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253 lines
12 KiB
Markdown
---
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lang: en
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layout: doc
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permalink: /doc/how-to-get-started/
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redirect_from:
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- /doc/getting-started/
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- /getting-started/
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- /en/doc/getting-started/
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- /doc/GettingStarted/
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- /wiki/GettingStarted/
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ref: 190
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title: How to Get Started
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---
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After [downloading](/downloads/) and [installing](/doc/installation-guide/)
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Qubes OS, it's time to dive in and get to work!
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## The Basics
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Qubes OS is an operating system built out of securely-isolated compartments
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called [qubes](/doc/glossary/#qube). For example, you might have a work qube, a
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personal qube, a banking qube, a web browsing qube, and so on. You can have as
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many qubes as you want! Most of the time, you'll be using an [app
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qube](/doc/glossary/#app-qube), which is a qube intended for running software
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programs like web browsers, email clients, and word processors. Each app qube
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is based on another type of qube called a [template](/doc/glossary/#template).
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More than one qube can be based on the same template. Importantly, a qube
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cannot modify its template in any way. This means that, if a qube is ever
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compromised, its template and any other qubes based on that template will
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remain safe. This is what makes Qubes OS so secure. Even if an attack is
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successful, the damage is limited to a single qube.
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Suppose you want to use your favorite web browser in several different qubes.
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You'd install the web browser in a template, then every qube based on that
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template would be able to run the web browser software (while still being
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forbidden from modifying the template and any other qubes). This way, you only
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have to install the web browser a single time, and updating the template serves
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to update all the qubes based on it. This elegant design saves time and space
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while enhancing security.
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There are also some "helper" qubes in your system. Each qube that connects to
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the Internet does so through a network-providing [service
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qube](/doc/glossary/#service-qube). If you need to access USB devices, another
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service qube will do that. There's also a [management
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qube](/doc/glossary/#management-qube) that automatically handles a lot of
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background housekeeping. For the most part, you won't have to worry about it,
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but it's nice to know that it's there. As with app qubes, service qubes and
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management qubes are also based on templates. Templates are usually named after
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their operating system (often a [Linux
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distribution](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux_distribution)) and
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corresponding version number. There are many ready-to-use
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[templates](/doc/templates) to choose from, and you can download and have as
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many as you like.
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Last but not least, there's a very special [admin
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qube](/doc/glossary/#admin-qube) which, as the name suggests, is used to
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administer your entire system. There's only one admin qube, and it's called
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[dom0](/doc/glossary/#dom0). You can think of it as the master qube, holding
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ultimate power over everything that happens in Qubes OS. Dom0 is more trusted
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than any other qube. If dom0 were ever compromised, it would be "game over."
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The entire system would effectively be compromised. That's why everything in
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Qubes OS is specifically designed to protect dom0 and ensure that doesn't
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happen. Due to its overarching importance, dom0 has no network connectivity and
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is used only for running the [desktop
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environment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desktop_environment) and [window
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manager](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Window_manager). Dom0 should never be
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used for anything else. In particular, you should never run user applications
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in dom0. (That's what your app qubes are for!)
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### Color & Security
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You'll choose a **color** for each of your qubes out of a predefined set of
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colors. Each window on your desktop will have its frame colored according to
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the color of that qube. These colored frames help you keep track of which qube
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each window belongs to and how trustworthy it is. This is especially helpful
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when you have the same app running in multiple qubes at the same time. For
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example, if you're logged in to your bank account in one qube while doing some
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random web surfing in a different qube, you wouldn't want to accidentally enter
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your banking password in the latter! The colored frames help to avoid such
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mistakes.
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[](/attachment/doc/r4.0-snapshot_40.png)
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Most Qubes users associate red with what's untrusted and dangerous (like a red
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light: stop! danger!), green with what's safe and trusted, and yellow and
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orange with things in the middle. This color scheme also extends to include
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blue and black, which are usually interpreted as indicating progressively more
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trusted domains than green, with black being ultimately trusted. Color and
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associated meanings are ultimately up to you, however. The system itself does
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not treat the colors differently. If you create two identical qubes --- black
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and red, say --- they'll be the same until you start using them differently.
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Feel free to use the colors in whatever way is most useful to you. For example,
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you might decide to use three or four qubes for work activities and give them
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all the same color --- or all different colors. It's entirely up to you.
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### User Interface
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On operating systems like Windows and macOS, the desktop environment is
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unchangeable and part of that operating system. With Linux, any of a number of
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desktop environments are an option. Qubes OS is installed with XFCE as its
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default desktop environment, but it also supports [KDE](/doc/kde/), as well as
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the window managers [i3](/doc/i3/) and [AwesomeWM](/doc/awesomewm/).
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[](/attachment/doc/r4.0-taskbar.png)
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The bar at the top of your screen in Qubes 4.0 includes the following XFCE
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component areas:
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- The **Tray**, where many functional widgets live.
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- **Spaces**, an interface for [virtual
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desktops](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_desktop). Virtual desktops do
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not have any inherent security isolation properties, but some users find them
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useful for organizing things.
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- The **Task Bar** where buttons for open and hidden windows live.
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- The **App Menu**, where you go to open an application within a qube, to open
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a dom0 terminal, to access administrative UI tools such as the Qube Manager,
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or to access settings panels for your desktop environment.
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To learn more about how to customize your desktop environment, we recommend you
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spend some time going through [XFCE's documentation](https://docs.xfce.org/).
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There are several tray widgets that are unique to Qubes OS:
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- The **Whonix SDWDate** allows you to control the Tor connection in your
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[`sys-whonix`](https://www.whonix.org/wiki/Qubes) qube.
