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@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ was considered essential if the human inclination toward
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political abuse of power was to be prevented. "No political
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truth is certainly of greater intrinsic value, or is stamped
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with the authority of more enlightened patrons of liberty,"
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stated <ent type='PERSON'>James Madison</ent> in The Federalist Papers, "than that
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stated James Madison in The Federalist Papers, "than that
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. . . [t]he accumulation of all power, legislative, executive
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and judiciary, in the same hands, whether of one, a few, or
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many, and whether hereditary, self-appointed, or elective, may
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@ -34,23 +34,23 @@ the matter came up at the convention as to which branch of
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government would have the authority to "make war,"
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disagreement arose. <ent type='PERSON'>Pierce Butler</ent> of <ent type='GPE'>South Carolina</ent> wanted
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that power to reside in the President who, he said, "will have
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all the requisite qualities." <ent type='PERSON'>James Madison</ent> and <ent type='PERSON'>Elbridge Gerry</ent>
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all the requisite qualities." James Madison and <ent type='PERSON'>Elbridge Gerry</ent>
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of <ent type='GPE'>Massachusetts</ent> were for "leaving to the <ent type='ORG'>Executive</ent> the power
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to repel sudden attacks" but proposed changing the wording to
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"declare" rather than "make war," and then only with the
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approval of both <ent type='ORG'>Houses</ent> of <ent type='ORG'>Congress</ent>. <ent type='PERSON'>Oliver Ellsworth</ent> of
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<ent type='GPE'>Connecticut</ent> agreed, saying that "It should be more easy to get
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Connecticut agreed, saying that "It should be more easy to get
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out of war than into it." And <ent type='PERSON'>George Mason</ent> of <ent type='GPE'>Virginia</ent> also
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was "against giving the power of war to the <ent type='ORG'>Executive</ent>, because
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[he was] not safely to be trusted with it." <ent type='ORG'>Mason</ent> "was for
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clogging rather than facilitating war."</p>
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<p>Thus, in the final, ratified Constitution, the <ent type='ORG'>Congress</ent>, in
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<ent type='PERSON'>Article</ent> I, Section 8, was given the sole authority, "To
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Declare War," while the President, in <ent type='PERSON'>Article</ent> II, Section 2,
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Article I, Section 8, was given the sole authority, "To
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Declare War," while the President, in Article II, Section 2,
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was made "Commander in Chief of the <ent type='ORG'>Army</ent> and <ent type='ORG'>Navy</ent> of the
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United <ent type='GPE'>States</ent>, and <ent type='ORG'>the Militia</ent> of the several <ent type='GPE'>States</ent>, when
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called into the actual service of <ent type='GPE'>the United States</ent>." Civilian
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United States, and <ent type='ORG'>the Militia</ent> of the several States, when
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called into the actual service of <ent type='GPE'>the United</ent> States." Civilian
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authority over the military was established, with
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Constitutionally divided power over its application in war:
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<ent type='ORG'>Congress</ent> declared war, and the President oversaw its
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@ -69,17 +69,17 @@ procedural hurdles and delays in the way before the passions
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of the moment could result in declarations of war and the
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initiation of hostilities against other nations.</p>
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<p>Yet, in spite of these Constitutional restraints, the United
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<ent type='GPE'>States</ent> has participated in four foreign wars in the 20th
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<p>Yet, in spite of these Constitutional restraints, <ent type='GPE'>the United</ent>
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States has participated in four foreign wars in the 20th
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century--two <ent type='EVENT'>World Wars</ent>, the <ent type='NORP'>Korean</ent> "police action" and the
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<ent type='GPE'>Vietnam</ent> conflict--and in three of these, <ent type='GPE'>the United States</ent> was
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<ent type='GPE'>Vietnam</ent> conflict--and in three of these, <ent type='GPE'>the United</ent> States was
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neither directly attacked nor threatened by a foreign enemy.
