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451 lines
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451 lines
15 KiB
Markdown
---
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lang: en
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layout: doc
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permalink: /doc/standalones-and-hvms/
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redirect_from:
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- /doc/standalones-and-hvm/
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- /doc/standalone-and-hvm/
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- /doc/hvm/
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- /doc/hvm-create/
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- /en/doc/hvm-create/
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- /doc/HvmCreate/
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- /wiki/HvmCreate/
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ref: 130
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title: Standalones and HVMs
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---
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A [standalone](/doc/glossary/#standalone) is a type of qube that is created by
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cloning a [template](/doc/glossary/#template). Unlike templates, however,
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standalones do not supply their root filesystems to other qubes. Examples of
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situations in which standalones can be useful include:
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- Qubes used for development (dev environments often require a lot of specific
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packages and tools)
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- Qubes used for installing untrusted packages. Normally, you install digitally
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signed software from Red Hat/Fedora repositories, and it's reasonable that
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such software has non malicious *installation* scripts (rpm pre/post
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scripts). However, when you would like to install some packages from less
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trusted sources, or unsigned, then using a dedicated (untrusted) standalone
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might be a better way.
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Meanwhile, a [Hardware-assisted Virtual Machine (HVM)](/doc/glossary/#hvm),
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also known as a "Fully-Virtualized Virtual Machine," utilizes the
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virtualization extensions of the host CPU. These are typically contrasted with
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Paravirtualized (PV) VMs.
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HVMs allow you to create qubes based on any OS for which you have an
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installation ISO, so you can easily have qubes running Windows, `*BSD`, or any
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Linux distribution. You can also use HVMs to run "live" distros.
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By default, every qube runs in PVH mode (which has security advantages over
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both PV and HVM), except for those with attached PCI devices, which run in HVM
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mode. See [here](https://blog.invisiblethings.org/2017/07/31/qubes-40-rc1.html)
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for a discussion of the switch from PV to HVM and
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[here](/news/2018/01/11/qsb-37/) for the announcement about the change to using
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PVH as default.
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The standalone/template distinction and the HVM/PV/PVH distinctions are
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orthogonal. The former is about root filesystem inheritance, whereas the latter
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is about the virtualization mode. In practice, however, it is most common for
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standalones to be HVMs and for HVMs to be standalones. Hence, this page covers
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both topics.
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## Creating a standalone
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You can create a standalone in the Qube Manager by selecting the "Type" of
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"Standalone qube copied from a template" or "Empty standalone qube (install
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your own OS)."
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Alternatively, to create an empty standalone from the dom0 command line:
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```
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qvm-create --class StandaloneVM --label <YOUR_COLOR> --property virt_mode=hvm <NEW_STANDALONE_NAME>
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```
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Or to create a standalone copied from a template:
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```
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qvm-create --class StandaloneVM --label <YOUR_COLOR> --property virt_mode=hvm --template <TEMPLATE_QUBE_NAME> <NEW_STANDALONE_NAME>
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```
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Notes:
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- Technically, `virt_mode=hvm` is not necessary for every standalone.
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However, it is needed if you want to use a kernel from within the qube.
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- If you want to make software installed in a template available in your standalone, pass in the name of the template using the `--template` option.
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## Updating standalones
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When you create a standalone from a template, the standalone is a complete
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clone of the template, including the entire filesystem. After the moment of
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creation, the standalone becomes completely independent from the template.
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Therefore, the standalone will not be updated merely by updating the template
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from which it was originally cloned. Rather, it must be updated as an
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independent qube. See [How to Update](/doc/how-to-update/).
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## Creating an HVM
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### Using the GUI
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In Qube Manager, select "Create new qube" from the Qube menu, or select the
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"Create a new qube" button. In the "create new qube" dialog box set Type to
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"Empty standalone qube (install your own OS)". If "install system from device"
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is selected (which it is by default), then `virt_mode` will be set to `hvm`
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automatically. Otherwise, open the newly-created qube's Settings GUI and, in
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the "Advanced" tab, select `HVM` in the virtualization mode drop-down list.
