Screen Shot 2023-01-24 at 4 28 45 PM" src="https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/1130416/214452718-b051caed-49e4-45fb-b955-976d20e97cbd.png">
* online: [remix](https://remix.ethereum.org/)
<br>
----
### tricks to save gas
<br>
#### small ones
<br>
- brute force hashes of function names to find those that start 0000, so this can save around 50 gas.
- if you don’t need a variable anymore, you should delete it using the delete keyword provided by solidity or by setting it to its default value.
- avoid calls to other contracts.
- ++i uses 5 gas less than i++.
<br>
<img width="450" alt="Screen Shot 2023-01-24 at 4 28 45 PM" src="https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/1130416/214452718-b051caed-49e4-45fb-b955-976d20e97cbd.png">
@ -106,11 +134,11 @@ uint256 world; //good, cheap
<br>
* [resources for gas optimization](https://github.com/kadenzipfel/gas-optimizations)
* [truffle contract size](https://github.com/IoBuilders/truffle-contract-size)
* [foundry book on gas](https://book.getfoundry.sh/forge/gas-reports)
* [solidity gas optimizations](https://mirror.xyz/haruxe.eth/DW5verFv8KsYOBC0SxqWORYry17kPdeS94JqOVkgxAA)
* [hardhat on gas optimization](https://medium.com/@thelasthash/%EF%B8%8F-gas-optimization-with-hardhat-1e553eaea311)
* [foundry on gas](https://book.getfoundry.sh/forge/gas-reports)
* [resources for gas optimization](https://github.com/kadenzipfel/gas-optimizations)
* [awesome solidity gas optimization](https://github.com/iskdrews/awesome-solidity-gas-optimization)