privacyguides.org/i18n/vi/android.md

title	icon
Android	fontawesome/brands/android

{ align=right }

The Android Open Source Project is an open-source mobile operating system led by Google which powers the majority of the world's mobile devices. Most phones sold with Android are modified to include invasive integrations and apps such as Google Play Services, so you can significantly improve your privacy on your mobile device by replacing your phone's default installation with a version of Android without these invasive features.

:octicons-home-16:{ .card-link title=Homepage } :octicons-info-16:{ .card-link title=Documentation} :octicons-code-16:{ .card-link title="Source Code" }

These are the Android operating systems, devices, and apps we recommend to maximize your mobile device's security and privacy. khuyến nghị

• Tổng quan chung về Android và Đề xuất :material-arrow-right:
• Why we recommend GrapheneOS over CalyxOS :material-arrow-right-drop-circle:

AOSP Derivatives

We recommend installing one of these custom Android operating systems on your device, listed in order of preference, depending on your device's compatibility with these operating systems.

!!! note

Các thiết bị cuối đời (chẳng hạn như thiết bị "hỗ trợ mở rộng" của GrapheneOS hoặc CalyxOS) không có các bản vá bảo mật đầy đủ (cập nhật chương trình cơ sở) do OEM ngừng hỗ trợ. Những thiết bị này không thể được coi là hoàn toàn an toàn bất kể phần mềm được cài đặt.

GrapheneOS

!!! khuyến nghị

![GrapheneOS logo](assets/img/android/grapheneos.svg#only-light){ align=right }
![GrapheneOS logo](assets/img/android/grapheneos-dark.svg#only-dark){ align=right }

**GrapheneOS** là sự lựa chọn tốt nhất khi nói đến quyền riêng tư và bảo mật.

GrapheneOS cung cấp thêm [tăng cường bảo mật](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardening_(computing)) và các cải tiến về quyền riêng tư. Nó có [hardened memory allocator](https://github.com/GrapheneOS/hardened_malloc), quyền mạng và cảm biến cũng như nhiều [tính năng bảo mật](https://grapheneos.org/features). GrapheneOS cũng đi kèm với các bản cập nhật chương trình cơ sở đầy đủ và các bản dựng đã ký, vì vậy khởi động đã xác minh được hỗ trợ đầy đủ.

[Homepage](https://grapheneos.org/){ .md-button .md-button--primary } [Chính Sách Bảo Mật](https://grapheneos.org/faq#privacy-policy){ .md-button }

Đối với những người cần Google Play Services, CalyxOS tùy chọn bao gồm microG. CalyxOS cũng bao gồm các dịch vụ định vị thay thế, Mozilla và DejaVu.

Google Pixel phones are the only devices that currently meet GrapheneOS's hardware security requirements.

CalyxOS

!!! khuyến nghị

![CalyxOS logo](assets/img/android/calyxos.svg){ align=right }

**CalyxOS** là một hệ thống có một số tính năng bảo mật trên AOSP, bao gồm [Datura](https://calyxos.org/docs/tech/datura-details) tường lửa, [Signal](https://signal.org) tích hợp trong ứng dụng quay số và nút dừng khẩn cấp được tích hợp sẵn.
CalyxOS cũng đi kèm với các bản cập nhật chương trình cơ sở và các bản dựng đã ký, vì vậy khởi động đã xác minh được hỗ trợ đầy đủ. [Homepage](https://calyxos.org/){ .md-button .md-button--primary } [Chính Sách Bảo Mật](https://calyxinstitute.org/legal/privacy-policy){ .md-button }

[:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://divestos.org){ .md-button .md-button--primary }
[:simple-torbrowser:](http://divestoseb5nncsydt7zzf5hrfg44md4bxqjs5ifcv4t7gt7u6ohjyyd.onion){ .card-link title="Onion Service" }
[:octicons-eye-16:](https://divestos.org/index.php?page=privacy_policy){ .card-link title="Privacy Policy" }
[:octicons-info-16:](https://divestos.org/index.php?page=faq){ .card-link title=Documentation}
[:octicons-code-16:](https://github.com/divested-mobile){ .card-link title="Source Code" }
[:octicons-heart-16:](https://divested.dev/index.php?page=donate){ .card-link title=Contribute }

DivestOS has automated kernel vulnerability (CVE) patching, fewer proprietary blobs, and a custom hosts file. Nó bao gồm UnifiedNlp cho vị trí mạng. DivestOS also includes kernel patches from GrapheneOS and enables all available kernel security features via defconfig hardening. All kernels newer than version 3.4 include full page sanitization and all ~22 Clang-compiled kernels have -ftrivial-auto-var-init=zero enabled.

