mirror of
https://github.com/QubesOS/qubes-doc.git
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e84be92e8f
Main update: line 358 - 'type:template' > 'type:TemplateVM' Minor update: changing '4.0' > '4.1' & 'f30' > 'f36'
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Markdown
482 lines
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Markdown
---
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lang: en
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layout: doc
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permalink: /doc/how-to-install-software/
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redirect_from:
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- /doc/software-update-domu/
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- /doc/software-update-vm/
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- /en/doc/software-update-vm/
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- /doc/SoftwareUpdateVM/
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- /wiki/SoftwareUpdateVM/
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ref: 189
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title: How to install software
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---
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When you wish to install software in Qubes OS, you should generally install it
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in a [template](/doc/glossary/#template). For installing templates themselves,
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see [how to install a template](/doc/templates/#installing). Advanced users may
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also be interested in learning how to install software in
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[standalones](/doc/standalones-and-hvms/) and
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[dom0](/doc/how-to-install-software-in-dom0).
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Qubes OS is effectively a "meta" operating system (OS) that can run almost any
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arbitrary OS inside of itself. For example, the way software is normally
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installed in a Linux distribution ("distro") is quite different from the way
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software is normally installed in Windows. This isn't up to Qubes. Qubes is
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just the framework in which you're running these other OSes. Therefore, if you
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want to install software in a Linux template, for example, you should do so in
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whatever way is normal for that Linux distro. Most Linux software is
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distributed via [packages](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Package_format), which
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are stored in [software
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repositories](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_repository) ("repos").
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[Package managers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Package_manager) handle
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downloading, installing, updating, and removing packages. (Again, none of this
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is Qubes-specific.) If you're not familiar with how software is normally
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installed in Linux distros via package managers or the software you want
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doesn't seem to be available in your distro's repos (or you're in another
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situation not covered on this page), please read this [community guide to
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installing software in Qubes](https://forum.qubes-os.org/t/9991/).
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The following instructions explain how to permanently install new software in a
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template. There are different instructions for software from the default
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repositories and all other software. (If you're not sure, try the default
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repositories first.)
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## Installing software from default repositories
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1. Start the template.
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2. Start either a terminal (e.g. `gnome-terminal`) or a dedicated software
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management application, such as `gpk-application`.
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3. Install software as normally instructed inside that operating system, e.g.:
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- Fedora: `sudo dnf install <PACKAGE_NAME>`
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- Debian: `sudo apt install <PACKAGE_NAME>`
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4. Shut down the template.
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5. Restart all qubes based on the template.
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6. (Recommended) In the relevant qubes' **Settings > Applications** tab, select
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the new application(s) from the list, and press **OK**. These new shortcuts
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will appear in the Applications Menu. (If you encounter problems, see
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[here](/doc/app-menu-shortcut-troubleshooting/) for troubleshooting.)
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](/attachment/doc/r4.1-dom0-appmenu-select.png)
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## Installing software from other sources
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**Warning:** This method gives your template direct network access, which is
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[risky](#why-dont-templates-have-network-access). This method is **not**
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recommended for trusted templates. Moreover, depending on how you install this
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software, it may not get updated automatically when you [update Qubes
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normally](/doc/how-to-update/), which means you may have to update it manually
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yourself.
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Some software is not available from the default repositories and must be
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downloaded and installed from another source. This method assumes that you're
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trying to follow the instructions to install some piece of software in a normal
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operating system, except that operating system is running as a template in
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Qubes OS.
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1. (Recommended) Clone the desired template (since this new template will
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probably be less trusted than the original).
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2. (Recommended) In the new template's **Settings > Basic** tab, change the
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color label from black to red (or another color that signifies to you that
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the template is less trusted).
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3. In the new template's **Settings > Basic** tab, change the **Networking**
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value from `default (none) (current)` to `sys-firewall` (or whichever
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network-providing qube you wish to use).
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4. (Recommended) In the new template's **Settings > Firewall rules** tab,
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select "Limit outgoing Internet connections to..." and tick "Allow full
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access for 5 min." (This can help in case you forget to remove network
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access later.)
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5. Follow the normal instructions for installing your software in the new
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template. For example, open a terminal and enter the commands as instructed.
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**Warning:** If you don't fully understand the commands you're entering,
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then this can be extremely risky, and the template should be regarded as
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*completely untrusted*.
