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trying my best to fix the regex and editing python code
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@ -52,14 +52,14 @@ of course the concept of self has been the object of study since
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the dawn of civilization. Although he had significant
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psychoanalytic precursors, notably in the work of <ent type='PERSON'>Paul Federn</ent>, Erik
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<ent type='PERSON'>Erikson</ent> was the first to propose that the core of much
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psychopathology lies in disorders of self experience. <ent type='PERSON'>Erikson</ent>'s
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psychopathology lies in disorders of self experience. Erikson's
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concept of identity, which amalgamated the many sources of beliefs
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about who one is is both evocative of common experience and proved
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clinically useful. Many kinds of difficultly, as well a normal, and
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supernormal psychological development can be usefully explored as
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experiences of loss or diffusion of identity or attempts to
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establish a satisfactory identity where one was lacking.
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<ent type='PERSON'>Erikson</ent>'s work is problematic from a psychoanalytic point of
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Erikson's work is problematic from a psychoanalytic point of
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view for two reasons. First, reading <ent type='PERSON'>Erikson</ent> carefully one
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discovers that his wonderful portrayal of emotional states through
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imagery, metaphor and clinical detail is not matched by explicit,
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@ -74,9 +74,9 @@ potentially successful attempts to achieve valuable identities,
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that while there might be difficulties in the way the patient's
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basic project and his ways of attempting to accomplish it were
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closer to healthy development than the patient or the society might
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recognize. <ent type='PERSON'>Erikson</ent>'s psychobiographical studies of Luther, <ent type='PERSON'>Gandhi</ent>,
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recognize. Erikson's psychobiographical studies of Luther, <ent type='PERSON'>Gandhi</ent>,
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<ent type='PERSON'>Hitler</ent> and <ent type='PERSON'>Shaw</ent> are messages to readers, many of them young, about
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the value of their struggles to form workable identities. <ent type='PERSON'>Erikson</ent>'s
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the value of their struggles to form workable identities. Erikson's
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implicit view is that an appreciative stance toward the patients'
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struggles which include or dominated by external realities is
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therapeutic.
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@ -91,7 +91,7 @@ pathology resulted from a self system that was internal incongruent
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or problematic in terms of the environment. Therapeutic
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intervention consisted in understanding and appropriately revising
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the self system in the light of more mature and current
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understanding. What is central to our discussion is <ent type='PERSON'>Sullivan</ent>'s view
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understanding. What is central to our discussion is Sullivan's view
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that the self system was both the product of the external
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environment and made no sense whatever outside of a social system.
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Several analysts, notably <ent type='PERSON'>Klein</ent>, Winnicott, Khan, Fairburn,
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@ -131,11 +131,11 @@ much of the difficulty in self experience arose from a failure to
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adequately separate from the mother of infancy. Although there are
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many well informed analysts who would disagree with me, I will
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assert that the overwhelming data of infant and later developmental
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studies demonstrate that <ent type='PERSON'>Mahler</ent>'s symbiotic phase is not part of
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studies demonstrate that Mahler's symbiotic phase is not part of
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normal development nor is separateness, in the sense she meant it,
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characteristic of ordinary or healthy more mature psychological
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function.
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However the clinical observations that lead to <ent type='PERSON'>Mahler</ent>'s
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However the clinical observations that lead to Mahler's
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thinking and that have been explained in terms of her theories are
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certainly common. That is, there are many people who seem to have
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shaky experiences of themselves and function with a conflicting
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@ -161,11 +161,11 @@ training in microscopy enables us to vastly extend ordinary visual
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capacities. While <ent type='PERSON'>Kohut</ent> claimed to be making explicit what everyone
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did anyway, his position, right or wrong, was deeply antithetical
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to Freud's view of psychoanalysis as a natural science-like
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investigation and also <ent type='PERSON'>Hartman</ent>'s explicit statements that empathy
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investigation and also Hartman's explicit statements that empathy
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in the sense that <ent type='PERSON'>Kohut</ent> meant it had no appropriate role in
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psychoanalytic investigation.
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A second, and less problematically, position about
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psychoanalytic investigative method was <ent type='PERSON'>Kohut</ent>'s position on
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psychoanalytic investigative method was Kohut's position on
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transference. In his early writings on self psychology <ent type='PERSON'>Kohut</ent>
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assumed that the only data to be taken seriously in psychoanalysis
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were the data of the transference. The various stories the patient
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@ -259,12 +259,12 @@ course of life and that it is their qualities, not their existence,
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that is altered with maturity. (Having made this assertion <ent type='PERSON'>Kohut</ent>
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never elaborated or demonstrated it. Recently <ent type='PERSON'>Bertram Cohler</ent> and
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myself have undertaken the task of exploring the empirical evidence
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for <ent type='PERSON'>Kohut</ent>'s position.)