DivestOS implements some system hardening patches originally developed for GrapheneOS. DivestOS 16.0 and higher implements GrapheneOS's INTERNET and SENSORS permission toggle, hardened memory allocator, exec-spawning, JNI constification, and partial bionic hardening patchsets. 17.1 and higher features GrapheneOS's per-network full MAC randomization option, ptrace_scope control, and automatic reboot/Wi-Fi/Bluetooth timeout options.

DivestOS thực hiện một số bản vá tăng cường hệ thống được phát triển ban đầu cho GrapheneOS. Normally, we would recommend avoiding F-Droid due to its numerous security issues. However, doing so on DivestOS isn't viable; the developers update their apps via their own F-Droid repositories (DivestOS Official and DivestOS WebView). We recommend disabling the official F-Droid app and using Neo Store with the DivestOS repositories enabled to keep those components up to date. For other apps, our recommended methods of obtaining them still apply.

!!! warning

![DivestOS logo](assets/img/android/divestos.svg){ align=right }

**DivestOS** là phần mềm fork của [LineageOS](https://lineageos.org/). DivestOS kế thừa nhiều [thiết bị được hỗ trợ](https://divestos.org/index.php?page=devices&base=LineageOS) từ LineageOS. Nó có các bản dựng đã ký, nên có thể có [khởi động đã xác minh](https://source.android.com/security/verifiedboot) trên một số thiết bị không phải Pixel.

[Homepage](https://divestos.org){ .md-button .md-button--primary } [Chính Sách Bảo Mật](https://divestos.org/index.php?page=privacy_policy){ .md-button }

Thiết bị Android

When purchasing a device, we recommend getting one as new as possible. The software and firmware of mobile devices are only supported for a limited time, so buying new extends that lifespan as much as possible.

Avoid buying phones from mobile network operators. Luôn kiểm tra uy tín của người bán. These phone variants will prevent you from installing any kind of alternative Android distribution.

Be very careful about buying second hand phones from online marketplaces. Always check the reputation of the seller. If the device is stolen, there's a possibility of IMEI blacklisting. There is also a risk involved with you being associated with the activity of the previous owner.

A few more tips regarding Android devices and operating system compatibility:

• Không mua các thiết bị đã đạt hoặc gần hết tuổi thọ, các bản cập nhật firmware bổ sung phải do nhà sản xuất cung cấp.
• Do not buy preloaded LineageOS or /e/ OS phones or any Android phones without proper Verified Boot support and firmware updates. Các thiết bị này cũng không có cách nào để bạn kiểm tra xem chúng có bị giả mạo hay không.
• In short, if a device or Android distribution is not listed here, there is probably a good reason. Check out our forum to find details!

DivestOS

Google Pixel phones are the only devices we recommend for purchase. Pixel phones have stronger hardware security than any other Android devices currently on the market, due to proper AVB support for third-party operating systems and Google's custom Titan security chips acting as the Secure Element.

!!! khuyến nghị

![Google Pixel 6](assets/img/android/google-pixel.png){ align=right }

**Google Pixel** devices are known to have good security and properly support [Verified Boot](https://source.android.com/security/verifiedboot), even when installing custom operating systems.

Chúng tôi vẫn đề xuất GrapheneOS hoặc CalyxOS tùy thuộc vào khả năng tương thích của thiết bị của bạn.

Đối với các thiết bị khác, DivestOS là một lựa chọn thay thế tốt.

Secure Elements like the Titan M2 are more limited than the processor's Trusted Execution Environment used by most other phones as they are only used for secrets storage, hardware attestation, and rate limiting, not for running "trusted" programs. Phones without a Secure Element have to use the TEE for all of those functions, resulting in a larger attack surface.

Google Pixel phones use a TEE OS called Trusty which is open-source, unlike many other phones.

The installation of GrapheneOS on a Pixel phone is easy with their web installer. If you don't feel comfortable doing it yourself and are willing to spend a bit of extra money, check out the NitroPhone as they come preloaded with GrapheneOS from the reputable Nitrokey company.

