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Dr. Gerhard Weck 1685c3d05e

2022-03-26 14:26:08 +01:00

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Qubes Windows Tools

Qubes Windows Tools (QWT) are a set of programs and drivers that provide integration of Windows 7, 10 and 11 AppVMs with the rest of the Qubes system. Currently the following features are available for Windows VMs after installation of those tools:

Qubes Video Driver - provides for the Seamless GUI mode that integrates apps windows onto the common Qubes trusted desktop (currently only for Windows 7)
Clipboard sender/receiver - Support for secure clipboard copy/paste between the Windows VM and other AppVMs
File sender/receiver - Support for secure file exchange between the Windows VM and other AppVMs
Copy/Edit in Disposable VM - Support for editing files in DisposableVMs as well as for qvm-run and generic qrexec for the Windows VM (e.g. ability to run custom service within/from the Windows VM)
Xen PV drivers for Windows that increase performance compared to qemu emulated devices

Below is a breakdown of the feature availability depending on the windows version:

Feature	Windows 7 x64	Windows 10/11 x64
Qubes Video Driver	+	-
Qubes Network Setup	+	+
Private Volume Setup (move profiles)	+	+
File sender/receiver	+	+
Clipboard Copy/Paste	+	+
Application shortcuts	+	+
Copy/Edit in Disposable VM	+	+
Block device	+	+
USB device	+	+
Audio	+	+

Qubes Windows Tools are open source and are distributed under a GPL license.

Notes:

Currently only 64-bit versions of Windows 7, 10 and 11 are supported by Qubes Windows Tools. Only emulated SVGA GPU is supported (although there has been reports on working GPU passthrough).

This page documents the process of installing Qubes Windows Tools in version R4.1.

Preparation

Before proceeding with the installation we need to disable the Windows mechanism that allows only signed drivers to be installed, because currently the drivers we provide as part of the Windows Tools are not digitally signed with a publicly recognizable certificate. To do that:

Start the command prompt as Administrator, i.e. right click on the Command Prompt icon (All Programs -> Accessories) and choose "Run as administrator"
In the command prompt type bcdedit /set testsigning on
Reboot your Windows VM

In the future this step will not be necessary anymore, because we will sign our drivers with a publicly verifiable certificate. However, it should be noted that even now, the fact that those drivers are not digitally signed, this doesn't affect security of the Windows VM in 'any' way. This is because the actual installation iso file can be verified as described in step 3 below. The only downside of those drivers not being signed is the inconvenience to the user that he or she must disable the signature enforcement policy before installing the tools.

Note: it is recommended to increase the default value of Windows VM's qrexec_timeout property from 60 (seconds) to, for example, 300. During one of the first reboots after Windows Tools installation Windows user profiles are moved onto the private VM's virtual disk (private.img) and this operation can take some time. Moving profiles is performed in an early boot phase when qrexec is not yet running, so timeout may occur with the default value. To change the property use this command in dom0: (where <VMname> is the name of your Windows VM)

	[user@dom0 ~] $ qvm-prefs <VMname> qrexec_timeout 300

Installing Windows OS in a Qubes VM

Please refer to this page for instructions on how to install Windows in a Qubes VM.

Note: It is strongly suggested to enable autologon for any Windows HVMs that will have Qubes Tools installed. To do so, run netplwiz command from the Win+R/Start menu and uncheck the Users must enter a user name and password to use this computer option.

Installing Qubes guest tools in Windows VMs

This will allow you to install the Qubes Windows Tools on Windows 7, 10 and 11 both as a StandaloneVM as well as a Template VM and a corresponding AppVM. But some features are not available:

Note: Seamless mode is currently not available for windows 10 and 11. Please check the top of this document for the full feature availability breakdown.

Note: Steps 1 through 4 are prelimnary and will be replaced once Qubes Windows Tools are made available in a Qubes repository. This is a workaround for installing the Qubes windows tools until the tools are available in the Qubes repositories.

