Personal Security Checklist

A curated checklist of tips to protect your dgital security and privacy

Too long? 🦒 See the TLDR version instead.

See Also

• Why Privacy & Security Matters
• Privacy-Respecting Software
• Privacy & Security Gadgets
• Further Links + More Awesome Stuff

Contents

Authentication
2 Factor Authentication
Browsing the Web
Email
Social Media
Networking
Mobile Phones
Personal Computers
Smart Home

Authentication

Most reported data breaches are caused by the use of weak, default or stolen passwords (according to this Verizon report).

Use long, strong and unique passwords, manage them in a secure password manager, enable 2-factor authentication, keep on top of breaches and take care while logging into your accounts.

Security	Priority	Details and Hints
Use a Strong Password	Recommended	If your password is too short, or contains dictionary words, places or names- then it can be easily cracked through brute force, or guessed by someone. The easiest way to make a strong password, is by making it long (12+ characters)- consider using a 'passphrase', made up of many words. Alternatively, use a password generator to create a long, strong random password. Have a play with HowSecureIsMyPassword.net, to gen an idea of how quickly common passwords can be cracked. Read more about creating strong passwords: securityinabox.org
Don't reuse Passwords	Recommended	If someone was to reuse a password, and one site they had an account with suffered a leak (data breaches occur aprox. every 39 seconds), then a criminal could easily gain unauthorized access to their other accounts. This is usually done through large-scale automated login requests, and it is called Credential Stuffing. Unfortunately this is all too common, but it's simple to protect against- use a different password for each of your online accounts
Use a Secure Password Manager	Recommended	For most people it is going to be near-impossible to remember hundreds of strong and unique passwords. A password manager is an application that generates, stores and auto-fills your login credentials for you. All your passwords will be encrypted against 1 master passwords (which you must remember, and it should be very strong). Most password managers have browser extensions and mobile apps, so whatever device you are on, your passwords can be auto-filled. A good all-rounder is BitWarden, or see Recommended Password Managers
Enable 2-Factor Authentication	Recommended	2FA is where you must provide both something you know (a password) and something you have (such as a code on your phone) to log in. This means that if anyone has got your password (e.g. through phishing, malware or a data breach), they will no be able to log into your account. It's easy to get started, download an authenticator app onto your phone, and then go to your account security settings and follow the steps to enable 2FA. Next time you log in on a new device, you will be prompted for the code that displays in the app on your phone (it works without internet, and the code usually changes every 30-seconds)
Sign up for Breach Alerts	Optional	After a websites suffers a significant data breach, the leaked data often ends up on the internet. There are several websites that collect these leaked records, and allow you to search your email address to check if you are in any of their lists. Firefox Monitor, Have i been pwned and Breach Alarm allow you to sign up for monitoring, where they will notify you if your email address appears in any new data sets. It is useful to know as soon as possible when this happens, so that you can change your passwords for the affected accounts. Have i been pwned also has domain-wide notification, where you can receive alerts if any email addresses under your entire domain appear (useful if you use aliases for anonymous forwarding)
Keep Backup Codes Safe	Optional	When you enable multi-factor authentication, you will usually be given several codes that you can use if your 2FA method is lost, broken or unavailable. Keep these codes somewhere safe, to prevent loss or unauthorised access. You could store them in your password manager, in an encrypted note, or write them down somewhere safe
Shield your Password/ PIN	Optional	When typing your password in public places, ensure you are not in direct line of site of a CCTV camera and that no one is able to see over your shoulder. Cover your password or pin code while you type, and do not reveal any plain text passwords on screen
Update Passwords Periodically	Optional	Database leaks and breaches are common, and it is likely that several of your passwords are already somewhere online. Occasionally updating passwords of security-critical accounts can help mitigate this. But providing that all your passwords are long, strong and unique, there is no need to do this too often- annually should be sufficient. Enforcing mandatory password changes within organisations is no longer recommended, as it encourages colleagues to select weaker passwords
Don’t save your password in browsers	Optional	Most modern browsers offer to save your credentials when you log into a site. Don’t allow this, as they are not always encrypted, hence could allow someone to gain access into your accounts. Instead use a dedicated password manager to store (and auto-fill) your passwords