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Also, make sure "Kernel" is set to `(none)` on the same tab.
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### Command line
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Qubes are template-based (i.e., [app qubes](/doc/glossary/#app-qube) by
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default, so you must set the `--class StandaloneVM` option to create a
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standalone. The name and label color used below are for illustration purposes.
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```
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qvm-create my-new-vm --class StandaloneVM --property virt_mode=hvm --property kernel='' --label=green
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```
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If you receive an error like this one, then you must first enable VT-x in your
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BIOS:
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```
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libvirt.libvirtError: invalid argument: could not find capabilities for arch=x86_64
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```
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Make sure that you give the new qube adequate memory to install and run.
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## Installing an OS in an HVM
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You will have to boot the qube with the installation media "attached" to it.
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You may either use the GUI or use command line instructions. At the command
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line you can do this in three ways:
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1. If you have the physical CD-ROM media and an optical disc drive:
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```
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qvm-start <YOUR_HVM> --cdrom=/dev/cdrom
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```
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2. If you have an ISO image of the installation media located in dom0:
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```
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qvm-start <YOUR_HVM> --cdrom=dom0:/usr/local/iso/<YOUR_INSTALLER.ISO>
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```
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3. If you have an ISO image of the installation media located in a qube (the
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qube where the media is located must be running):
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```
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qvm-start <YOUR_HVM> --cdrom=<YOUR_OTHER_QUBE>:/home/user/<YOUR_INSTALLER.ISO>
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```
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For security reasons, you should *never* copy untrusted data to dom0.
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Next, the qube will start booting from the attached installation media, and you
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can start installation. Whenever the installer wants to "reboot the system" it
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actually shuts down the qube, and Qubes won't automatically start it. You may
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have to restart the qube several times in order to complete installation (as is
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the case with Windows 7 installations). Several invocations of the `qvm-start`
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command (as shown above) might be needed.
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## Setting up networking for HVMs
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Just like standard app qubes, an HVM gets a fixed IP addresses centrally
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assigned by Qubes. Normally, Qubes agent scripts (or services on Windows)
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running within each app qube are responsible for setting up networking within
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the qube according to the configuration created by Qubes (through
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[keys](/doc/vm-interface/#qubesdb) exposed by dom0 to the qube). Such
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centrally-managed networking infrastructure allows for [advanced networking
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configurations](https://blog.invisiblethings.org/2011/09/28/playing-with-qubes-networking-for-fun.html).
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A generic HVM such as a standard Windows or Ubuntu installation, however, has
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no Qubes agent scripts running inside it initially and thus requires manual
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configuration of networking so that it matches the values assigned by Qubes.
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Even though we do have a small DHCP server that runs inside the HVM's untrusted
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stub domain to make the manual network configuration unnecessary for many
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qubes, this won't work for most modern Linux distributions, which contain Xen
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networking PV drivers (but not Qubes tools), which bypass the stub-domain
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networking. (Their net frontends connect directly to the net backend in the
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[net qube](/doc/glossary/#net-qube).) In this instance, our DHCP server is not
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useful.
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In order to manually configure networking in a qube, one should first find out
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the IP/netmask/gateway assigned to the particular qube by Qubes. This can be
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seen, e.g., in the Qube Manager in the qube's properties:
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Alternatively, one can use the `qvm-ls -n` command to obtain the same
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information (IP/netmask/gateway).
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The DNS IP addresses are `10.139.1.1` and `10.139.1.2`. There is [opt-in
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support](/doc/networking/#ipv6) for IPv6 forwarding.
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## Using template-based HVMs
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Qubes allows HVMs to share a common root filesystem from a select template.
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This mode can be used for any HVM (e.g., FreeBSD running in an HVM).
