qubes-doc/user/templates/minimal-templates.md

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true	en	doc	/doc/templates/minimal/	/doc/templates/fedora-minimal/ /doc/fedora-minimal/ /en/doc/templates/fedora-minimal/ /doc/Templates/FedoraMinimal/ /wiki/Templates/FedoraMinimal/ /doc/templates/debian-minimal/	132	Minimal templates

The minimal templates are lightweight versions of their standard template counterparts. They have only the most vital packages installed, including a minimal X and xterm installation. When properly configured and used, minimal templates can be less resource-intensive, reduce attack surface, and support more fine-grained compartmentalization. The sections below contain instructions for installing and configuring minimal templates, along with some examples of common use cases.

Important

1. The minimal templates are intended only for advanced users. Most things will not work out-of-the-box, and you will have to fix them yourself. If you are not prepared to do a lot of reading, searching, learning, and troubleshooting, then you should instead stick to the standard templates, which are perfectly suitable for the vast majority of users. In particular, if you are new to Qubes, you should not attempt to use minimal templates until you have gained more experience.

2. If something works with a standard template but not the minimal version, this is most likely due to user error (e.g., a missing package or misconfiguration) rather than a bug. In such cases, please do not file a bug report. Instead, please see Help, Support, Mailing Lists, and Forum for the appropriate place to ask for help. Once you have learned how to solve your problem, please contribute what you learned to the documentation.

3. The minimal templates are intentionally minimal. Do not ask for your favorite package to be added to the minimal template by default.

4. In order to reduce unnecessary risk, unused repositories have been disabled by default. If you wish to install or update any packages from those repositories, you must enable them.

List

Minimal templates of the following distros are available:

• Fedora
• Debian
• CentOS
• Gentoo

A list of all available templates can also be obtained with the Template Manager tool.

Installation

The minimal templates can be installed with the following type of command:

[user@dom0 ~]$ sudo qubes-dom0-update qubes-template-<DISTRO_NAME>-<RELEASE_NUMBER>-minimal

If your desired version is not found, it may still be in testing. You may wish to try again with the testing repository enabled:

[user@dom0 ~]$ sudo qubes-dom0-update --enablerepo=qubes-templates-itl-testing qubes-template-<DISTRO_NAME>-<RELEASE_NUMBER>-minimal

If you would like to install a community distribution, try the install command by enabling the community repository:

[user@dom0 ~]$ sudo qubes-dom0-update --enablerepo=qubes-templates-community qubes-template-<DISTRO_NAME>-<RELEASE_NUMBER>-minimal

The download may take a while depending on your connection speed.

Passwordless root

It is an intentional design choice for Passwordless Root Access in VMs to be optional in minimal templates. Since the minimal templates are minimal, they are not configured for passwordless root by default. To update or install packages, execute the following command in dom0:

[user@dom0 ~]$ qvm-run -u root <DISTRO_NAME>-<RELEASE_NUMBER>-minimal xterm

This opens a root terminal in the minimal template, from which you can use execute root commands without sudo. You will have to do this every time if you choose not to enable passwordless root.

If you want to be able to use sudo inside a minimal template (or app qubes based on a minimal template), open a root terminal as just instructed, then install the qubes-core-agent-passwordless-root package.

Optionally, verify that passwordless root now works by opening a normal (non-root) xterm window in the minimal template, then issue the command sudo -l. This should give you output that includes the NOPASSWD keyword.

Customization

You may wish to clone the original template and make any changes in the clone instead of the original template. You must start the clone in order to customize it.

Customizing the template for specific use cases normally only requires installing additional packages.

Distro-specific notes

This following sections provide information that is specific to a particular minimal template distro.

Fedora

The following list provides an overview of which packages are needed for which purpose. As usual, the required packages are to be installed in the running template with the following command (replace packages with a space-delimited list of packages to be installed):