Be cautious when logging in on someone else’s device	Optional	When using someone else's machine, ensure that you're in a private/ incognito session (Use Ctrl+Shift+N/ Cmd+Shift+N). This will ensure that none of your credentials, cookies, browsing history of session data gets saved. Ideally you should avoid logging into your accounts on other people's computer, since you can't be sure their system is clean. Be especially cautious of public machines, as malware and tracking is more common here
Avoid password hints	Optional	Some sites allow you to set password hints. Using this feature can make it easier for social engineers to guess your credentials
Never answer online security questions truthfully	Optional	If a site asks security questions (such as place of birth, mother's maiden name or first car etc), don't provide real answers. It is a trivial task for hackers to find out this information online or through social engineering. Instead, create a fictitious answer, and store it inside your password manager
Don’t use a 4-digit PIN	Optional	Don’t use a short PIN to access your smartphone or computer. Instead, use a text password or much longer pin. Numeric passphrases are easy crack, (A 4-digit pin has 10,000 combinations, compared to 7.4 million for a 4-character alpha-numeric code)
Avoid using SMS for 2FA	Optional	When enabling multi-factor authentication, opt for app-based codes or a hardware token, if supported. SMS is susceptible to a number of common threats, such as SIM-swapping and interception. There's also no guarantee of how securely your phone number will be stored, or what else it will be used for. From a practical point of view, SMS will only work when you have signal, and can be slow
Avoid using your PM to Generate OTPs	Advanced	Many password managers are also able to generate 2FA codes. It is best not to use your primary password manager as your 2FA authenticator as well, since it would become a single point of failure if compromised. Instead use a dedicated authenticator app on your phone or laptop
Avoid Face Unlock	Advanced	Most phones and laptops offer a facial recognition authentication feature, using the camera to compare a snapshot of your face with a stored hash. It may be very convenient, but there are numerous ways to fool it and gain access to the device, through digital photos and reconstructions from CCTV footage. Unlike your password- there are likely photos of your face on the internet, and videos recorded by surveillance cameras
Watch out for Keyloggers	Advanced	A hardware keylogger is a physical device planted between your keyboard and the USB port, which intercepts all key strokes, and sometimes relays data to a remote server. It gives a hacker access to everything typed, including passwords. The best way to stay protected, is just by checking your USB connection after your PC has been unattended. It is also possible for keyloggers to be planted inside the keyboard housing, so look for any signs that the case has been tampered with, and consider bringing your own keyboard to work. Data typed on a virtual keyboard, pasted from the clipboard or auto-filled by a password manager can not be intercepted by a hardware keylogger, so if you are on a public computer, consider typing passwords with the on-screen keyboard
Consider a Hardware Token	Advanced	A U2F/ FIDO2 security key is a USB (or NFC) device that you insert while logging in to an online service, in to verify your identity, instead of entering a OTP from your authenticator. SoloKey and NitroKey are examples of such keys. They bring with them several security benefits, since the browser communicates directly with the device and cannot be fooled as to which host is requesting authentication, because the TLS certificate is checked. This post is a good explanation of the security of using FIDO U2F tokens. Of course it is important to store the physical key somewhere safe, or keep it on your person. Some online accounts allow for several methods of 2FA to be enabled
Consider Offline Password Manager	Advanced	For increased security, an encrypted offline password manager will give you full control over your data. KeePass is a popular choice, with lots of plugins and community forks with additional compatibility and functionality. Popular clients include: KeePassXC (desktop), KeePassDX (Android) and StrongBox (iOS). The drawback being that it may be slightly less convenient for some, and it will be up to you to back it up, and store it securely
Consider Unique Usernames	Advanced	Having different passwords for each account is a good first step, but if you also use a unique username, email or phone number to log in, then it will be significantly harder for anyone trying to gain unauthorised access. The easiest method for multiple emails, is using auto-generated aliases for anonymous mail forwarding. This is where [anything]@yourdomain.com will arrive in your inbox, allowing you to use a different email for each account (see Mail Alias Providers). Usernames are easier, since you can use your password manager to generate, store and autofill these. Virtual phone numbers can be generated through your VOIP provider

Recommended Software: Password Managers | 2FA Authenticators

Browser and Search

Most modern web browsers support add-ons and extensions. These can access anything that you do online so avoid installing anything that may not be legitimate and check permissions first. Be aware that every website that you interact with, including search engines, will likely be keeping records of all your activity. Last year Kaspersky reported over a million data exploits caused by malicious sites.