Download the Qubes Windows Tools installation disk into some AppVM, e.g. untrusted.
Download the checksumfile into the same AppVM.
Check the integrity of the file qubes-windows-tools-4.1.67.1.iso by comparing its hash checksum. This can be done using the sha256sum command in the AppVM like:
```
[user@untrusted Downloads] $ sha256sum qubes-windows-tools-4.1.67.1.iso
```
and compare it to the value stored in the file sha256sum.txt for the iso file (it has to exactly match for security reasons). If it matches, feel free to continue the installation. If not, repeat the download to make sure it was not corrupted due to a network problem. If it keeps on not matching it might be an attacker attempting to do something nasty to your system -- Ask for support.
Start the Windows qube attaching the iso file as a virtual CD-Rom drive (where <VMname> is the name of your Windows VM and the name of the AppVM where you downloaded the installation iso)
```
[user@dom0 ~] $ qvm-start <VMname> --cdrom=<AppVM>:/<PathToFile>/qubes-windows-tools-4.1.67.1.iso
```
Once the Windows VM boots, a CDROM should appear in the 'My Computer' menu (typically as D:) with the setup program qubes-tools-x64.msi in its main directory.
Windows 7 only: Rename the private disk D: to Q:. This can be done by starting the diskmanager and changing the drive letter:
- Start the command prompt as administrator, i.e. right click on the Command Prompt icon (All Programs -> Accessories) and choose "Run as administrator"
- In the command prompt type diskmgmt.msc
- In the disk manager, select the volume Private (D:)
- Select the option Change Drive Letter and Path
- Select option Change...
- Select the letter Q
- Click OK in all still open windows of the disk manager and terminate it.
Install Qubes Windows Tools by starting qubes-tools-x64.msi as administrator, optionally selecting the Xen PV disk drivers. For installation in a template, you should select Move user profiles. If during installation, the Xen driver requests a reboot, select "No" and let the installation continue - the system will be rebooted later.
After successful installation, the Windows VM must be shut down and started again, possibly a couple of times. On each shutdown, wait until the VM is really stopped, i.e. Qubes shows no more activity.
Qubes will automatically detect that the tools have been installed in the VM and will set appropriate properties for the VM, such as qrexec_installed, guiagent_installed, and default_user. This can be verified (but is not required) using the qvm-prefs command (where <VMname> is the name of your Windows VM):
```
    [user@dom0 ~] $ qvm-prefs <VMname>
```
It is advisable to set some other parameters in order to enable audio, synchronize the Windows clock with the Qubes clock, and so on:
```
    [user@dom0 ~] $ qvm-features <VMname> gui 1
    [user@dom0 ~] $ qvm-features <VMname> gui-emulated 1
    [user@dom0 ~] $ qvm-features <VMname> audio-model ich9
    [user@dom0 ~] $ qvm-features <VMname> stubdom-qrexec 1
    [user@dom0 ~] $ qvm-features <VMname> timezone localtime
```
Reboot Windows. If the VM starts, but does not show any window then shutdown Windows from the Qube manager, wait until it has really stopped, and reboot Windows once more.
Now the system should be up, with QWT running correctly.
Windows 7 only: Optionally enable seamless mode on VM startup. This can be done by setting appropriate values in the Windows registry:
- Start the command prompt as administrator, i.e. right click on the Command Prompt icon (All Programs -> Accessories) and choose "Run as administrator"
- In the command prompt type regedit
- In the registry editor, position to the key \HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\Software\Invisible Things Lab\Qubes Tools\
- Change the value SeamlessMode from 0 to 1
- Position to the key \HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\Software\Invisible Things Lab\Qubes Tools\qga\
- Change the value SeamlessMode from 0 to 1
- Terminate the registry editor.
After the next boot, the VM will start in seamless mode.
Lastly to enable file copy operations to a Windows VM the default_user property should be set the <username> that you use to login to the Windows VM. This can be done via the following command on a dom0 terminal: (where <VMname> is the name of your Windows VM)

[user@dom0 ~] $ qvm-prefs <VMname> default_user <username>

Note: If this property is not set or set to a wrong value, files copied to this VM are stored in the folder C:\Windows\System32\config\systemprofile\Documents\QubesIncoming\<source_VM>. If the target VM is an AppVM, this has the consequence that the files are stored in the corresponding TemplateVM and so are lost on AppVM shutdown.