A few more tips for purchasing a Google Pixel:

• If you're after a bargain on a Pixel device, we suggest buying an "a" model, just after the next flagship is released. Giảm giá thường có sẵn vì Google sẽ cố gắng dọn hàng của họ.
• Consider price beating options and specials offered at physical stores.
• Look at online community bargain sites in your country. Những điều này có thể cảnh báo bạn về doanh số bán hàng tốt.
• Google provides a list showing the support cycle for each one of their devices. The price per day for a device can be calculated as: \text{Cost} \over \text {EOL Date}-\text{Current Date}, meaning that the longer use of the device the lower cost per day.

Ứng dụng chung

We recommend a wide variety of Android apps throughout this site. The apps listed here are Android-exclusive and specifically enhance or replace key system functionality.

Google Pixel

!!! khuyến nghị

![Google Pixel 6](assets/img/android/google-pixel.png){ align=right }

**Google Pixel** được biết là có bảo mật tốt và hỗ trợ đúng cách [Khởi động đã xác minh](https://source.android.com/security/verifiedboot), ngay cả khi cài đặt hệ điều hành tùy chỉnh.

Bắt đầu với **Pixel 6** và **6 Pro**, các thiết bị Pixel nhận được bản cập nhật bảo mật được đảm bảo tối thiểu 5 năm, đảm bảo tuổi thọ dài hơn nhiều so với 2-4 năm mà các OEM cạnh tranh thường cung cấp.

[Store](https://store.google.com/category/phones){ .md-button .md-button--primary } downloads

    - [:simple-googleplay: Google Play](https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=net.typeblog.shelter)

!!! warning

Shelter is recommended over [Insular](https://secure-system.gitlab.io/Insular/) and [Island](https://github.com/oasisfeng/island) as it supports [contact search blocking](https://secure-system.gitlab.io/Insular/faq.html).

When using Shelter, you are placing complete trust in its developer, as Shelter acts as a [Device Admin](https://developer.android.com/guide/topics/admin/device-admin) to create the Work Profile, and it has extensive access to the data stored within the Work Profile.

Các thiết bị khác

!!! khuyến nghị

![Auditor logo](assets/img/android/auditor.svg#only-light){ align=right }
![Auditor logo](assets/img/android/auditor-dark.svg#only-dark){ align=right }

**Auditor** is an app which leverages hardware security features to provide device integrity monitoring for [supported devices](https://attestation.app/about#device-support). Currently, it only works with GrapheneOS and the device's stock operating system.

[:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://attestation.app){ .md-button .md-button--primary }
[:octicons-eye-16:](https://attestation.app/privacy-policy){ .card-link title="Privacy Policy" }
[:octicons-info-16:](https://attestation.app/about){ .card-link title=Documentation}
[:octicons-code-16:](https://attestation.app/source){ .card-link title="Source Code" }
[:octicons-heart-16:](https://attestation.app/donate){ .card-link title=Contribute }

??? downloads

    - [:simple-googleplay: Google Play](https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=app.attestation.auditor.play)
    - [:simple-github: GitHub](https://github.com/GrapheneOS/Auditor/releases)
    - [:material-cube-outline: GrapheneOS App Store](https://github.com/GrapheneOS/Apps/releases)

Auditor performs attestation and intrusion detection by:

• Using a Trust On First Use (TOFU) model between an auditor and auditee, the pair establish a private key in the hardware-backed keystore of the Auditor.
• The auditor can either be another instance of the Auditor app or the Remote Attestation Service.
• The auditor records the current state and configuration of the auditee.
• Should tampering with the operating system of the auditee happen after the pairing is complete, the auditor will be aware of the change in the device state and configurations.
• Bạn sẽ được thông báo về sự thay đổi.

No personally identifiable information is submitted to the attestation service. We recommend that you sign up with an anonymous account and enable remote attestation for continuous monitoring.

If your threat model requires privacy, you could consider using Orbot or a VPN to hide your IP address from the attestation service. To make sure that your hardware and operating system is genuine, perform local attestation immediately after the device has been installed and prior to any internet connection.

Orbot

!!! khuyến nghị

![Secure camera logo](assets/img/android/secure_camera.svg#only-light){ align=right }
![Secure camera logo](assets/img/android/secure_camera-dark.svg#only-dark){ align=right }

**Secure Camera** is a camera app focused on privacy and security which can capture images, videos and QR codes. [Homepage](https://orbot.app/){ .md-button .md-button--primary }

???