For more browser security pointers, check out: Here’s How To Get Solid Browser Security.

Security	Priority	Details and Hints
Deactivate ActiveX	Recommended	ActiveX is a browser extension API that is only supported by Microsoft Internet Explorer. It's enabled by default but is barely used for legitimate plugins these days. However, it gives plugins so much control that ActiveX malware is still around and as dangerous as ever. See this article for more details. Better yet, use a modern browser instead of Internet Explorer. Note that Microsoft Edge doesn't support ActiveX.
Disable Flash	Recommended	Adobe Flash is infamous for its history of security vulnerabilities (a few of which you can read about here). See this guide, on how to disable Flash player, or this guide for more details on how dangerous it can be. Adobe will end support for Flash Player in December 2020.
Block Trackers	Recommended	Consider installing a browser extension, such as Privacy Badger, to stop advertisers from tracking you in the background.
Block scripts from bad origin	Recommended	Use an extension such as uBlock Origin, to block anything being loaded from an external or unverified origin.
Force HTTPS only traffic	Recommended	Using an extension such as HTTPS Everywhere, will force all sites to load securely.
Only use trusted browser add-ons and extensions	Recommended	Both Firefox and Chrome web stores allow you to check what permissions/access rights an extension requires before you install it. Check the reviews. Only install extensions you really need, and removed those which you haven't used in a while. Extensions are able to see, log or modify anything you do in the browser, and some innocent looking browser apps, have malicious intentions.
Always keep your browser up-to-date	Recommended	Browser vulnerabilities are constantly being discovered and patched, so it’s important to keep it up to date, to avoid a zero-day exploit. You can see which browser version your using here, or follow this guide for instructions on how to update.
Use a private search engine	Optional	Google tracks, logs and stores everything you do, but also displays biased results. Take a look at DuckDuckGo or StartPage. Neither store cookies nor cache anything. Read more about Google Search Privacy.
Consider a privacy browser	Optional	Google openly collects usage data on Chrome usage, as does Apple and Microsoft. Switching to a privacy-focused browser will minimize background data collection, cross-origin cookies and third-party scrips. A popular option is Brave Browser, or Firefox with a few tweeks. Others include Bromite, Epic Browser or Comodo, see more. The most secure option is Tor Browser.
Use DNS-over-HTTPS	Optional	Traditional DNS makes requests in plain text for everyone to see. It allows for eavesdropping and manipulation of DNS data through man-in-the-middle attacks. Whereas DNS-over-HTTPS performs DNS resolution via the HTTPS protocol, meaning data between you and your DNS resolver is encrypted. You can follow this guide to enable in Firefox, for see CoudFlares 1.1.1.1 Docs.
Disable WebRTC	Optional	WebRTC allows high-quality audio/video communication and peer-to-peer file-sharing straight from the browser. However it can pose as a privacy leak, especially if you are not using a proxy or VPN. In FireFox WebRTC can be disabled, by searching for, and disabling media.peerconnection.enabled in about:config. For other browsers, the WebRTC-Leak-Prevent extension can be installed. uBlockOrigin also allows WebRTC to be disabled. To learn more, check out this guide.
Don't Connect to Open WiFi networks	Optional	Browsing the internet while using public or open WiFi may leave you vulnerable to man-in-the-middle attacks, malware distribution and snooping. Some hotspots may also be unencrypted, or even malicious. If you do need to briefly use a public WiFi network, ensure you disable file sharing, only visit HTTPS websites and use a VPN. Also remove the network from your saved WiFi list after. See the networking section for more details.
Use Tor	Advanced	The Tor Project provides a browser that encrypts and routes your traffic through multiple nodes, keeping users safe from interception and tracking. The main drawbacks are speed and user experience, as well as the possibility of DNS leaks from other programs (see potential drawbacks) but generally Tor is one of the most secure browser options for anonymity on the web.
First Launch Security	Advanced	After installing a web browser, the first time you launch it (prior to configuring it's privacy settings), most browsers will call home (send a request to Microsoft, Apple, Google or other developer) and send over your device details (as outlined in this journal article). Therefore, after installing a browser, you should first disable your internet connection, then launch it and go into settings and configure privacy options, before reenabling your internet connectivity. This does not apply to all browsers, in this article Brave claims to be the on of the only browser to call out to a single, controlled TLD exclusively.
Use different browsers, for different tasks	Advanced	Compartmentalizing your activity can make it significantly harder for a malicious actor, company or government to get a clear picture of you through your browsing activity. This may include doing online shopping on 1 browser, using another browser, such as Tor for general browsing, and then a 3rd for, say social media.
Disable JavaScript	Advanced	Many modern web apps are JavaScript based, so disabling it will greatly decrease your browsing experience. But if you really want to go all out, then it will really reduce your attack surface. Read more about the growing risk of JavaScript malware.
Route all desktop traffic via Tor	Advanced	Whonix allows for fail-safe, automatic, and desktop-wide use of the Tor network. It's based on Debian, and runs in a virtual machine. Straight-forward to install on Windows, OSX or Linux.

