trying my best to fix the regex and editing python code

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HadleighJae 2023-04-27 00:54:09 -04:00
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@ -52,14 +52,14 @@ of course the concept of self has been the object of study since
the dawn of civilization. Although he had significant
psychoanalytic precursors, notably in the work of <ent type='PERSON'>Paul Federn</ent>, Erik
<ent type='PERSON'>Erikson</ent> was the first to propose that the core of much
psychopathology lies in disorders of self experience. <ent type='PERSON'>Erikson</ent>'s
psychopathology lies in disorders of self experience. Erikson's
concept of identity, which amalgamated the many sources of beliefs
about who one is is both evocative of common experience and proved
clinically useful. Many kinds of difficultly, as well a normal, and
supernormal psychological development can be usefully explored as
experiences of loss or diffusion of identity or attempts to
establish a satisfactory identity where one was lacking.
<ent type='PERSON'>Erikson</ent>'s work is problematic from a psychoanalytic point of
Erikson's work is problematic from a psychoanalytic point of
view for two reasons. First, reading <ent type='PERSON'>Erikson</ent> carefully one
discovers that his wonderful portrayal of emotional states through
imagery, metaphor and clinical detail is not matched by explicit,
@ -74,9 +74,9 @@ potentially successful attempts to achieve valuable identities,
that while there might be difficulties in the way the patient's
basic project and his ways of attempting to accomplish it were
closer to healthy development than the patient or the society might
recognize. <ent type='PERSON'>Erikson</ent>'s psychobiographical studies of Luther, <ent type='PERSON'>Gandhi</ent>,
recognize. Erikson's psychobiographical studies of Luther, <ent type='PERSON'>Gandhi</ent>,
<ent type='PERSON'>Hitler</ent> and <ent type='PERSON'>Shaw</ent> are messages to readers, many of them young, about
the value of their struggles to form workable identities. <ent type='PERSON'>Erikson</ent>'s
the value of their struggles to form workable identities. Erikson's
implicit view is that an appreciative stance toward the patients'
struggles which include or dominated by external realities is
therapeutic.
@ -91,7 +91,7 @@ pathology resulted from a self system that was internal incongruent
or problematic in terms of the environment. Therapeutic
intervention consisted in understanding and appropriately revising
the self system in the light of more mature and current
understanding. What is central to our discussion is <ent type='PERSON'>Sullivan</ent>'s view
understanding. What is central to our discussion is Sullivan's view
that the self system was both the product of the external
environment and made no sense whatever outside of a social system.
Several analysts, notably <ent type='PERSON'>Klein</ent>, Winnicott, Khan, Fairburn,
@ -131,11 +131,11 @@ much of the difficulty in self experience arose from a failure to
adequately separate from the mother of infancy. Although there are
many well informed analysts who would disagree with me, I will
assert that the overwhelming data of infant and later developmental
studies demonstrate that <ent type='PERSON'>Mahler</ent>'s symbiotic phase is not part of
studies demonstrate that Mahler's symbiotic phase is not part of
normal development nor is separateness, in the sense she meant it,
characteristic of ordinary or healthy more mature psychological
function.
However the clinical observations that lead to <ent type='PERSON'>Mahler</ent>'s
However the clinical observations that lead to Mahler's
thinking and that have been explained in terms of her theories are
certainly common. That is, there are many people who seem to have
shaky experiences of themselves and function with a conflicting
@ -161,11 +161,11 @@ training in microscopy enables us to vastly extend ordinary visual
capacities. While <ent type='PERSON'>Kohut</ent> claimed to be making explicit what everyone
did anyway, his position, right or wrong, was deeply antithetical
to Freud's view of psychoanalysis as a natural science-like
investigation and also <ent type='PERSON'>Hartman</ent>'s explicit statements that empathy
investigation and also Hartman's explicit statements that empathy
in the sense that <ent type='PERSON'>Kohut</ent> meant it had no appropriate role in
psychoanalytic investigation.
A second, and less problematically, position about
psychoanalytic investigative method was <ent type='PERSON'>Kohut</ent>'s position on
psychoanalytic investigative method was Kohut's position on
transference. In his early writings on self psychology <ent type='PERSON'>Kohut</ent>
assumed that the only data to be taken seriously in psychoanalysis
were the data of the transference. The various stories the patient
@ -259,12 +259,12 @@ course of life and that it is their qualities, not their existence,
that is altered with maturity. (Having made this assertion <ent type='PERSON'>Kohut</ent>
never elaborated or demonstrated it. Recently <ent type='PERSON'>Bertram Cohler</ent> and
myself have undertaken the task of exploring the empirical evidence
for <ent type='PERSON'>Kohut</ent>'s position.)