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In order to create an HVM template, you use the following command, suitably
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adapted:
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```
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qvm-create --class TemplateVM <YOUR_HVM_TEMPLATE_NAME> --property virt_mode=HVM --property kernel='' -l <YOUR_COLOR>
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```
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Set memory as appropriate and install the OS into this template in the same way
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you would install it into a normal HVM. Generally, you should install in to the
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first "system" disk. (Resize it as needed before starting installation.)
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You can then create a new qube using the new template. If you use this Template
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as is, then any HVMs based on it will effectively be disposables. All file
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system changes will be wiped when the HVM is shut down.
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Please see [this
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page](https://github.com/Qubes-Community/Contents/blob/master/docs/os/windows/windows-tools.md)
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for specific advice on installing and using Windows-based templates.
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## Cloning HVMs
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Just like normal app qubes, HVMs can also be cloned either using the command
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`qvm-clone` or via the Qube Manager's "Clone VM" option in the right-click
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menu.
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The cloned qube will get identical root and private images and will essentially
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be identical to the original qube, except that it will get a different MAC
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address for the networking interface:
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```
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[joanna@dom0 ~]$ qvm-prefs my-new-vm
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autostart D False
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backup_timestamp U
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debug D False
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default_dispvm D None
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default_user D user
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gateway D
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gateway6 D
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include_in_backups - False
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installed_by_rpm D False
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ip D 10.137.0.122
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ip6 D fd09:24ef:4179::a89:7a
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kernel -
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kernelopts D nopat
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klass D StandaloneVM
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label - red
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mac D 00:16:3e:5e:6c:00
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management_dispvm D default-mgmt-dvm
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maxmem D 0
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memory - 1000
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name - my-new-vm
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netvm - sys-firewall
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provides_network - False
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qid - 122
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qrexec_timeout D 60
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shutdown_timeout D 60
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start_time D
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stubdom_mem U
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stubdom_xid D -1
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updateable D True
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uuid - 54387f94-8617-46b0-8806-0c18bc387f34
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vcpus D 2
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virt_mode - hvm
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visible_gateway D 10.137.0.14
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visible_gateway6 D fd09:24ef:4179::a89:e
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visible_ip D 10.137.0.122
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visible_ip6 D fd09:24ef:4179::a89:7a
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visible_netmask D 255.255.255.255
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xid D -1
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[joanna@dom0 ~]$ qvm-clone my-new-vm my-new-vm-copy
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/.../
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[joanna@dom0 ~]$ qvm-prefs my-new-vm-copy
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autostart D False
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backup_timestamp U
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debug D False
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default_dispvm D None
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default_user D user
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gateway D
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gateway6 D
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include_in_backups - False
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installed_by_rpm D False
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ip D 10.137.0.137
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ip6 D fd09:24ef:4179::a89:89
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kernel -
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kernelopts D nopat
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klass D StandaloneVM
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label - red
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mac D 00:16:3e:5e:6c:00
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management_dispvm D default-mgmt-dvm
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maxmem D 0
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memory - 1000
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name - my-new-vm-copy
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netvm - sys-firewall
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provides_network - False
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qid - 137
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qrexec_timeout D 60
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shutdown_timeout D 60
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start_time D
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stubdom_mem U
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stubdom_xid D -1
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updateable D True
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uuid - 9ad109a9-d95a-4e03-b977-592f8424f42b
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vcpus D 2
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virt_mode - hvm
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visible_gateway D 10.137.0.14
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visible_gateway6 D fd09:24ef:4179::a89:e
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visible_ip D 10.137.0.137
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visible_ip6 D fd09:24ef:4179::a89:89
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visible_netmask D 255.255.255.255
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xid D -1
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```
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Note that the MAC addresses differ between those two otherwise identical qubes.