Xen PV drivers and Qubes Windows Tools

Installing Xen's PV drivers in the VM will lower its resources usage when using network and/or I/O intensive applications, but may come at the price of system stability (although Xen's PV drivers on a Windows VM are usually very stable). They can be installed as an optional part of Qubes Windows Tools (QWT), which bundles Xen's PV drivers.

Notes about using Xen's VBD (storage) PV driver:

Windows 7: Installing the driver requires a fully updated VM or else you'll likely get a BSOD ("Blue Screen Of Death") and a VM in a difficult to fix state. Updating Windows takes hours and for casual usage there isn't much of a performance between the disk PV driver and the default one; so there is likely no need to go through the lengthy Windows Update process if your VM doesn't have access to untrusted networks and if you don't use I/O intensive apps or attach block devices. If you plan to update your newly installed Windows VM it is recommended that you do so before installing Qubes Windows Tools. Installing the driver will probably cause Windows 7 activation to become invalid, but the activation can be restored using the Microsoft telephone activation method.

The option to install the storage PV driver is disabled by default in Qubes Windows Tools

In case you already had QWT installed without the storage PV driver and you then updated the VM, you may then install the driver by again starting the QWT installer and selecting the change option.

Using Windows AppVMs in seamless mode

Note: This feature is only available for Windows 7

Once you start a Windows-based AppVM with Qubes Tools installed, you can easily start individual applications from the VM (note the -a switch used here, which will auto-start the VM if it is not running):

[user@dom0 ~] $ qvm-run -a my-win-appvm explorer.exe

Also, the inter-VM services work as usual -- e.g. to request opening a document or URL in the Windows AppVM from another VM:

[user@dom0 ~] $ qvm-open-in-vm my-win-appvm roadmap.pptx

[user@dom0 ~]$ qvm-open-in-vm my-win-appvm https://invisiblethingslab.com

... just like in the case of Linux AppVMs. Of course all those operations are governed by central policy engine running in Dom0 -- if the policy doesn't contain explicit rules for the source and/or target AppVM, the user will be asked whether to allow or deny the operation.

Inter-VM file copy and clipboard works for Windows AppVMs the same way as for Linux AppVM (except that we don't provide a command line wrapper, qvm-copy-to-vm in Windows VMs) -- to copy files from Windows AppVMs just right-click on the file in Explorer, and choose: Send To-> Other AppVM.

To simulate CTRL-ALT-DELETE in the HVM (SAS, Secure Attention Sequence), press Ctrl-Alt-Home while having any window of this VM in the foreground.

Changing between seamless and full desktop mode

You can switch between seamless and "full desktop" mode for Windows HVMs in their settings in Qubes Manager. The latter is the default.

Using template-based Windows AppVMs

Qubes allows HVM VMs to share a common root filesystem from a select Template VM, just as for Linux AppVMs. This mode is not limited to Windows AppVMs, and can be used for any HVM (e.g. FreeBSD running in a HVM).

In order to create an HVM TemplateVM, the type "TemplateVM" has to be selected on creating the VM. Then set memory as appropriate, and install the Windows OS (or any other OS) into this template the same way as you would install it into a normal HVM -- please see instructions on this page.

If you use this Template as it is, then any HVMs that use it will effectively be DisposableVMs - the User directory will be wiped when the HVM is closed down.