Recommended Software

• Privacy Browsers
• Non-Tracking Search Engines
• Browser Extensions for Security

Emails

Nearly 50 years since the first email was sent, they’re still very much a big part of our day-to-day life, and will probably continue to be for the near future. So considering how much trust we put in them, it’s surprising how fundamentally insecure this infrastructure is. Email-related fraud is on the up, and without taking basic measures you could be at risk.

If a hacker gets access to your emails, it provides a gateway for your other accounts to be compromised (through password resets), therefore email security is paramount for your digital safety.

The big companies providing "free" email service, don't have a good reputation for respecting users privacy: Gmail was caught giving third parties full access to user emails and also tracking all of your purchases. Yahoo was also caught scanning emails in real-time for US surveillance agencies Advertisers were granted access to Yahoo and AOL users messages to “identify and segment potential customers by picking up on contextual buying signals, and past purchases.”

Security	Priority	Details and Hints
Have more than one email address	Recommended	Keeping your important and safety-critical messages separate from trivial subscriptions such as newsletters is a very good idea. Be sure to use different passwords. This will also make it easier to recover a compromised account, in the case of a breach
Keep security in mind when logging into emails	Recommended	Your email account should be top of your priorities in terms of security. Use a strong password and enable 2-Factor authentication. Only sync your emails with your phone, if it is secured (encrypted with password). Follow browser and networking best practices when logging in to your account
Always be wary of phishing and scams	Recommended	If you get an email from someone you don’t recognize, don’t reply, don’t click on any links, and absolutely don’t download an attachment. Keep an eye out for senders pretending to be someone else, such as your bank, email provider or utility company. Check the domain, read it, ensure it’s addressed directly to you, and still don’t give them any personal details. Check out this guide, on how to spot phishing emails
Control who has your email address	Recommended	Control who has your email address - To avoid receiving unwanted spam mail, or being susceptible to a phishing attack, be conscious about who you share your email with. Don't publish it in plaintext online (e.g. in a comment), since bots often scan the internet for any personal details like these
Disable Automatic Loading of Remote Content	Recommended	Email messages can contain remote content such as images or stylesheets. These are often automatically loaded from the server. But to protect your privacy, you should disable this, because when your mail client or browser requests this content, your IP address and device information is revealed to the server. For more info, see this article
Don't Share Sensitive Data via Email	Optional	Emails are very easily intercepted. Further to this you can’t be sure of how secure your recipient's environment is. Therefore emails cannot be considered safe for exchanging confidential or personal information, unless it is encrypted
Don’t connect third-party apps to your email account	Optional	If you give a third-party app or plug-in (such as Unroll.me, Boomerang, SaneBox etc) full access to your inbox, this makes you vulnerable to cyber attacks. Once installed, these apps have unhindered access to all your emails and their contents
Consider switching to a secure email provider	Optional	Secure and reputable email providers such as ProtonMail and Tutanota allow for end-to-end encryption, full privacy as well as more security-focused features. Unlike typical email providers, nobody but you can see your mailbox, since all messages are encrypted. See this guide for details of the inner workings of these services. Other encrypted mail providers include: CounterMail, HushMail (for business users), MailFence, see more. For a comparison between services, see this article
