2022-02-03 13:07:36 -05:00
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< div id = 'write' class = '' > < h1 id = 'componentes-activos-semiconductores-y-válvulas' > < span > Componentes activos: semiconductores y válvulas< / span > < / h1 > < h4 id = '31-esquemas-y-símbolos-en-electrónica' > < span > 3.1 Esquemas y símbolos en electrónica.< / span > < / h4 > < p > < img src = "https://github.com/redeltaglio/RNMnetwork/raw/master/Images/simbolos.jpg" referrerpolicy = "no-referrer" > < / p > < p > < span > Un esquema de un circuito electrónico está compuesto por un grupo de símbolos unidos por líneas que nos está indicando los componentes que lo integran y su funcionamiento.< / span > < / p > < p > < span > Algunos símbolos van acompañados de una nomenclatura que nos indica las características del elemento representado como por ejemplo junto a un condensador pueden aparecer unos caracteres que indican su valor.< / span > < / p > < h4 id = '32-semiconductores' > < span > 3.2 Semiconductores< / span > < / h4 > < p > < img src = "https://i2.wp.com/codigoespagueti.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/silicio-en-los-chips-1.jpg?resize=1280%2C720&quality=80&ssl=1" referrerpolicy = "no-referrer" > < / p > < p > < span > Los < / span > < a href = 'https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semiconductor' > < span > semiconductores< / span > < / a > < span > son substancias que tienen una conductividad intermedia entre los altos valores de los metales y los bajos de los aislantes.< / span > < / p > < p > < span > Los cristales de < / span > < a href = 'https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanio' > < span > germanio< / span > < / a > < span > o < / span > < a href = 'https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicio' > < span > silicio< / span > < / a > < span > puros pueden considerarse como buenas aisladores porque carecen de electrones libres pero añadiéndoles impurezas pueden variar sus propiedades iniciales. Su mecanismo de conducción es distinto de los conductores metálicos; la impurezas la forman elementos con distintos número de electrones que ellos: si tienen más electrones que los semiconductores se les llama donantes y si tienen menos aceptantes (tienen «huecos» que se comportan como si tuvieran una carga eléctrica positiva y de igual magnitud que la de un electrón). Los electrones y los «huecos» se mueven en un campo eléctrico con una velocidad que es proporcional a la intensidad de dicho campo, los «huecos» se mueven en dirección opuesta a los electrones y con una velocidad que es la mitad de estos.< / span > < / p > < p > < img src = "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8b/N-Type_Semiconductor_Bands.svg" referrerpolicy = "no-referrer" > < / p > < p > < span > Si por ejemplo combinamos germanio con un donante queda polarizado negativamente: así tenemos un semiconductor tipo < / span > < code > N< / code > < span > (negativo). Si la impureza es un aceptante el germanio queda polarizado positivamente convirtiéndose en un semiconductor tipo < / span > < code > P< / code > < span > .< / span > < / p > < h4 id = '33-diodos' > < span > 3.3 Diodos.< / span > < / h4 > < p > < img src = "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d5/Diode-closeup.jpg" referrerpolicy = "no-referrer" > < / p > < p > < span > Un < / span > < a href = 'https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diodo' > < span > diodo< / span > < / a > < span > es un dispositivo que bajo determinadas circunstancias permite le paso de la corriente eléctrica en una única dirección.< / span > < / p > < p > < span > Son uniones de dos materiales semiconductores < / span > < code > P< / code > < span > y < / span > < code > N< / code > < span > por lo que reciben la denominación de < / span > < u > < span > unión pn< / span > < / u > < span > .< / span > < / p > < p > < span > Ninguno de los dos cristales por separado tiene carga eléctrica, ya que en cada cristal, el número de electrones y cargas positivas es el mismo, de lo que podemos decir que los dos cristales son neutros. Al unir ambos hay una difusión de electrones de < / span > < code > N< / code > < span > a < / span > < code > P< / code > < span > y aparece una barrera de separación neutra. Al establecerse estas corrientes aparecen cargas fijas en una zona a ambos lados de la unión, zona que recibe diferentes denominaciones como zona de carga espacial, de agotamiento, de deplexión.< / span > < / p > < p > < span > A medida que progresa el proceso de difusión, la zona de carga espacial va incrementando su anchura profundizando en los cristales a ambos lados de la unión. La acumulaci
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