[user@your-new-clone ~]$ sudo dnf install packages

• Commonly used utilities: pciutils vim-minimal less psmisc gnome-keyring.
• Audio: pulseaudio-qubes.
• Networking: qubes-core-agent-networking, and whatever network tools you want. N.B. minimal templates do not include any browser.
• FirewallVM, such as the template for sys-firewall: at least qubes-core-agent-networking and iproute, and also qubes-core-agent-dom0-updates if you want to use it as the UpdateVM (which is normally sys-firewall).
• NetVM, such as the template for sys-net: qubes-core-agent-networking qubes-core-agent-network-manager NetworkManager-wifi network-manager-applet wireless-tools notification-daemon gnome-keyring polkit @hardware-support. If your network devices need extra packages for the template to work as a network VM, use the lspci command to identify the devices, then run dnf search firmware (replace firmware with the appropriate device identifier) to find the needed packages and then install them. If you need utilities for debugging and analyzing network connections, install tcpdump telnet nmap nmap-ncat.
• USB qube, such as the template for sys-usb: qubes-usb-proxy to provide USB devices to other Qubes and qubes-input-proxy-sender to provide keyboard or mouse input to dom0.
• VPN qube: Use the dnf search "NetworkManager VPN plugin" command to look up the VPN packages you need, based on the VPN technology you'll be using, and install them. Some GNOME related packages may be needed as well. After creation of a machine based on this template, follow the VPN instructions to configure it.
• default-mgmt-dvm: requires qubes-core-agent-passwordless-root and qubes-mgmt-salt-vm-connector.

In Qubes 4.0, additional packages from the qubes-core-agent suite may be needed to make the customized minimal template work properly. These packages are:

• qubes-core-agent-nautilus: This package provides integration with the Nautilus file manager (without it, items like "copy to VM/open in disposable" will not be shown in Nautilus).
• qubes-core-agent-thunar: This package provides integration with the thunar file manager (without it, items like "copy to VM/open in disposable" will not be shown in thunar).
• qubes-core-agent-dom0-updates: Script required to handle dom0 updates. Any template on which the qube responsible for 'dom0' updates (e.g. sys-firewall) is based must contain this package.
• qubes-menus: Defines menu layout.
• qubes-desktop-linux-common: Contains icons and scripts to improve desktop experience.
• qubes-core-agent-qrexec: Qubes qrexec agent. Installed by default.
• qubes-core-agent-systemd: Qubes unit files for SystemD init style. Installed by default.
• qubes-core-agent-passwordless-root, polkit: By default, the Fedora minimal template doesn't have passwordless root. These two packages enable this feature.
• qubes-core-agent-sysvinit: Qubes unit files for SysV init style or upstart.

Also, there are packages to provide additional services:

• qubes-gpg-split: For implementing split GPG.
• qubes-u2f: For implementing secure forwarding of U2F messages.
• qubes-pdf-converter: For implementing safe conversion of PDFs.
• qubes-img-converter: For implementing safe conversion of images.
• qubes-snapd-helper: If you want to use snaps in qubes.
• thunderbird-qubes: Additional tools for use in thunderbird.
• qubes-app-shutdown-idle: If you want qubes to automatically shutdown when idle.
• qubes-mgmt-salt-vm-connector: If you want to use salt management on the template and qubes.

You may also wish to consider additional packages from the qubes-core-agent suite.

See here for further information on customizing fedora-minimal.

Logging

The rsyslog logging service is not installed by default, as all logging is instead being handled by the systemd journal. Users requiring the rsyslog service should install it manually.

To access the journald log, use the journalctl command.

Debian

The following list provides an overview of which packages are needed for which purpose. As usual, the required packages are to be installed in the running template with the following command (replace packages with a space-delimited list of packages to be installed):

[user@your-new-clone ~]$ sudo apt install packages

• Commonly used utilities: pciutils vim-minimal less psmisc gnome-keyring
• The zenity package is required for interactive dialogs, e.g., file selection (#5202) and for using the Nautilus menu option to copy some files to other qubes (#6801).
• Audio: pulseaudio-qubes
• Networking: qubes-core-agent-networking, and whatever network tools you want. N.B. minimal templates do not include any browser.
• FirewallVM, such as the template for sys-firewall: at least qubes-core-agent-networking, and also qubes-core-agent-dom0-updates if you want to use it as the UpdateVM (which is normally sys-firewall).
• NetVM, such as the template for sys-net: qubes-core-agent-networking qubes-core-agent-network-manager. If your network devices need extra packages for a network VM, use the lspci command to identify the devices, then find the package that provides necessary firmware and install it. If you need utilities for debugging and analyzing network connections, install the following packages: tcpdump telnet nmap ncat.
• USB qube, such as the template for sys-usb: qubes-usb-proxy to provide USB devices to other Qubes and qubes-input-proxy-sender to provide keyboard or mouse input to dom0.
• Qubes to which USB devices are attached: libpam-systemd (Until #7689 is fixed, either pair it with qubes-core-agent-passwordless-root or manually activate the user session with loginctl activate <USER_SESSION_ID>.)
• VPN qube: You may need to install network-manager VPN packages, depending on the VPN technology you'll be using. After creating a machine based on this template, follow the VPN howto to configure it.
• default-mgmt-dvm: requires qubes-core-agent-passwordless-root and qubes-mgmt-salt-vm-connector.
• Yubikey: You may need to install xserver-xorg-input-libinput for 2FA responses to work in web browsers like Firefox.
• Thumbnails (e.g., file previews in Nautilus): libgdk-pixbuf2.0-bin (images), ffmpegthumbnailer (videos). (Try apt search thumbnailer for other file types.)