Subaddressing	Optional	To keep track of who shared/ leaked your email address, consider using subaddressing. This is where anything after the + symbol is omitted during mail delivery, for example you the address yourname+tag@example.com denotes the same delivery address as yourname@example.com. This was defined in RCF-5233, and supported by most major mail providers (inc Gmail, YahooMail, Outlook, FastMail and ProtonMail). Better still use aliasing / anonymous forwarding
Use Aliasing / Anonymous Forwarding	Advanced	Email aliasing allows messages to be sent to [anything]@my-domain.com and still land in your primary inbox. Effectively allowing you to use a different, unique email address for each service you sign up for. This means if you start receiving spam, you can block that alias and determine which company leaked your email address. Anonaddy and SimpleLogin are open source anonymous email forwarding service allowing you to create unlimited email aliases, with a free plan. More options include: 33Mail, ForwardEmail (self-hosted), SimpleLogin, and this feature is also included with ProtonMail's Visionary package.
Use a Custom Domain	Advanced	When you don't own your email domain name, the organisation providing it may not be around for ever, and you could loose access to all accounts that were registered with that email. However with a custom domain, even if your mail provider ceases to exist, or you are locked out, you can take your domain elsewhere and continue to have access to your email address.
Sync with a client for backup	Advanced	Further to the above, to avoid loosing temporary or permeant access to your emails during an unplanned event (such as an outage). Consider syncing your emails to a secure device, like your primary laptop, via IMAP. This will not remove any messages from the server, but will ensure you have always got a full offline backup of all important communications

See also Recommended Encrypted Email Providers

Social Media

Security	Priority	Details and Hints
Check your privacy settings	Recommended	Most social networks allow you to control your privacy settings. Ensure that your profile can only be viewed by people who are in your friends list, and you know personally.
Only put info on social media that you wouldn’t mind being public	Recommended	Even with tightened security settings, don’t put anything online that you wouldn’t want to be seen by anyone other than your friends. Don’t rely solely on social networks security.
Don’t give social networking apps permissions they don’t need	Recommended	By default many of the popular social networking apps will ask for permission to access your contacts, your call log, your location, your messaging history etc.. If they don’t need this access, don’t grant it.
Revoke access for apps your no longer using	Recommended	Instructions: Facebook, Twitter, LinkedIn, Instagram.
Use a secure email provider	Optional	Most email providers completely invade your privacy intercepting both messages sent and received. ProtonMail is a secure email provider, that is open source and offers end-to-end encryption. There are alternative secure mail providers (such as CounterMail, HushMail and MailFence)- but ProtonMail has both a clear interface and strong security record.
Remove metadata before uploading media	Optional	Most smartphones and some cameras automatically attach a comprehensive set of additional data to each photograph. This usually includes things like time, date, location, camera model, user etc. Remove this data before uploading. See this guide for more info.
Don’t have any social media accounts	Advanced	It may seem a bit extreme, but if you're serious about data privacy and security, stay away from entering information on any social media platform.

Recommended Software

• Alternative Social Media
• Alternative Video Platforms
• Alternative Blogging Platforms
• News Readers and Aggregation

Networking

This section covers how you connect your devices to the internet, including configuring your router and setting up a VPN.

A Virtual Private Network (VPN) protects your IP, and allows you to more securely connect to the internet. Use it when connecting to public WiFi or to restrict your ISP from seeing all sites you've visited. Note: VPNs are not a perfect solution and it is important to select a reputable provider, to entrust your data with. Tor provides greater anonymity.