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6. (Recommended) In the new template's **Settings > Basic** tab, change the
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**Networking** value from `sys-firewall (current)` (or whichever
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network-providing qube you chose) back to `default (none)`.
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7. Shut down the new template.
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8. Create or assign your desired app qubes to use the new template. If any app
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qubes were already assigned to the new template, restart them.
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9. (Recommended) In the relevant qubes' **Settings > Applications** tab, select
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the new application(s) from the list, and press **OK**. These new shortcuts
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will appear in the Applications Menu. (If you encounter problems, see
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[here](/doc/app-menu-shortcut-troubleshooting/) for troubleshooting.)
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](/attachment/doc/r4.1-dom0-appmenu-select.png)
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## Troubleshooting
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If things are still not working as expected:
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- Review the instructions very carefully, making sure you follow each step.
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- Make sure you **shut down the template after installing your software**.
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- Make sure you **restart your app qube *after* shutting down your template**.
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- Make sure your app qube is assigned to the right template.
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- If your software requires special files or directories to be persistent, and
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you're an advanced user, see [standalones and
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HVMs](/doc/standalones-and-hvms/) and [how to make any file persistent
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(bind-dirs)](/doc/bind-dirs/).
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- [Ask for help.](/support/)
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## How to update software
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Please see [How to Update](/doc/how-to-update/).
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## Why don't templates have network access?
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In order to protect you from performing risky activities in templates, they do
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not have normal network access by default. Instead, templates use an [updates
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proxy](#updates-proxy) that allows you to install and update software using
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the distribution package manager without giving the template direct network
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access.**The updates proxy is already setup to work automatically
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out-of-the-box and requires no special action from you.** Most users should
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simply follow the normal instructions for [installing software from default
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repositories](#installing-software-from-default-repositories) and
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[updating](/doc/how-to-update/) software. If your software is not available in
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the default repositories, see [installing software from other
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sources](#installing-software-from-other-sources).
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## Advanced
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The following sections cover advanced topics pertaining to installing and
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updating software in domUs.
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### Testing repositories
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If you wish to install updates that are still in [testing](/doc/testing), you
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must enable the appropriate testing repositories.
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**Note:** The following repos are in templates and standalones. For dom0 testing
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repos, see [here](/doc/how-to-install-software-in-dom0/#testing-repositories).
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For testing new templates, please see [here](/doc/testing/#templates).
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#### Fedora
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There are three Qubes VM testing repositories (where `*` denotes the Release):
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- `qubes-vm-*-current-testing` -- testing packages that will eventually land in
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the stable (`current`) repository
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- `qubes-vm-*-security-testing` -- a subset of `qubes-vm-*-current-testing`
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that contains packages that qualify as security fixes
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- `qubes-vm-*-unstable` -- packages that are not intended to land in the stable
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(`qubes-vm-*-current`) repository; mostly experimental debugging packages
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To temporarily enable any of these repos, use the `--enablerepo=<repo-name>`
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option. Example commands:
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~~~
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sudo dnf upgrade --enablerepo=qubes-vm-*-current-testing
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sudo dnf upgrade --enablerepo=qubes-vm-*-security-testing
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sudo dnf upgrade --enablerepo=qubes-vm-*-unstable
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~~~
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To enable or disable any of these repos permanently, change the corresponding
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`enabled` value to `1` in `/etc/yum.repos.d/qubes-*.repo`.
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#### Debian
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Debian also has three Qubes VM testing repositories (where `*` denotes the
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Release):
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- `*-testing` -- testing packages that will eventually land in the stable
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(`current`) repository
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- `*-securitytesting` -- a subset of `*-testing` that contains packages that
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qualify as security fixes
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- `*-unstable` -- packages that are not intended to land in the stable
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repository; mostly experimental debugging packages
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To enable or disable any of these repos permanently, uncomment the
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corresponding `deb` line in `/etc/apt/sources.list.d/qubes-r*.list`.
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### Standalones
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The process for installing and updating software in
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[standalones](/doc/glossary/#standalone) is the same as described above for
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templates, except no qubes are based on standalones, so there are no other
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qubes to restart.