In Qubes 4.0, additional packages from the qubes-core-agent suite may be needed to make the customized minimal template work properly. These packages are:

• qubes-core-agent-nautilus: This package provides integration with the Nautilus file manager (without it, items like "copy to VM/open in disposable" will not be shown in Nautilus).
• qubes-core-agent-thunar: This package provides integration with the thunar file manager (without it, items like "copy to VM/open in disposable" will not be shown in thunar).
• qubes-core-agent-dom0-updates: Script required to handle dom0 updates. Any template on which the qube responsible for 'dom0' updates (e.g. sys-firewall) is based must contain this package.
• qubes-menus: Defines menu layout.
• qubes-desktop-linux-common: Contains icons and scripts to improve desktop experience.

Also, there are packages to provide additional services:

• qubes-gpg-split: For implementing split GPG.
• qubes-u2f: For implementing secure forwarding of U2F messages.
• qubes-pdf-converter: For implementing safe conversion of PDFs.
• qubes-img-converter: For implementing safe conversion of images.
• qubes-snapd-helper: If you want to use snaps in qubes.
• qubes-thunderbird: Additional tools for use in thunderbird.
• qubes-app-shutdown-idle: If you want qubes to automatically shutdown when idle.
• qubes-mgmt-salt-vm-connector: If you want to use salt management on the template and qubes.

Documentation on all of these can be found in the docs.

You could, of course, use qubes-vm-recommended to automatically install many of these, but in that case you are well on the way to a standard Debian template.

CentOS

The following list provides an overview of which packages are needed for which purpose. As usual, the required packages are to be installed in the running template with the following command (replace packages with a space-delimited list of packages to be installed):

[user@your-new-clone ~]$ sudo yum install packages

• Commonly used utilities: pciutils vim-minimal less psmisc gnome-keyring
• Audio: pulseaudio-qubes.
• Networking: qubes-core-agent-networking, and whatever network tools you want. N.B. minimal templates do not include any browser.
• FirewallVM, such as the template for sys-firewall: at least qubes-core-agent-networking, and also qubes-core-agent-dom0-updates if you want to use it as the UpdateVM (which is normally sys-firewall).
• NetVM, such as the template for sys-net: qubes-core-agent-networking qubes-core-agent-network-manager NetworkManager-wifi network-manager-applet wireless-tools notification-daemon gnome-keyring. If your network devices need extra packages for a network VM, use the lspci command to identify the devices, then find the package that provides necessary firnware and install it. If you need utilities for debugging and analyzing network connections, install the following packages: tcpdump telnet nmap nmap-ncat
• USB qube, such as the template for sys-usb: qubes-usb-proxy to provide USB devices to other Qubes and qubes-input-proxy-sender to provide keyboard or mouse input to dom0.
• VPN qube: You may need to install network-manager VPN packages, depending on the VPN technology you'll be using. After creating a machine based on this template, follow the VPN howto to configure it.
• default-mgmt-dvm: requires qubes-core-agent-passwordless-root and qubes-mgmt-salt-vm-connector.

In Qubes 4.0, additional packages from the qubes-core-agent suite may be needed to make the customized minimal template work properly. These packages are:

• qubes-core-agent-nautilus: This package provides integration with the Nautilus file manager (without it, items like "copy to VM/open in disposable" will not be shown in Nautilus).
• qubes-core-agent-thunar: This package provides integration with the thunar file manager (without it, items like "copy to VM/open in disposable" will not be shown in thunar).
• qubes-core-agent-dom0-updates: Script required to handle dom0 updates. Any template on which the qube responsible for 'dom0' updates (e.g. sys-firewall) is based must contain this package.
• qubes-menus: Defines menu layout.
• qubes-desktop-linux-common: Contains icons and scripts to improve desktop experience.

Also, there are packages to provide additional services:

• qubes-gpg-split: For implementing split GPG.
• qubes-pdf-converter: For implementing safe conversion of PDFs.
• qubes-img-converter: For implementing safe conversion of images.
• qubes-snapd-helper: If you want to use snaps in qubes.
• qubes-mgmt-salt-vm-connector: If you want to use salt management on the template and qubes.

Documentation on all of these can be found in the docs.

You could, of course, use qubes-vm-recommended to automatically install many of these, but in that case you are well on the way to a standard Debian template.