Security	Priority	Details and Hints
Use a VPN	Recommended	Use a reputable, paid-for VPN. Choose one which does not keep logs and preferably is not based under a 5-eyes jurisdiction. ProtonVPN and Mullvad are both good options, or check out That One Privacy Site for a detailed comparison. It is also important to understand that VPNs have limitations, and they do not make you instantly anonymous.
Don’t use a default router password	Recommended	Change your router password- here is a guide as to how.
Use WPA2	Recommended	WPA and WEP make it very easy for a hacker to gain access to your router. Use a WPA2 password instead. Ensure it is strong: 12+ alpha-numeric characters, avoiding dictionary words.
Keep router firmware up-to-date	Recommended	Manufacturers release firmware updates that fix security vulnerabilities, implement new standards and sometimes add features/ improve the performance your router. It's important to have the latest firmware installed, to avoid a malicious actor exploiting an un-patched vulnerability. You can usually update your router by navigating to 192.168.0.1 or 192.168.1.1 in your browser, entering the credentials on the sticker on the back of you of your router (not your WiFi password!), and following the on-screen instructions. Or follow a guide from your routers manufacturer: Asus, D-Link, Linksys (older models), NetGear and TP-Link. Newer Linksys and Netgear routers update automatically, as does Google's router.
Configure your router to use VPN	Optional	If you set your VPN up on your router, then data from all devices on your home network is encrypted as it leaves the LAN. Again, it's important to select a secure VPN provider, as they will see what your ISP previously had been logging. Follow a guide from your router manufacturer or VPN provider, or see this article to get started. Note that depending on your internet connection, and VPN provider, this could slow down your internet.
Protect against DNS leaks	Optional	When using a VPN, it is extremely important to exclusively use the DNS server of your VPN provider. For OpenVPN, you can add: block-outside-dns to your config file (which will have the extension .ovn or .conf). If you are unable to do this, then see this article for further instructions. You can check for leaks, using a DNS Leak Test
Use a secure VPN Protocol	Optional	OpenVPN is widely used, and currently considered as a secure tunneling protocol, it's also open source, lightweight and efficient. L2TP can be good, but only when configured correctly, whereas it's much harder to go wrong with OpenVPN. Don't use PPTP, which is now legacy, and not considered secure, and avoid SSTP (proprietary, owned by Microsoft and due to lack of transparency, could be vulnerable to exploits). IKEv2 and the new WireGuard protocol (experimental) are also good options.
Avoid the free router from your ISP	Optional	Typically they’re manufactured cheaply in bulk in China, and firmware updates which fix crucial security flaws aren’t released regularly. Consider an open source based router, such as Turris MOX
Ideally hide your SSID	Optional	An SSID (or Service Set Identifier) is simply your network name. If it is not visible, it is much less likely to be targeted. You can usually hide it after logging into your router admin panel, see here for more details.
Whitelist MAC Addresses	Optional	As well as a strong password, and hidden SSID, you can whitelist MAC addresses in your router settings, disallowing any unknown devices to immediately connect to your network, even if they know your credentials. A malicious actor can bypass this, by cloning their address to appear the same as one of your trusted devices, but it will add an extra step for them.
Secure DNS	Advanced	Use DNS-over-HTTPS which performs DNS resolution via the HTTPS protocol, encrypting data between you and your DNS resolver. See CoudFlares 1.1.1.1 Docs for more details. Don't use Google DNS or other services which collect a lot of data.
Route all traffic through Tor	Advanced	VPNs have their weaknesses- you are simply moving your trust from your ISP/ mobile carrier to a VPN provider- Tor is much more anonymous. For optimum security, route all your internet traffic through the Tor network. On Linux you can use TorSocks or Privoxy, for Windows you can use Whonix, and on OSX follow thsese instructions, for Kali see TorGhost. Alternativley, you can use OnionPi to use Tor for all your connected devices, by configuring a Raspberry Pi to be a Tor Hotspot
Change your Router's Default IP	Advanced	Modifying your router admin panels default IP address will makes it more difficult for malicious scripts in your web browser targeting local IP addresses, as well as adding an extra step for local network hackers
Kill unused processes and services on your router	Advanced	Services like Telnet and SSH (Secure Shell) that provide command-line access to devices should never be exposed to the internet and should also be disabled on the local network unless they're actually needed. In general, any service that’s not used should be disabled to reduce attack surface.
Disable WiFi on all Devices	Advanced	Connecting to even a secure WiFi network increases your attack surface. Disabling your home WiFi and connect each device via Ethernet, and turning off WiFi on your phone and using a USB-C/ Lightening to Ethernet cable will protect against WiFi exploits, as Edward Snowden says here.