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<ent type='PERSON'>Kohut</ent>'s findings, and the findings of many of those who have
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for Kohut's position.)
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Kohut's findings, and the findings of many of those who have
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examined the psychology of the self from other viewpoints, have
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been questioned in too apparently distinct ways, whose
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interconnection I will show you in a moment.
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The first objection is that <ent type='PERSON'>Kohut</ent>'s theories serve to avoid
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The first objection is that Kohut's theories serve to avoid
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painful psychological truths. Many of the phenomena <ent type='PERSON'>Kohut</ent> observed
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had been observed previously and classified as defensive
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operations. For example, idealizations of the analyst were commonly
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@ -282,10 +282,10 @@ self. <ent type='PERSON'>Kohut</ent> never clearly defines his central concept o
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Essentially he says that everyone knows from experience what the
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self is and leaves it at that. After studying the many discussions
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of the meaning of the "self" in the psychoanalytic literature one
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is reminded of the <ent type='PERSON'>Buddha</ent>'s comments on the self. He said that
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is reminded of the Buddha's comments on the self. He said that
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those who believe in the self are like "a man who says that he is
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in love with the most beautiful woman in the land, but is unable
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to specify her name, her family or her appearance" (Digha Nikaya
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to specify her name, her family or her appearance" (<ent type='PERSON'>Digha Nikaya</ent>
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I 193, quoted in <ent type='ORG'>Carrithers</ent> (1983).) The essential theoretical
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difficulty was clarified by <ent type='PERSON'>Meissner</ent> who pointed out that the term
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self as habitually used by <ent type='PERSON'>Kohut</ent> and most other writers whose work
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@ -294,8 +294,8 @@ consistently used to refer to both a psychological representation
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and also a psychological agent. Although more systematic
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researchers, for example <ent type='PERSON'>Hartman</ent>, limit the concept of self to a
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psychological representation of the person, they also give the self
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a markedly subsidiary role in psychology. <ent type='PERSON'>Meissner</ent>'s argument is
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quite similar to <ent type='PERSON'>Schafer</ent>'s later discussions of internalization in
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a markedly subsidiary role in psychology. Meissner's argument is
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quite similar to Schafer's later discussions of internalization in
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which <ent type='PERSON'>Schafer</ent> observed that the elaborate analytic theories of
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internalization were in fact nothing more then the translation into
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psychoanalytic jargon of unconscious fantasies and did not, in his
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@ -486,7 +486,7 @@ building the absence of these difficulties into the architecture
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of the system it becomes necessary to discover ways to overcome
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them. A much more elaborate system of error trapping and control
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becomes essential.
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<ent type='ORG'>Parallel</ent> systems are highly vulnerable to internal conflicts
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Parallel systems are highly vulnerable to internal conflicts
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and instabilities. Attempts to remove these features from the
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system usually entail the loss of precisely what has been gained
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through parallelism. To give an very elementary but quite everyday
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@ -581,7 +581,7 @@ notion. First the past quarter century has yielded a massive
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demonstration that human development normal continues across the
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entire life course - that the idea of a definite mature
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developmental state whether occurring with the resolution of the
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<ent type='ORG'>Oedipus</ent> complex or the end of late adolescence or whenever else is
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Oedipus complex or the end of late adolescence or whenever else is
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mistaken. Second there seem to be quite diverse ways to be
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psychologically healthy which becomes readily apparent if we avoid
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employing a priori notions of the meaning of health. Finally the
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@ -628,7 +628,7 @@ various and new levels in the hierarchy seem to develop with
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greater maturity. In particular greater capacities for abstraction
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both from data and process appear to be a normal part of human
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development. With these capacity comes increased abilities for
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metacognition. <ent type='ORG'>Piaget</ent>'s observation of the progressive decentering
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metacognition. Piaget's observation of the progressive decentering
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of cognition with the related capacity, for example to think about
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thinking, represents such an elaboration of abstraction
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hierarchies.
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@ -660,7 +660,7 @@ I am well aware of having painted the picture of the
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computational self with extremely broad strokes and having done
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violence to many subtle and important issues in the process. At the
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same time I am impressed that psychoanalysts having discovered that
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the <ent type='NORP'>Freudian</ent> and ego-psychological paradigms are inadequate have
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the Freudian and ego-psychological paradigms are inadequate have
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largely abandoned the attempt to develop broad theories that
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encompass the particular data of the psychoanalytic field, choosing
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instead to focus on smaller more tractable problems and maintaining
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