<ent type='PERSON'>Kohut</ent>'s findings, and the findings of many of those who have
for Kohut's position.)
Kohut's findings, and the findings of many of those who have
examined the psychology of the self from other viewpoints, have
been questioned in too apparently distinct ways, whose
interconnection I will show you in a moment.
The first objection is that <ent type='PERSON'>Kohut</ent>'s theories serve to avoid
The first objection is that Kohut's theories serve to avoid
painful psychological truths. Many of the phenomena <ent type='PERSON'>Kohut</ent> observed
had been observed previously and classified as defensive
operations. For example, idealizations of the analyst were commonly
@ -282,10 +282,10 @@ self. <ent type='PERSON'>Kohut</ent> never clearly defines his central concept o
Essentially he says that everyone knows from experience what the
self is and leaves it at that. After studying the many discussions
of the meaning of the "self" in the psychoanalytic literature one
is reminded of the <ent type='PERSON'>Buddha</ent>'s comments on the self. He said that
is reminded of the Buddha's comments on the self. He said that
those who believe in the self are like "a man who says that he is
in love with the most beautiful woman in the land, but is unable
to specify her name, her family or her appearance" (Digha Nikaya
to specify her name, her family or her appearance" (<ent type='PERSON'>Digha Nikaya</ent>
I 193, quoted in <ent type='ORG'>Carrithers</ent> (1983).) The essential theoretical
difficulty was clarified by <ent type='PERSON'>Meissner</ent> who pointed out that the term
self as habitually used by <ent type='PERSON'>Kohut</ent> and most other writers whose work
@ -294,8 +294,8 @@ consistently used to refer to both a psychological representation
and also a psychological agent. Although more systematic
researchers, for example <ent type='PERSON'>Hartman</ent>, limit the concept of self to a
psychological representation of the person, they also give the self
a markedly subsidiary role in psychology. <ent type='PERSON'>Meissner</ent>'s argument is
quite similar to <ent type='PERSON'>Schafer</ent>'s later discussions of internalization in
a markedly subsidiary role in psychology. Meissner's argument is
quite similar to Schafer's later discussions of internalization in
which <ent type='PERSON'>Schafer</ent> observed that the elaborate analytic theories of
internalization were in fact nothing more then the translation into
psychoanalytic jargon of unconscious fantasies and did not, in his
@ -486,7 +486,7 @@ building the absence of these difficulties into the architecture
of the system it becomes necessary to discover ways to overcome
them. A much more elaborate system of error trapping and control
becomes essential.
<ent type='ORG'>Parallel</ent> systems are highly vulnerable to internal conflicts
Parallel systems are highly vulnerable to internal conflicts
and instabilities. Attempts to remove these features from the
system usually entail the loss of precisely what has been gained
through parallelism. To give an very elementary but quite everyday
@ -581,7 +581,7 @@ notion. First the past quarter century has yielded a massive
demonstration that human development normal continues across the
entire life course - that the idea of a definite mature
developmental state whether occurring with the resolution of the
<ent type='ORG'>Oedipus</ent> complex or the end of late adolescence or whenever else is
Oedipus complex or the end of late adolescence or whenever else is
mistaken. Second there seem to be quite diverse ways to be
psychologically healthy which becomes readily apparent if we avoid
employing a priori notions of the meaning of health. Finally the
@ -628,7 +628,7 @@ various and new levels in the hierarchy seem to develop with
greater maturity. In particular greater capacities for abstraction
both from data and process appear to be a normal part of human
development. With these capacity comes increased abilities for
metacognition. <ent type='ORG'>Piaget</ent>'s observation of the progressive decentering
metacognition. Piaget's observation of the progressive decentering
of cognition with the related capacity, for example to think about
thinking, represents such an elaboration of abstraction
hierarchies.
@ -660,7 +660,7 @@ I am well aware of having painted the picture of the
computational self with extremely broad strokes and having done
violence to many subtle and important issues in the process. At the
same time I am impressed that psychoanalysts having discovered that
the <ent type='NORP'>Freudian</ent> and ego-psychological paradigms are inadequate have
the Freudian and ego-psychological paradigms are inadequate have
largely abandoned the attempt to develop broad theories that
encompass the particular data of the psychoanalytic field, choosing
instead to focus on smaller more tractable problems and maintaining