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The Debian TemplateVM
The Debian TemplateVM is an officially supported TemplateVM in Qubes OS. This page is about the standard (or "full") Debian TemplateVM. For the minimal version, please see the Minimal TemplateVMs page. There is also a Qubes page on the Debian Wiki.
Installing
To install a specific Debian TemplateVM that is not currently installed in your system, use the following command in dom0:
$ sudo qubes-dom0-update qubes-template-debian-XX
(Replace XX with the Debian version number of the template you wish to install.)
To reinstall a Debian TemplateVM that is already installed in your system, see How to Reinstall a TemplateVM.
After Installing
After installing a fresh Debian TemplateVM, we recommend performing the following steps:
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Switch any TemplateBasedVMs that are based on the old TemplateVM to the new one.
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If desired, uninstall the old TemplateVM.
Updating
For routine daily TemplateVM updates within a given Debian release, see Updating software in TemplateVMs.
Upgrading
There are two ways to upgrade your TemplateVM to a new Debian release:
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Install a fresh template to replace the existing one. This option may be simpler for less experienced users. After you install the new template, redo all desired template modifications and switch everything that was set to the old template to the new template. You may want to write down the modifications you make to your templates so that you remember what to redo on each fresh install. In the old Debian template, see
/var/log/dpkg.logand/var/log/apt/history.logfor logs of package manager actions. -
Perform an in-place upgrade of an existing Debian template. This option will preserve any modifications you've made to the template, but it may be more complicated for less experienced users.
Release-specific notes
This section contains notes about specific Debian releases.
Debian 10
Debian 10 (buster) - minimal:
[user@dom0 ~]$ sudo qubes-dom0-update --enablerepo=qubes-templates-itl qubes-template-debian-10-minimal
Debian 10 (buster) - stable:
[user@dom0 ~]$ sudo qubes-dom0-update --enablerepo=qubes-templates-itl qubes-template-debian-10
Starting services
The Debian way (generally) is to start daemons if they are installed. This means that if you install (say) ssh-server in a template, all the qubes that use that template will run a ssh server when they start. (They will, naturally, all have the same server key.) This may not be what you want.
So be very careful when installing software in Templates - if the daemon spawns outbound connections then there is a serious security risk.
In general, a reasonable approach would be, (using ssh as example):
- Install the ssh service.
systemctl stop sshsystemctl disable sshsystemctl mask ssh- Close down template
Now the ssh service will NOT start in qubes based on this template.
Where you DO want the service to run, put this in /rw/config/rc.local:
systemctl unmask ssh
systemctl start ssh
Don't forget to make the file executable.
Unattended Upgrades
Some users have noticed that on upgrading to Stretch, the unattended-upgrade package is installed.
This package is pulled in as part of a Recommend chain, and can be purged.
The lesson is that you should carefully look at what is being installed to your system, particularly if you run dist-upgrade.
Package installation errors in Qubes 4.0
By default, templates in 4.0 only have a loopback interface.
Some packages will throw an error on installation in this situation. For example, Samba expects to be configured using a network interface post installation.
One solution is to add a dummy interface to allow the package to install correctly:
ip link add d0 type dummy
ip addr add 192.168.0.1/24 dev d0
ip link set d0 up