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The IP addresses assigned by Qubes will also be different, of course, to allow
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networking to function properly:
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```
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[joanna@dom0 ~]$ qvm-ls -n
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NAME STATE NETVM IP IPBACK GATEWAY
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my-new-hvm Halted sys-firewall 10.137.0.122 - 10.137.0.14
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my-new-hvm-clone Halted sys-firewall 10.137.0.137 - 10.137.0.14
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```
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If, for any reason, you would like to make sure that the two qubes have the
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same MAC address, you can use `qvm-prefs` to set a fixed MAC address:
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```
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[joanna@dom0 ~]$ qvm-prefs my-new-vm-copy -s mac 00:16:3E:5E:6C:05
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[joanna@dom0 ~]$ qvm-prefs my-new-vm-copy
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name : my-new-vm-copy
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label : green
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type : HVM
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netvm : firewallvm
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updateable? : True
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installed by RPM? : False
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include in backups: False
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dir : /var/lib/qubes/appvms/my-new-vm-copy
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config : /var/lib/qubes/appvms/my-new-vm-copy/my-new-vm-copy.conf
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pcidevs : []
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root img : /var/lib/qubes/appvms/my-new-vm-copy/root.img
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private img : /var/lib/qubes/appvms/my-new-vm-copy/private.img
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vcpus : 4
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memory : 512
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maxmem : 512
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MAC : 00:16:3E:5E:6C:05
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debug : off
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default user : user
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qrexec_installed : False
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qrexec timeout : 60
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drive : None
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timezone : localtime
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```
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## Assigning PCI devices to HVMs
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HVMs (including Windows qubes) can be [assigned PCI
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devices](/doc/how-to-use-pci-devices/) just like normal app qubes. For example,
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you can assign a USB controller to a Windows qube, and you should be able to
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use various devices that require Windows software, such as phones, electronic
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devices that are configured via FTDI, etc.
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One problem at the moment, however, is that after the whole system gets
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suspended into S3 sleep and subsequently resumed, some attached devices may
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stop working and should be restarted within the qube. This can be achieved
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under a Windows HVM by opening the Device Manager, selecting the actual device
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(such as a USB controller), 'Disabling' the device, and then 'Enabling' the
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device again. This is illustrated in the screenshot below:
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## Converting VirtualBox VMs to Qubes HVMs
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You can convert any VirtualBox VM to a Qubes HVM using this method.
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For example, Microsoft provides [free 90-day evaluation VirtualBox VMs for
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browser
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testing](https://developer.microsoft.com/en-us/microsoft-edge/tools/vms/).
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About 60 GB of disk space is required for conversion. Use an external hard
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drive if needed. The final `root.img` size is 40 GB.
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In a Debian app qube, install `qemu-utils` and `unzip`:
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```
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sudo apt install qemu-utils unzip
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```
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In a Fedora app qube:
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```
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sudo dnf install qemu-img
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```
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Unzip VirtualBox zip file:
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```
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unzip *.zip
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```
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Extract OVA tar archive:
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```
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tar -xvf *.ova
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```
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Convert vmdk to raw:
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```
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qemu-img convert -O raw *.vmdk win10.raw
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```
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Copy the root image file from the originating qube (here called `untrusted`) to
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a temporary location in dom0, typing this in a dom0 terminal:
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```
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qvm-run --pass-io untrusted 'cat "/media/user/externalhd/win10.raw"' > /home/user/win10-root.img
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```
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From within dom0, create a new HVM (here called `win10`) with the root image we
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just copied to dom0 (change the amount of RAM in GB as you wish):
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```
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qvm-create --property=virt_mode=hvm --property=memory=4096 --property=kernel='' --label red --standalone --root-move-from /home/user/win10-root.img win10
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```
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Start `win10`:
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```
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qvm-start win10
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```
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### Optional ways to get more information
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Filetype of OVA file:
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```
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file *.ova
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```
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List files of OVA tar archive:
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```
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tar -tf *.ova
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```
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List filetypes supported by qemu-img:
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```
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qemu-img -h | tail -n1
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```
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## Further reading
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Other documents related to HVMs:
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- [Windows VMs](https://github.com/Qubes-Community/Contents/blob/master/docs/os/windows/windows-vm.md)
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- [Linux HVM Tips](https://forum.qubes-os.org/t/19008)
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