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The `-W` option requires a timeout. Without it, the ping command fails.

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VPN

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How To make a VPN Gateway in Qubes

Although setting up a VPN connection is not by itself Qubes specific, Qubes includes a number of tools that can make the client-side setup of your VPN more versatile and secure. This document is a Qubes-specific outline for choosing the type of VM to use, and shows how to prepare a ProxyVM for either NetworkManager or a set of fail-safe VPN scripts.

Please refer to your guest OS and VPN service documentation when considering the specific steps and parameters for your connection(s); The relevant documentation for the Qubes default guest OS (Fedora) is Establishing a VPN Connection.

NetVM

The simplest case is to set up a VPN connection using the NetworkManager service inside your NetVM. Because the NetworkManager service is already started, you are ready to set up your VPN connection. However this has some disadvantages:

You have to place (and probably save) your VPN credentials inside the NetVM, which is directly connected to the outside world
All your AppVMs which are connected to the NetVM will be connected to the VPN (by default)

AppVM

While the NetworkManager service is not started here (for a good reason), you can configure any kind of VPN client in your AppVM as well. However this is only suggested if your VPN client has special requirements.

ProxyVM

One of the best unique features of Qubes OS is its special type of VM called a ProxyVM. The special thing is that your AppVMs see this as a NetVM (or uplink), and your NetVMs see it as a downstream AppVM. Because of this, you can place a ProxyVM between your AppVMs and your NetVM. This is how the default sys-firewall VM functions.

Using a ProxyVM to set up a VPN client gives you the ability to:

Separate your VPN credentials from your NetVM.
Separate your VPN credentials from your AppVM data.
Easily control which of your AppVMs are connected to your VPN by simply setting it as a NetVM of the desired AppVM.

Set up a ProxyVM as a VPN gateway using NetworkManager

Create a new VM, name it, click the ProxyVM radio button, and choose a color and template.

$Create\_New\_VM.png$
Add the network-manager service to this new VM.
Set up your VPN as described in the NetworkManager documentation linked above.
(Optional) Make your VPN start automatically.

Edit /rw/config/rc.local and add these lines:
```
# Automatically connect to the VPN once Internet is up
while ! ping -c 1 -W 1 1.1.1.1; do
   sleep 1
done
PWDFILE="/rw/config/NM-system-connections/secrets/passwd-file.txt"
nmcli connection up file-vpn-conn passwd-file $PWDFILE
```
You can find the actual "file-vpn-conn" in /rw/config/NM-system-connections/.

Create directory /rw/config/NM-system-connections/secrets/ (You can put your *.crt and *.pem files here too). Create a new file /rw/config/NM-system-connections/secrets/passwd-file.txt:
```
vpn.secrets.password:XXXXXXXXXXXXXX
```
And substitute "XXXXXXXXXXXXXX" for the actual password. The contents of passwd-file.txt may differ depending on your VPN settings. See the documentation for nmcli up.

(Optional) Make the network fail-close for the AppVMs if the connection to the VPN breaks.

Edit /rw/config/qubes-firewall-user-script and add these lines:

# Block forwarding of connections through upstream network device
# (in case the vpn tunnel breaks)
iptables -I FORWARD -o eth0 -j DROP
iptables -I FORWARD -i eth0 -j DROP

Configure your AppVMs to use the new VM as a NetVM.
Optionally, you can install some custom icons for your VPN

Set up a ProxyVM as a VPN gateway using iptables and CLI scripts

This method is more involved than the one above, but has anti-leak features that also make the connection fail closed should it be interrupted. It has been tested with Fedora 23 and Debian 8 templates.

Create a new VM, name it, click the ProxyVM radio button, and choose a color and template.

$Create\_New\_VM.png$

Note: Do not enable NetworkManager in the ProxyVM, as it can interfere with the scripts' DNS features. If you enabled NetworkManager or used other methods in a previous attempt, do not re-use the old ProxyVM... Create a new one according to this step.

If your choice of TemplateVM doesn't already have the VPN client software, you'll need to install the software in the template before proceeding. Disable any auto-starting service that comes with the software package. For example for OpenVPN.
```
sudo systemctl disable openvpn.service
```
You may also wish to install nano or another simple text editor for entering the scripts below.
Set up and test the VPN client. Make sure the VPN VM and its TemplateVM is not running. Run a terminal (CLI) in the VPN VM -- this will start the VM. Then create a new /rw/config/vpn folder with.
```
sudo mkdir /rw/config/vpn
```
Copy your VPN config files to /rw/config/vpn. Your VPN config file should be named openvpn-client.ovpn) so you can use the scripts below as is without modification. Otherwise you would have to replace the file name. openvpn-client.ovpn contents:
- Files accompanying the main config such as *.crt and *.pem should also go to /rw/config/vpn folder.
- Files referenced in openvpn-client.ovpn should not use absolute paths such as /etc/....
The VPN scripts here are intended to work with commonly used tun interfaces, whereas tap mode is untested. Also, the config should route all traffic through your VPN's interface after a connection is created; For OpenVPN the directive for this is redirect-gateway def1.
```
sudo nano /rw/config/vpn/openvpn-client.ovpn
```
Make sure it already includes or add:
```
redirect-gateway def1
```
The VPN client may not be able to prompt you for credentials when connecting to the server. Create a file in the /rw/config/vpn folder with your credentials and using a directive. For example for OpenVPN, add:
```
auth-user-pass pass.txt
```
Save file /rw/config/vpn/openvpn-client.ovpn. Make sure a /rw/config/vpn/pass.txt file actually exists.
```
sudo nano /rw/config/vpn/pass.txt
```
Add:
```
username
password
```
Replace username and password with your actual username and password.