If you want to retain the User directory between reboots, then it would make sense to store the C:\Users directory on the 2nd disk which is automatically exposed by Qubes to all HVMs. This 2nd disk is backed by the private.img file in the AppVMs' and is not reset upon AppVMs reboot, so the user's directories and profiles would survive the AppVMs reboot, unlike the "root" filesystem which will be reverted to the "golden image" from the Template VM automatically. To facilitate such separation of user profiles, Qubes Windows Tools provide an option to automatically move C:\Users directory to the 2nd disk backed by private.img. It's a selectable feature of the installer, but currently working only for Windows 10 and 11. If that feature is selected during installation, completion of the process requires two reboots:

The private disk is initialized and formatted on the first reboot after tools installation. It can't be done during the installation because Xen mass storage drivers are not yet active.
User profiles are moved to the private disk on the next reboot after the private disk is initialized. Reboot is required because the "mover utility" runs very early in the boot process so OS can't yet lock any files in there. This can take some time depending on the profiles' size and because the GUI agent is not yet active dom0/Qubes Manager may complain that the AppVM failed to boot. That's a false alarm (you can increase the AppVM's default boot timeout using qvm-prefs), the VM should appear "green" in Qubes Manager shortly after.

It also makes sense to disable Automatic Updates for all the template-based AppVMs -- of course this should be done in the Template VM, not in individual AppVMs, because the system-wide settings are stored in the root filesystem (which holds the system-wide registry hives). Then, periodically check for updates in the Template VM and the changes will be carried over to any child AppVMs.

Once the template has been created and installed it is easy to create AppVMs based on it, by selecting the type "AppVM" and a suitable template.

Components

Qubes Windows Tools (QWT) contain several components than can be enabled or disabled during installation:

Shared components (required): common libraries used by QWT components.
Xen PV drivers: drivers for the virtual hardware exposed by Xen.
- Base Xen PV Drivers (required): paravirtual bus and interface drivers.
- Xen PV Disk Drivers: paravirtual storage drivers.
- Xen PV Network Drivers: paravirtual network drivers.
Qubes Core Agent: qrexec agent and services. Needed for proper integration with Qubes.
- Move user profiles: user profile directory (c:\users) is moved to VM's private disk backed by private.img file in dom0 (useful mainly for HVM templates).
Qubes GUI Agent: video driver and gui agent that enable seamless showing of Windows applications on the secure Qubes desktop.
Disable UAC: User Account Control may interfere with QWT and doesn't really provide any additional benefits in Qubes environment.

Note: In testing VMs only it's probably a good idea to install a VNC server before installing QWT. If something goes very wrong with the Qubes gui agent, a VNC server should still allow access to the OS.

Note

: Xen PV disk drivers are not installed by default. This is because they seem to cause problems (BSOD = Blue Screen Of Death). We're working with upstream devs to fix this. However, the BSOD seems to only occur after the first boot and everything works fine after that. Enable the drivers at your own risk of course, but we welcome reports of success/failure in any case (backup your VM first!). With disk PV drivers absent qvm-block will not work for the VM, but you can still use standard Qubes inter-VM file copying mechanisms.

Installation logs

If the install process fails or something goes wrong during it, include the installation logs in your bug report. They are created in the %TEMP% directory, by default <user profile>\AppData\Local\Temp. There are two text files, one small and one big, with names starting with Qubes_Windows_Tools.

Uninstalling QWT is supported. After uninstalling you need to manually enable the DHCP Client Windows service, or set IP settings yourself to restore network access.