[:octicons-repo-16: Repository](https://github.com/GrapheneOS/Camera){ .md-button .md-button--primary }
[:octicons-info-16:](https://grapheneos.org/usage#camera){ .card-link title=Documentation}
[:octicons-code-16:](https://github.com/GrapheneOS/Camera){ .card-link title="Source Code" }
[:octicons-heart-16:](https://grapheneos.org/donate){ .card-link title=Contribute }

??? downloads

    - [:simple-googleplay: Google Play](https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=app.grapheneos.camera.play)
    - [:simple-github: GitHub](https://github.com/GrapheneOS/Camera/releases)
    - [:material-cube-outline: GrapheneOS App Store](https://github.com/GrapheneOS/Apps/releases)

Main privacy features include:

• Auto removal of Exif metadata (enabled by default)
• Use of the new Media API, therefore storage permissions are not required
• Không cần có quyền đối với micrô trừ khi bạn muốn ghi lại âm thanh

!!! note

Metadata is not currently deleted from video files but that is planned.

The image orientation metadata is not deleted. If you enable location (in Secure Camera) that **won't** be deleted either. If you want to delete that later you will need to use an external app such as [ExifEraser](data-redaction.md#exiferaser).

Secure PDF Viewer

!!! khuyến nghị

![Secure PDF Viewer logo](assets/img/android/secure_pdf_viewer.svg#only-light){ align=right }
![Secure PDF Viewer logo](assets/img/android/secure_pdf_viewer-dark.svg#only-dark){ align=right }

**Secure PDF Viewer** is a PDF viewer based on [pdf.js](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PDF.js) that doesn't require any permissions. The PDF is fed into a [sandboxed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandbox_(software_development)) [webview](https://developer.android.com/guide/webapps/webview). This means that it doesn't require permission directly to access content or files.

[Content-Security-Policy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Content_Security_Policy) is used to enforce that the JavaScript and styling properties within the WebView are entirely static content.

[:octicons-repo-16: Repository](https://github.com/GrapheneOS/PdfViewer){ .md-button .md-button--primary }
[:octicons-code-16:](https://github.com/GrapheneOS/PdfViewer){ .card-link title="Source Code" }
[:octicons-heart-16:](https://grapheneos.org/donate){ .card-link title=Contribute }

??? downloads

    - [:simple-googleplay: Google Play](https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=app.grapheneos.pdfviewer.play)
    - [:simple-github: GitHub](https://github.com/GrapheneOS/PdfViewer/releases)
    - [:material-cube-outline: GrapheneOS App Store](https://github.com/GrapheneOS/Apps/releases)

App Stores

GrapheneOS App Store

GrapheneOS's app store is available on GitHub. It supports Android 12 and above and is capable of updating itself. The app store has standalone applications built by the GrapheneOS project such as the Auditor, Camera, and PDF Viewer. If you are looking for these applications, we highly recommend that you get them from GrapheneOS's app store instead of the Play Store, as the apps on their store are signed by the GrapheneOS's project own signature that Google does not have access to.

Aurora Store

The Google Play Store requires a Google account to login which is not great for privacy. You can get around this by using an alternative client, such as Aurora Store.

!!! khuyến nghị

Vì CalyxOS bao gồm một bộ điều khiển thiết bị, chúng tôi khuyên bạn nên sử dụng hồ sơ công việc được tích hợp sẵn của chúng để thay thế.

[:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://auroraoss.com/){ .md-button .md-button--primary }
[:octicons-code-16:](https://gitlab.com/AuroraOSS/AuroraStore){ .card-link title="Source Code" }

??? downloads

    - [:simple-gitlab: GitLab](https://gitlab.com/AuroraOSS/AuroraStore/-/releases)

Aurora Store does not allow you to download paid apps with their anonymous account feature. khuyến nghị

Trình xem PDF an toàn

For apps that are released on platforms like GitHub and GitLab, you may be able to add an RSS feed to your news aggregator that will help you keep track of new releases.

OnePlus

On GitHub, using Secure Camera as an example, you would navigate to its releases page and append .atom to the URL:

https://github.com/GrapheneOS/Camera/releases.atom

Fairphone

On GitLab, using Aurora Store as an example, you would navigate to its project repository and append /-/tags?format=atom to the URL:

https://gitlab.com/AuroraOSS/AuroraStore/-/tags?format=atom

Verifying APK Fingerprints

If you download APK files to install manually, you can verify their signature with the apksigner tool, which is a part of Android build-tools.