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Why, then, did we intervene?</p>
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<p>The answer lies in the ideology of the welfare state. First in
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the years preceding <ent type='EVENT'>World War</ent> I, and then again in the 1930s,
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<ent type='NORP'>American</ent> intellectuals and politicians undertook grand
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experiments in social engineering. <ent type='ORG'>The Progressive Era</ent> of
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experiments in social engineering. The Progressive Era of
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<ent type='PERSON'>Theodore Roosevelt</ent> and <ent type='PERSON'>Woodrow Wilson</ent>, and <ent type='EVENT'>the New Deal days</ent>
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of <ent type='ORG'>Franklin</ent> D. <ent type='PERSON'>Roosevelt</ent>, were the crucial decades for the
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implementation of the politics of government intervention and
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@ -99,34 +99,34 @@ men.</p>
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<p>And what was good for <ent type='NORP'>Americans</ent> at home, surely would be no
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less beneficial for the masses of people across the oceans.
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Was not <ent type='LOC'>Europe</ent> a caldron of political intrigue and corruption?
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Were not the people of <ent type='LOC'>Asia</ent>, <ent type='LOC'>Africa</ent> and <ent type='GPE'>Latin America</ent>
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Was not Europe a caldron of political intrigue and corruption?
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Were not the people of <ent type='LOC'>Asia</ent>, <ent type='LOC'>Africa</ent> and <ent type='LOC'>Latin America</ent>
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suffering in squalor and ignorance, the victims of tribal
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despots and imperialist exploitors--easy prey to that even
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greater threat of <ent type='NORP'>communist</ent> propaganda and revolution?</p>
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<p><ent type='GPE'>America</ent>'s first crusade was in 1917, when <ent type='PERSON'>Woodrow Wilson</ent>,
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insisting that <ent type='GPE'>the United States</ent> had the moral duty to take
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<p>America's first crusade was in 1917, when <ent type='PERSON'>Woodrow Wilson</ent>,
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insisting that <ent type='GPE'>the United</ent> States had the moral duty to take
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the lead and "make the world safe for democracy," had asked
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for, and got, a declaration of war from <ent type='ORG'>Congress</ent>. <ent type='NORP'>Americans</ent>,
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however, were repulsed in the years following <ent type='EVENT'>World War</ent> I,
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when instead of democracy, they saw that all that came out of
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our participation in that noble crusade had been communism in
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<ent type='GPE'>Russia</ent>, fascism in <ent type='GPE'>Italy</ent>, <ent type='NORP'>Nazism</ent> in <ent type='GPE'>Germany</ent> and imperialist
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spoils for the victorious <ent type='LOC'>Europe</ent>an allies.</p>
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spoils for the victorious European allies.</p>
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<p>But <ent type='EVENT'>World War</ent> II seemed to offer the opportunity for a second
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chance. The <ent type='NORP'>American</ent> "arsenal of democracy" would free the
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world of <ent type='PERSON'>Hitler</ent> and <ent type='ORG'>Imperial Japan</ent> and then pursue an
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international course of permanent foreign intervention to
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create "a better world." What the world got was <ent type='EVENT'>the Cold War</ent>,
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with the <ent type='GPE'>Soviet Union</ent> gaining an Eastern <ent type='LOC'>Europe</ent>an empire, and
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with <ent type='GPE'>the Soviet Union</ent> gaining an <ent type='NORP'>Eastern</ent> European empire, and
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with <ent type='GPE'>China</ent> being lost behind what became known as the
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<ent type='NORP'>communist</ent> "Bamboo Curtain."</p>
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<p><ent type='GPE'>America</ent>'s rewards were global commitments that required
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<p>America's rewards were global commitments that required
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hundreds of thousands of <ent type='NORP'>American</ent> soldiers permanently
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stationed in <ent type='LOC'>Europe</ent>; two bloody wars in <ent type='LOC'>Asia</ent> that cost the
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stationed in Europe; two bloody wars in <ent type='LOC'>Asia</ent> that cost the
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lives of over a hundred thousand <ent type='NORP'>Americans</ent>; a huge defense
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budget that siphoned off hundreds of billions of dollars from
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the private sector for four decades; and even more tens of
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@ -140,7 +140,7 @@ became a tool for "priming the pump" and guaranteeing "full
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employment" through government expenditures.</p>
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<p>But communism is now dying under the weight of its own
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political corruption and economic failures. And the <ent type='LOC'>Europe</ent>an
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political corruption and economic failures. And the European
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and <ent type='LOC'>Asia</ent>n countries that benefited from decades of being on