Configuration

Various aspects of Qubes Windows Tools (QWT) can be configured through the registry. The main configuration key is located in HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SOFTWARE\Invisible Things Lab\Qubes Tools. Configuration values set on this level are global to all QWT components. It's possible to override global values with component-specific keys, this is useful mainly for setting log verbosity for troubleshooting. Possible configuration values are:

Name	Type	Description	Default value
LogDir	String	Directory where logs are created	c:\Program Files\Invisible Things Lab\Qubes Tools\log
LogLevel	DWORD	Log verbosity (see below)	2 (INFO)
LogRetention	DWORD	Maximum age of log files (in seconds), older logs are automatically deleted	604800 (7 days)

Possible log levels:

Level	Title	Description
1	Error	Serious errors that most likely cause irrecoverable failures
2	Warning	Unexpected but non-fatal events
3	Info	Useful information (default)
4	Debug	Internal state dumps for troubleshooting
5	Verbose	Trace most function calls

Debug and Verbose levels can generate large volume of logs and are intended for development/troubleshooting only.

To override global settings for a specific component, create a new key under the root key mentioned above and name it as the executable name, without .exe extension.

Component-specific settings currently available:

Component	Setting	Type	Description	Default value
qga	DisableCursor	DWORD	Disable cursor in the VM. Useful for integration with Qubes desktop so you don't see two cursors. Can be disabled if you plan to use the VM through a remote desktop connection of some sort. Needs gui agent restart to apply change (locking OS/logoff should be enough since qga is restarted on desktop change).	1

Troubleshooting

If the VM is inaccessible (doesn't respond to qrexec commands, gui is not functioning), try to boot it in safe mode:

[user@dom0 ~] $ qvm-start --debug <VMname>
Enable boot options and select Safe Mode (method depends on the Windows version; optionally with networking)

Safe Mode should at least give you access to logs (see above).

Please include appropriate logs when reporting bugs/problems. Logs contain the QWT version. If the OS crashes (BSOD) please include the BSOD code and parameters in your bug report. The BSOD screen should be visible if you run the VM in debug mode (qvm-start --debug vmname). If it's not visible or the VM reboots automatically, try to start Windows in safe mode (see above) and 1) disable automatic restart on BSOD (Control Panel - System - Advanced system settings - Advanced - Startup and recovery), 2) check the system event log for BSOD events. If you can, send the memory.dmp dump file from C:\Windows.

Xen logs (/var/log/xen/console/guest-*) are also useful as they contain pvdrivers diagnostic output.

If a specific component is malfunctioning, you can increase its log verbosity as explained above to get more troubleshooting information. Below is a list of components:

Component	Description
qrexec-agent	Responsible for most communication with Qubes (dom0 and other domains), secure clipboard, file copying, qrexec services.
qrexec-wrapper	Helper executable that's responsible for launching qrexec services, handling their I/O and vchan communication.
qrexec-client-vm	Used for communications by the qrexec protocol.
qga	Gui agent.
QgaWatchdog	Service that monitors session/desktop changes (logon/logoff/locking/UAC...) and simulates SAS sequence (ctrl-alt-del).
qubesdb-daemon	Service for accessing Qubes configuration database.
network-setup	Service that sets up network parameters according to VM's configuration.
prepare-volume	Utility that initializes and formats the disk backed by `private.img` file. It's registered to run on next system boot during QWT setup, if that feature is selected (it can't run during the setup because Xen block device drivers are not yet active). It in turn registers move-profiles (see below) to run at early boot.
relocate-dir	Utility that moves user profiles directory to the private disk. It's registered as an early boot native executable (similar to chkdsk) so it can run before any profile files are opened by some other process. Its log is in a fixed location: `c:\move-profiles.log` (it can't use our common logger library so none of the log settings apply).

Updates

⚠️ Currently Qubes Windows Tools (QWT) are not yet available from the repositories.

When we publish a new QWT version, it's usually pushed to the current-testing or unstable repository first. To use versions from current-testing, run this in dom0:

[user@dom0 ~] $ sudo qubes-dom0-update --enablerepo=qubes-dom0-current-testing qubes-windows-tools

That command will download a new QWT .iso from the testing repository. It goes without saying that you should backup your VMs before installing anything from testing repos.

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