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### RPMFusion for Fedora templates
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If you would like to enable the [RPM Fusion](https://rpmfusion.org/)
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repositories, open a Terminal of the template and type the following commands,
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depending on which RPM Fusion repositories you wish to enable (see [RPM
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Fusion](https://rpmfusion.org/) for details):
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~~~
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sudo dnf config-manager --set-enabled rpmfusion-free
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sudo dnf config-manager --set-enabled rpmfusion-free-updates
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sudo dnf config-manager --set-enabled rpmfusion-nonfree
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sudo dnf config-manager --set-enabled rpmfusion-nonfree-updates
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sudo dnf upgrade --refresh
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~~~
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This will permanently enable the RPM Fusion repos. If you install software from
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here, it's important to keep these repos enabled so that you can receiving
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future updates. If you only enable these repos temporarily to install a package
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the Qubes update mechanism may persistently notify you that updates are
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available, since it cannot download them.
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### Reverting changes to a template
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Perhaps you've just updated your template, and the update broke your template.
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Or perhaps you've made a terrible mistake, like accidentally confirming the
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installation of an unsigned package that could be malicious. If you want to
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undo changes to a template, there are three basic methods:
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1. **Root revert.**
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This is appropriate for misconfigurations, but not for security concerns. It
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will preserve your customizations.
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2. **Reinstall the template.**
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This is appropriate for both misconfigurations and security concerns, but
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you will lose all customizations.
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3. **Full revert.**
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This is appropriate for both misconfigurations and security concerns, and it
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can preserve your customizations. However, it is a bit more complex.
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#### Root revert
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**Important:** This command will roll back any changes made *during the last
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time the template was run, but **not** before.* This means that if you have
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already restarted the template, using this command is unlikely to help, and
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you'll likely want to reinstall it from the repository instead. On the other
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hand, if the template is already broken or compromised, it won't hurt to try
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reverting first. Just make sure to **back up** all of your data and changes
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first!
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1. Shut down `<template>`. If you've already just shut it down, do **not**
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start it again (see above).
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2. In a dom0 terminal:
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```
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qvm-volume revert <template>:root
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```
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#### Reinstall the template
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Please see [How to Reinstall a template](/doc/reinstall-template/).
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#### Full revert
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This is like the simple revert, except:
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- You must also revert the private volume with `qvm-volume revert
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<template>:private`. This requires you to have an old revision of the private
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volume, which does not exist with the current default config. However, if you
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don't have anything important in the private volume (likely for a template),
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then you can work around this by just resetting the private volume with
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`qvm-volume import --no-resize <template>:private /dev/null`.
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- The saved revision of the volumes must be uncompromised. With the default
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`revisions_to_keep=1` for the root volume, you must **not** have started the
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template since the compromising action.
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### Updates proxy
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Updates proxy is a service which allows access from package managers
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configured to use the proxy by default, but can be used by any other
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program that accepts proxy arguments.
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The purpose of the proxy, instead of direct network access, is meant to
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mitigate user errors of using applications such as the browser in the
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template. Not necessarily what part of the network they can access, but only
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to applications trusted by the user, configured to use the proxy.
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The http proxy (tinyproxy) does not filter traffic because it is hard to list
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all the repository mirrors and keep that list up to date). it also does not
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cache anything.
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The proxy is running in selected VMs (by default all the NetVMs (1)) and
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intercepts traffic directed to 127.0.0.1:8082. Thanks to such
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configuration all the VMs can use the same proxy address.
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If the VM is configured to have access to the updates proxy
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(2), the startup scripts will automatically configure dnf/apt to really use the
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proxy (3). Also access to updates proxy is independent of any other firewall
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settings (VM will have access to updates proxy, even if policy is set to block
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all the traffic).
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There are two services (`qvm-service`, [service
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framework](/doc/qubes-service/)):
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1. `qubes-updates-proxy` (and its deprecated name: `qubes-yum-proxy`) - a
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service providing a proxy for templates - by default enabled in NetVMs
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(especially: sys-net)
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2. `updates-proxy-setup` (and its deprecated name: `yum-proxy-setup`) - use a
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proxy provided by another VM (instead of downloading updates directly),
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enabled by default in all templates
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Both the old and new names work. The defaults listed above are applied if the
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service is not explicitly listed in the services tab.
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#### Technical details
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The updates proxy uses RPC/qrexec. The proxy is configured in qrexec policy in
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dom0: `/etc/qubes-rpc/policy/qubes.UpdatesProxy`. By default this is set to
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sys-net and/or sys-whonix, depending on firstboot choices. This new design
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allows for templates to be updated even when they are not connected to any
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NetVM.