1. Install Java JDK.

2. Download the Android Studio command line tools.

3. Extract the downloaded archive:

   unzip commandlinetools-*.zip
   cd cmdline-tools
   ./bin/sdkmanager --sdk_root=./ "build-tools;29.0.3"
   

4. Run the signature verification command:

   ./build-tools/29.0.3/apksigner verify --print-certs ../Camera-37.apk
   

5. The resulting hashes can then be compared with another source. Some developers such as Signal show the fingerprints on their website.

   Signer #1 certificate DN: CN=GrapheneOS
   Signer #1 certificate SHA-256 digest: 6436b155b917c2f9a9ed1d15c4993a5968ffabc94947c13f2aeee14b7b27ed59
   Signer #1 certificate SHA-1 digest: 23e108677a2e1b1d6e6b056f3bb951df7ad5570c
   Signer #1 certificate MD5 digest: dbbcd0cac71bd6fa2102a0297c6e0dd3
   

F-Droid

{ align=right width=120px }

==We do not currently recommend F-Droid as a way to obtain apps.== F-Droid is often recommended as an alternative to Google Play, particularly in the privacy community. The option to add third-party repositories and not be confined to Google's walled garden has led to its popularity. F-Droid additionally has reproducible builds for some applications and is dedicated to free and open-source software. However, there are notable problems with the official F-Droid client, their quality control, and how they build, sign, and deliver packages.

Due to their process of building apps, apps in the official F-Droid repository often fall behind on updates. F-Droid maintainers also reuse package IDs while signing apps with their own keys, which is not ideal as it gives the F-Droid team ultimate trust.

Other popular third-party repositories such as IzzyOnDroid alleviate some of these concerns. The IzzyOnDroid repository pulls builds directly from GitHub and is the next best thing to the developers' own repositories. However, it is not something that we can recommend, as apps are typically removed from that respository when they make it to the main F-Droid repository. While that makes sense (since the goal of that particular repository is to host apps before they're accepted into the main F-Droid repository), it can leave you with installed apps which no longer receive updates.

That said, the F-Droid and IzzyOnDroid repositories are home to countless apps, so they can be a useful tool to search for and discover open-source apps that you can then download through Play Store, Aurora Store, or by getting the APK directly from the developer. It is important to keep in mind that some apps in these repositories have not been updated in years and may rely on unsupported libraries, among other things, posing a potential security risk. You should use your best judgement when looking for new apps via this method.

!!! note

In some rare cases, the developer of an app will only distribute it through F-Droid ([Gadgetbridge](https://gadgetbridge.org/) is one example of this). If you really need an app like that, we recommend using [Neo Store](https://github.com/NeoApplications/Neo-Store/) instead of the official F-Droid app to obtain it.

Framadate

Please note we are not affiliated with any of the projects we recommend. In addition to our standard criteria, we have developed a clear set of requirements to allow us to provide objective recommendations. We suggest you familiarize yourself with this list before choosing to use a project, and conduct your own research to ensure it's the right choice for you.

!!! cảnh báo PrivateBin sử dụng JavaScript để xử lý mã hóa, vì vậy bạn phải tin tưởng nhà cung cấp ở mức độ họ không đưa bất kỳ JavaScript độc hại nào vào để lấy khóa cá nhân của bạn.

![PrivateBin logo](assets/img/productivity/privatebin.svg){ align=right }

**PrivateBin** là một pastebin trực tuyến mã nguồn mở, tối giản, nơi máy chủ không có kiến ​​thức về dữ liệu đã dán. Dữ liệu được mã hóa/giải mã trong trình duyệt bằng 256-bit AES. tải xuống

    - [:fontawesome-brands-docker: Dockerhub](https://hub.docker.com/r/vaultwarden/server)
    - [:fontawesome-brands-github: Mã nguồn](https://github.com/dani-garcia/vaultwarden)

Operating Systems

• Must be open-source software.
• Must support bootloader locking with custom AVB key support.
• Must receive major Android updates within 0-1 months of release.
• Must receive Android feature updates (minor version) within 0-14 days of release.
• Must receive regular security patches within 0-5 days of release.
• Must not be "rooted" out of the box.
• Must not enable Google Play Services by default.
• Must not require system modification to support Google Play Services.

Devices

• Must support at least one of our recommended custom operating systems.
• Must be currently sold new in stores.
• Must receive a minimum of 5 years of security updates.
• Must have dedicated secure element hardware.

Applications

• Applications on this page must not be applicable to any other software category on the site.
• General applications should extend or replace core system functionality.
• Applications should receive regular updates and maintenance.

--8<-- "includes/abbreviations.vi.txt"