Test your client configuration: Run the client from a CLI prompt in the 'vpn' folder, preferably as root. For example:
```
sudo openvpn --cd /rw/config/vpn --config openvpn-client.ovpn
```
Watch for status messages that indicate whether the connection is successful and test from another VPN VM terminal window with ping.
```
ping 8.8.8.8
```
ping can be aborted by pressing the two keys ctrl + c at the same time. DNS may be tested at this point by replacing addresses in /etc/resolv.conf with ones appropriate for your VPN (although this file will not be used when setup is complete). Diagnose any connection problems using resources such as client documentation and help from your VPN service provider. Proceed to the next step when you're sure the basic VPN connection is working.

Create the DNS-handling script.

sudo nano /rw/config/vpn/qubes-vpn-handler.sh

Edit and add:

#!/bin/bash
set -e
export PATH="$PATH:/usr/sbin:/sbin"

case "$1" in

up)
# To override DHCP DNS, assign DNS addresses to 'vpn_dns' env variable before calling this script;
# Format is 'X.X.X.X  Y.Y.Y.Y [...]'
if [[ -z "$vpn_dns" ]] ; then
    # Parses DHCP foreign_option_* vars to automatically set DNS address translation:
    for optionname in ${!foreign_option_*} ; do
        option="${!optionname}"
        unset fops; fops=($option)
        if [ ${fops[1]} == "DNS" ] ; then vpn_dns="$vpn_dns ${fops[2]}" ; fi
    done
fi

iptables -t nat -F PR-QBS
if [[ -n "$vpn_dns" ]] ; then
    # Set DNS address translation in firewall:
    for addr in $vpn_dns; do
        iptables -t nat -A PR-QBS -i vif+ -p udp --dport 53 -j DNAT --to $addr
        iptables -t nat -A PR-QBS -i vif+ -p tcp --dport 53 -j DNAT --to $addr
    done
    su - -c 'notify-send "$(hostname): LINK IS UP." --icon=network-idle' user
else
    su - -c 'notify-send "$(hostname): LINK UP, NO DNS!" --icon=dialog-error' user
fi

;;
down)
su - -c 'notify-send "$(hostname): LINK IS DOWN !" --icon=dialog-error' user
;;
esac

Save the script. Make it executable.

sudo chmod +x /rw/config/vpn/qubes-vpn-handler.sh

Configure client to use the DNS handling script. Using openvpn as an example, edit the config.
```
sudo nano /rw/config/vpn/openvpn-client.ovpn
```
Add the following.
```
script-security 2
up 'qubes-vpn-handler.sh up'
down 'qubes-vpn-handler.sh down'
```
Remove other instances of lines starting with script-security, up or down should there be any others. Save the script. Restart the client and test the connection again ...this time from an AppVM!

Set up iptables anti-leak rules. Edit the firewall script.

sudo nano /rw/config/qubes-firewall-user-script

Clear out the existing lines and add:

#!/bin/bash
#    Block forwarding of connections through upstream network device
#    (in case the vpn tunnel breaks):
iptables -I FORWARD -o eth0 -j DROP
iptables -I FORWARD -i eth0 -j DROP
ip6tables -I FORWARD -o eth0 -j DROP
ip6tables -I FORWARD -i eth0 -j DROP

#    Block all outgoing traffic
iptables -P OUTPUT DROP
iptables -F OUTPUT
iptables -I OUTPUT -o lo -j ACCEPT

#    Add the `qvpn` group to system, if it doesn't already exist
if ! grep -q "^qvpn:" /etc/group ; then
     groupadd -rf qvpn
     sync
fi
sleep 2s

#    Allow traffic from the `qvpn` group to the uplink interface (eth0);
#    Our VPN client will run with group `qvpn`.
iptables -I OUTPUT -p all -o eth0 -m owner --gid-owner qvpn -j ACCEPT

Save the script. Make it executable.

sudo chmod +x /rw/config/qubes-firewall-user-script

Set up the VPN's autostart.

sudo nano /rw/config/rc.local

Clear out the existing lines and add:

#!/bin/bash
VPN_CLIENT='openvpn'
VPN_OPTIONS='--cd /rw/config/vpn/ --config openvpn-client.ovpn --daemon'

su - -c 'notify-send "$(hostname): Starting $VPN_CLIENT..." --icon=network-idle' user
groupadd -rf qvpn ; sleep 2s
sg qvpn -c "$VPN_CLIENT $VPN_OPTIONS"

If you are using anything other than OpenVPN, change the VPN_CLIENT and VPN_OPTIONS variables to match your VPN software. Save the script. Make it executable.

sudo chmod +x /rw/config/rc.local

Restart the new VM! The link should then be established automatically with a popup notification to that effect.

Usage

Configure your AppVMs to use the VPN VM as a NetVM...

If you want to be able to use the Qubes firewall, create a new FirewallVM (as a ProxyVM) and set it to use the VPN VM as its NetVM. Then, configure AppVMs to use your new FirewallVM as their NetVM.

If you want to update your TemplateVMs through the VPN, enable the qubes-updates-proxy service in your new FirewallVM. You can do this in the Services tab in Qubes VM Manager or on the command-line:

qvm-service -e <name> qubes-updates-proxy

Then, configure your templates to use your new FirewallVM as their NetVM.

Troubleshooting

Always test your basic VPN connection before adding scripts.
Test DNS: Ping a familiar domain name from an appVM. It should print the IP address for the domain.
For scripting: Ping external IP addresses from inside the VPN VM using sudo sg qvpn -c 'ping ...', then from an appVM using just ping .... Once the firewall rules are in place, you will have to use sudo sg to run any IP network commands in the VPN VM.
Use iptables -L -v and iptables -L -v -t nat to check firewall rules. The latter shows the critical PR-QBS chain that enables DNS forwarding.

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