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the <ent type='NORP'>American</ent> defense and foreign aid dole have decided they
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want to grow up and manage their own affairs.</p>
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@ -151,21 +151,21 @@ makers are petrified. The global social engineers in
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<ent type='GPE'>Washington</ent> are suddenly faced with a world that doesn't want
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to be under the tutelage of <ent type='NORP'>American</ent> paternalism and
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dominance. They are busy scrambling for some way to "keep
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<ent type='GPE'>America</ent> in <ent type='LOC'>Europe</ent>," maintain <ent type='GPE'>Washington</ent>'s political control
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<ent type='GPE'>America</ent> in Europe," maintain Washington's political control
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and influence over international affairs and guarantee that
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<ent type='GPE'>America</ent> will remain "in harm's way," potentially drawn into
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numerous controversies and conflicts around the world.</p>
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<p>If it is undesirable for <ent type='GPE'>the United States</ent> government to
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<p>If it is undesirable for <ent type='GPE'>the United</ent> States government to
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intervene in the economic and social affairs of its citizenry
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--as the advocate of individual freedom steadfastly believes
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--then it is equally undesirable for <ent type='GPE'>the United States</ent>
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--then it is equally undesirable for <ent type='GPE'>the United</ent> States
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government to intervene in the internal affairs of other
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nations, or the conflicts that sometimes arise among nations.</p>
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<p>The first duty of the <ent type='NORP'>American</ent> government is to protect the
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life, liberty and property of the citizens of the United
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<ent type='GPE'>States</ent> from foreign aggressors. Once a government sets itself
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life, liberty and property of the citizens of <ent type='GPE'>the United</ent>
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States from foreign aggressors. Once a government sets itself
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the task of trying to rectify the errors and choices of its
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own citizens, it soon begins sliding down a slippery slope in
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which the end result is state supervision and regulation of
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@ -177,25 +177,25 @@ approve, or which we do not consider good or wise, so do other
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nations. But to follow the path of attempting to set the world
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straight can lead to nothing but perpetual intervention and
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war in the name of world peace and global welfare. And these
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have been precisely the results of <ent type='GPE'>America</ent>'s global crusade to
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have been precisely the results of America's global crusade to
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save the world since 1945.</p>
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<p>The end of communism, and the economic growth of <ent type='LOC'>Europe</ent> and
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<p>The end of communism, and the economic growth of Europe and
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<ent type='LOC'>Asia</ent>, give us a new opportunity to foreswear the global
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welfare state, free ourselves from foreign political and
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military entanglements, and follow George <ent type='GPE'>Washington</ent>'s wise
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military entanglements, and follow George Washington's wise
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advice of free commercial relationships with all, but foreign
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alliances and intrigues with none.</p>
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<p>Professor <ent type='PERSON'>Ebeling</ent> is the <ent type='PERSON'>Ludwig von</ent> Mises Professor of
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<p>Professor Ebeling is the <ent type='PERSON'>Ludwig von</ent> Mises Professor of
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Economics at <ent type='ORG'>Hillsdale College</ent>, <ent type='GPE'>Hillsdale</ent>, <ent type='GPE'>Michigan</ent>, and also
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serves as vice-president of academic affairs of <ent type='ORG'>The Future</ent> of
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Freedom <ent type='ORG'>Foundation</ent>, P.O. Box 9752, <ent type='GPE'>Denver</ent>, CO 80209.
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Freedom Foundation, P.O. Box 9752, <ent type='GPE'>Denver</ent>, CO 80209.
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------------------------------------------------------------
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From the November 1990 issue of <ent type='ORG'>FREEDOM DAILY</ent>,
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Copyright (c) 1990, <ent type='ORG'>The Future</ent> of Freedom <ent type='ORG'>Foundation</ent>,
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Copyright (c) 1990, <ent type='ORG'>The Future</ent> of Freedom Foundation,
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PO Box 9752, <ent type='GPE'>Denver</ent>, <ent type='GPE'>Colorado</ent> 80209, 303-777-3588.
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Permission granted to reprint; please give appropriate credit
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and send one copy of reprinted material to the <ent type='ORG'>Foundation</ent>.
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and send one copy of reprinted material to the Foundation.
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</p></xml>
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