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@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ the thirteen colonies and the rest of the world.</p>
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<p>It was not a coincidence that the same year that saw the
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Declaration of Independence also saw the publication of Adam
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<ent type='PERSON'>Smith</ent>'s Wealth of <ent type='ORG'>Nations</ent>. Both represented the ideas of the
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Smith's Wealth of Nations. Both represented the ideas of the
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age. When <ent type='PERSON'>Smith</ent> spoke of a "system of natural liberty" in
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which, "every man, as long as he does not violate the laws of
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justice, is left perfectly free to pursue his own interests
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@ -20,11 +20,11 @@ economic vision of most of those who fought for freedom from
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<ent type='NORP'>British</ent> imperialism in the thirteen colonies.</p>
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<p>Following independence, the thirteen independent states were
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loosely bound together by <ent type='ORG'>the Articles</ent> of Confederation. Many
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loosely bound together by the Articles of Confederation. Many
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of the Founding Fathers, however, raised concerns about
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economic policies which the sovereign states were
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implementing. They had introduced various forms of economic
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nationalism into their relationships with not only <ent type='NORP'>European</ent>
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nationalism into their relationships with not only European
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countries, but also among themselves.</p>
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<p>They imposed tariffs against the goods of other states. They
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@ -39,17 +39,17 @@ were all practicing that against which they had fought in the
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war for independence.</p>
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<p>To overcome these economic barriers, the writers of the
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Constitution (that replaced <ent type='ORG'>the Articles</ent> of Confederation in
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Constitution (that replaced the Articles of Confederation in
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1787) included in Article 1, Section 8 that, "the <ent type='ORG'>Congress</ent>
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shall have the Power . . . To regulate <ent type='ORG'>Commerce</ent> with foreign
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<ent type='ORG'>Nations</ent>, and among the several <ent type='GPE'>States</ent> . . ."</p>
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Nations, and among the several States . . ."</p>
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<p>For many, the meaning of "to regulate" in the Constitution was
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meant to prohibit economic nationalism and make the several
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states a single, unified free trade area. Most of the Founding
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Fathers were very familiar with the free trade ideas of
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<ent type='NORP'>Scotsmen</ent> like <ent type='PERSON'>Adam Smith</ent> and <ent type='PERSON'>David Hume</ent> and their <ent type='NORP'>French</ent>
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colleagues, the <ent type='PERSON'>Physiocrats</ent>. They knew that these free traders
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colleagues, the <ent type='NORP'>Physiocrats</ent>. They knew that these free traders
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were correct when they advocated the free movement of goods,
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men, and ideas from one part of the globe to another. Freedom
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and prosperity were to be linked together in one system of
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@ -77,7 +77,7 @@ people, and substitutes in its place dependence upon
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governmental favoritism." It created, President <ent type='PERSON'>Cleveland</ent>
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said, the spirit of governmental "paternalism."</p>
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<p>While the United <ent type='GPE'>States</ent> government never completely removed
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<p>While <ent type='GPE'>the United</ent> States government never completely removed
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itself from the economic affairs of the people, broad economic
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freedom was more the rule than the exception in the last
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century. Why? To quote Daniel <ent type='PERSON'>Webster</ent> once more, "The general
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@ -86,7 +86,7 @@ freedom of commercial intercourse and unrestrained action."
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Economic liberty, <ent type='PERSON'>Webster</ent> argued, was "the general tide of
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opinion."</p>
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<p>In our time, the general tide of opinion in the United <ent type='GPE'>States</ent>
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<p>In our time, the general tide of opinion in <ent type='GPE'>the United</ent> States
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has not been kind to either freedom of commercial intercourse
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or unrestrained individual action. The reverse has been the
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case. Listen to two voices from the contemporary business
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@ -140,7 +140,7 @@ little?</p>
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<p>The only solution to government regulation and redistribution
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of wealth in 20th century <ent type='GPE'>America</ent> is an amendment to the
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Constitution that recognizes and guarantees a separation of
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the economy and the <ent type='ORG'>State</ent>. Only the establishment of economic
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the economy and the State. Only the establishment of economic
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freedom on a par with freedom of speech, religion and the
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press can assure that there will be fewer ambiguities
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concerning the rights of the people and their economic
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@ -170,15 +170,15 @@ interact, a renewed faith in free men and an understanding of
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the peace and prosperity that can only come from unhampered
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free markets and free trade.</p>
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<p>Professor <ent type='PERSON'>Ebeling</ent> is the <ent type='PERSON'>Ludwig von</ent> Mises Professor of
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<p>Professor Ebeling is the <ent type='PERSON'>Ludwig von</ent> Mises Professor of
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Economics at <ent type='ORG'>Hillsdale College</ent> in <ent type='GPE'>Michigan</ent> and also serves as
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Vice-President of <ent type='ORG'>Academic Affairs</ent> of The Future of Freedom
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<ent type='ORG'>Foundation</ent>, P.O. Box 9752, <ent type='GPE'>Denver</ent>, CO 80209.
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Foundation, P.O. Box 9752, <ent type='GPE'>Denver</ent>, CO 80209.
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------------------------------------------------------------
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From the July 1990 issue of <ent type='ORG'>FREEDOM DAILY</ent>,
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Copyright (c) 1990, The Future of Freedom <ent type='ORG'>Foundation</ent>,
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Copyright (c) 1990, The Future of Freedom Foundation,
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PO Box 9752, <ent type='GPE'>Denver</ent>, <ent type='GPE'>Colorado</ent> 80209, 303-777-3588.
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Permission granted to reprint; please give appropriate credit
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and send one copy of reprinted material to the <ent type='ORG'>Foundation</ent>.
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and send one copy of reprinted material to the Foundation.
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</p></xml>
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