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- The **Qubes Clipboard** lets you easily copy text from dom0.
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- The **Qubes Devices** widget allows you to attach and detach devices --- such
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as USB drives and cameras --- to qubes.
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- The **Qubes Disk Space** widget shows you how much storage you're using.
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It'll notify you if you're ever running out of space.
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- The **Qubes Domains** widget allows you to manage running qubes, turn them on
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and off, and monitor RAM and CPU usage.
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- The **Qubes Updater** widget informs you when updates are available and helps
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you install them.
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[](/attachment/doc/r4.0-widgets.png)
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To see all of your qubes at the same time, you can use the **Qube Manager** (go
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to the App Menu → System Tools → Qube Manager), which displays the states of
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all the qubes in your system, even the ones that aren't running.
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[](/attachment/doc/r4.0-qubes-manager.png)
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#### Command-line interface
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All aspects of Qubes OS can be controlled using command-line tools. Opening a
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terminal emulator in dom0 can be done in several ways:
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- Go to the App Menu and select **Terminal Emulator** at the top.
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- Press <kbd>Alt</kbd>+<kbd>F3</kbd> and search for `xfce terminal`.
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- Right-click on the desktop and select **Open Terminal Here**.
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Terminal emulators can also be run in other qubes as normal programs. Various
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command-line tools are described as part of this guide, and the whole reference
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can be found [here](/doc/tools/).
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## First boot
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When you install Qubes OS, a number of qubes are pre-configured for you:
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- **Templates:** `fedora-XX` (`XX` being the version number)
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- **Admin qube:** `dom0`
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- **Service qubes:** `sys-usb`, `sys-net`, `sys-firewall`, and `sys-whonix`
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- **App qubes** configured to prioritize security by compartmentalizing tasks
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and types of data: `work`, `personal`, `untrusted`, and `vault`. (There is
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nothing special about these qubes. If you were to create a black qube and
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name it `vault`, it would be the same as the pre-configured `vault` qube.
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They're just suggestions to get you started. )
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A variety of open-source applications such as file managers, command-line
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terminals, printer managers, text editors, and "applets" used to configure
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different things like audio or parts of the user interface are also installed
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by default—most within the templates. Most are bundled with each template.
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### Adding, removing, and listing qubes
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You can easily create a new qube with the **Create Qubes VM** option in the App
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Menu. If you need to add or remove qubes, simply use the Qube Manager's **Add**
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and **Remove** buttons. You can also add, remove, and list qubes from the
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command line using the following tools:
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- `qvm-create`
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- `qvm-remove`
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- `qvm-ls`
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### How many qubes do I need?
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That's a great question, but there's no one-size-fits-all answer. It depends on
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the structure of your digital life, and this is at least a little different for
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everyone. If you plan on using your system for work, then it also depends on
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what kind of job you do.
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It's a good idea to start out with the qubes created automatically by the
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installer: `work`, `personal`, `untrusted`, and `vault`. If and when you start
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to feel that some activity just doesn't fit into any of your existing qubes, or
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you want to partition some part of your life, you can easily create a new qube
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for it. You'll also be able to easily [copy any
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files](/doc/how-to-copy-and-move-files) you need to the newly-created qube.
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Still not sure? You might find it helpful to read [this
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article](https://blog.invisiblethings.org/2011/03/13/partitioning-my-digital-life-into.html),
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which describes how one of the Qubes OS architects partitioned her digital life
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into security domains.
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## Secure Habits
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It is *very important* to [keep Qubes updated](/doc/how-to-update/) to ensure
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you have the latest security updates. Frequently updating is one of the best
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ways to remain secure against new threats.
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It's also *very important* to make regular backups so that you don't lose your
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data unexpectedly. The [Qubes backup
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system](/doc/how-to-back-up-restore-and-migrate/) allows you to do this
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securely and easily.
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## How-to Guides
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Here are some basic tasks you're likely to want to perform often that are
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unique to Qubes as a multi-environment system. A full list is available in the
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[How-to Guides](/doc/#how-to-guides) section in the docs.
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- [How to Update](/doc/how-to-update/)
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- [How to Back Up, Restore, and Migrate](/doc/how-to-back-up-restore-and-migrate/)
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- [How to Copy and Paste Text](/doc/how-to-copy-and-paste-text/)
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- [How to Copy and Move Files](/doc/how-to-copy-and-move-files/)
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- [How to Copy from Dom0](/doc/how-to-copy-from-dom0/)
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- [How to Install Software](/doc/how-to-install-software/)
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- [How to Use Devices (block storage, USB, and PCI devices)](/doc/how-to-use-devices/)
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If you encounter any problems, please visit the [Help, Support, Mailing Lists,
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and Forum](/support/) page.
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## Compatible Hardware
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Make sure your hardware satisfies the [system
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requirements](/doc/system-requirements/), as Qubes OS cannot run on every type
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of computer. You may also want to check out [Qubes-certified
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Hardware](/doc/certified-hardware/) and take a look at the [Hardware
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Compatibility List (HCL)](/hcl/).
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## Downloads
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[Download an ISO](/downloads/), learn how to [verify its
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authenticity](/doc/verifying-signatures/), and follow our [guide to install
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Qubes OS](/doc/installation-guide/). Looking for the [source
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code](/doc/source-code/)? You'll find it [on
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GitHub](https://github.com/QubesOS).
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## Documentation
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Peruse our extensive library of [documentation](/doc/) for users and developers
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of Qubes OS. You can even [help us improve it](/doc/doc-guidelines/)!
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