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Example policy file in R4.1 (with Whonix installed, but not set as default
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UpdateVM for all templates):
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```shell_session
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# any VM with tag `whonix-updatevm` should use `sys-whonix`; this tag is added to `whonix-gw` and `whonix-ws` during installation and is preserved during template clone
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@tag:whonix-updatevm @default allow,target=sys-whonix
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@tag:whonix-updatevm @anyvm deny
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# other templates use sys-net
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@type:TemplateVM @default allow,target=sys-net
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@anyvm @anyvm deny
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```
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### Installing Snap Packages
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Snap packages do not use the normal update channels for Debian and Fedora (apt
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and dnf) and are often installed as the user rather than as root. To support
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these in an app qube you need to take the following steps:
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1. In the **template** you must install `snapd` and `qubes-snapd-helper`. Open
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a terminal in the template and run:
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```shell_session
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[user@fedora-36-snap-demo ~]$ sudo dnf install snapd qubes-snapd-helper
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Last metadata expiration check: 0:33:05 ago on Thu 03 Nov 2022 04:34:06.
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Dependencies resolved.
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========================================================================================================
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Package Arch Version Repository Size
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========================================================================================================
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Installing:
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snapd x86_64 2.56.2-4.fc36 updates 14 M
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qubes-snapd-helper noarch 1.0.4-1.fc36 qubes-vm-r4.1-current 10 k
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Installing dependencies:
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[...]
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Transaction Summary
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========================================================================================================
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Install 19 Packages
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Total download size: 27 M
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Installed size: 88 M
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Is this ok [y/N]: y
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Downloading Packages:
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[..]
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Failed to resolve booleanif statement at /var/lib/selinux/targeted/tmp/modules/200/snappy/cil:1174
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/usr/sbin/semodule: Failed!
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[...]
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Last metadata expiration check: 0:33:05 ago on Thu 03 Nov 2022 04:34:06.
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Notifying dom0 about installed applications
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Installed:
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snapd-2.56.2-4.fc36.x86_64 qubes-snapd-helper-1.0.4-1.fc36.noarch
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[...]
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Complete!
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```
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You may see the following message:
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```
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Failed to resolve booleanif statement at /var/lib/selinux/targeted/tmp/modules/200/snappy/cil:1174
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/usr/sbin/semodule: Failed!
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```
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This is expected and you can safely continue.
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Shutdown the template:
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```shell_session
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[user@fedora-36-snap-demo ~]$ sudo shutdown -h now
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```
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2. Now open the **app qube** in which you would like to install the Snap
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application and run a terminal:
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```shell_session
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[user@snap-demo-app qube ~]$ snap install <package>
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```
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When the install is complete you can close the terminal window.
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3. Refresh the Applications list for the app qube. In the Qubes Menu for the
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**app qube*** launch the Qube Settings. Then go to the Applications tab and
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click "Refresh Applications"
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The refresh will take a few minutes; after it's complete the Snap app will
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appear in the app qube's list of available applications. At this point the
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snap will be persistent within the app qube and will receive updates when
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the app qube is running.
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### Autostarting Installed Applications
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If you want a desktop app to start automatically every time a qube starts you
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can create a link to it in the `~/.config/autostart` directory of the **app
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qube**. This might be useful for Qubes that you set to automatically start on
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boot or for Qubes that have a set of apps you typically use all day, such as a
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chat app.
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1. Open a terminal in the **app qube** where you would like the app to launch.
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2. List the names of the available desktop shortcuts by running the command `ls
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/usr/share/applications` and find the exact name of the shortcut to the app
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you want to autostart:
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```shell_session
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[user@example-app qube ~]$ ls /usr/share/applications/
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bluetooth-sendto.desktop
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eog.desktop
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firefox.desktop
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...
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xterm.desktop
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yelp.desktop
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```
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3. Create the autostart directory:
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```
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[user@example-app qube ~]$ mkdir -p ~/.config/autostart
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```
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4. Make a link to the desktop app file you'd like to start in the autostart
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directory. For example, the command below will link the Thunderbird app into
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the autostart directory:
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```
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[user@example-app qube ~]$ ln -s /usr/share/applications/mozilla-thunderbird.desktop ~/.config/autostart/mozilla-thunderbird.desktop
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```
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Note that the app will autostart only when the app qube starts. If you would
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like the app qube to autostart, select the "Start qube automatically on boot"
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checkbox in the app qube's Qube Settings.
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