Recommended Software

• Virtual Private Networks
• Mix Networks
• Open Source Proxies
• DNS Providers
• Firewalls
• Network Analysis Tools

Mobile Devices

Most smartphone apps run in the background, collecting and logging data, making network requests and ultimately creating a clear picture of who you are, just from your data. This is a big problem from both a security and privacy perspective.

Even non-smart phones, (and even when the screen is off) are constantly connecting to the nearest cell phone towers, (it does this by broadcasting its IMEI and MEID number). The towers then relay this information, along with any communications, to your mobile carrier, who will store these records indefinitely. The movements of your phone are the movements of you as a person, so all phone proximity and data records can always be linked directly back to you. So whenever your phone is on, there is a record of your presence at that place, being created and maintained by companies.

SMS texting and traditional phone calls are not secure, so it's important to avoid using that to send or receive anything secure (such as log in codes, OTPs or any personal details). Instead use encrypted messaging, like Signal whenever you can. Be wary of who you share your phone number with.

Security	Priority	Details and Hints
Turn off connectivity features that aren’t being used	Recommended	When you're not using WiFi, Bluetooth, NFC or anything else, turn those features off. These are commonly used to easily hack individuals.
Keep app count to a minimum	Recommended	Uninstall apps that you don’t need or use regularly. As apps often run in the background, slowing your device down, but also collecting data.
Don’t grant apps permissions that they don’t need	Recommended	If an app doesn’t need access to your camera, don’t grant it access. Same with any features of your phone, be wary about what each app has access to.
Only install Apps from official source	Recommended	Applications on Apple App Store and Google Play Store are scanned and cryptographically signed, making them less likely to be malicious. Avoid downloading .apk or .ipa files from unverified source. Also check the reviews before downloading a new application.
Only Charge your Device from a Trusted Source	Recommended	When you charge your device via USB in a public space, it is possible for malicious actors to gain full access to your device, via AT Commands. You can read more about this at https://atcommands.org/ or from this seminar. To protect yourself, either only charge your phone from trusted sources, or use a USB Data Blocker. A Data blocker allows your phone to charge, while blocking the data transfer wires, blocking this exploit or any file transfers to run. (PortaPow is recommended, since it still allows for fast-charge.) Available in both USB-A and USB-C.
Set up a mobile carrier PIN	Recommended	SIM hijacking is when a hacker is able to get your mobile number transferred to their sim (often through social engineering your mobile carrier). This then allows them to receive 2FA SMS codes (enabling them to access your secure accounts, such as banking), or to pose as you. The easiest way to protect against this is to set up a PIN through your mobile provider, thus disallowing anyone without this PIN to make any changes to your account. The PIN should not be easily guessable, and it is important that you remember it, or store is somewhere secure. Using a non-SMS based 2FA method will reduce the damage that can be done if someone is able to take control of your SIM. Read more about the sim swap scam.
Opt-out of Caller ID Listings	Optional	When one of your friends or colleagues has your number in their contacts, and also has a caller ID app (such as TrueCaller, CallApp and Caller ID), then your Name, Phone Number and any other saved contact details will be uploaded. To keep your name and number private, you can unlit it here: TrueCaller, CallApp, SyncMe, cia-app, Hiya. It's possible to opt-out, even before your number has been added, and this will prevent your details being uploaded in the future.
Opt-out of personalized ads	Optional	In order for ads to be personalized, Google collects data about you, you can slightly reduce the amount they collect by opting-out of seeing personalized ads. See this guide, for Android instructions.
Erase after too many login attempts	Optional	To protect against an attacker brute forcing your pin, if you lose your phone, set your device to erase after too many failed login attempts. See this iPhone guide. You can also do this via Find my Phone, but this increased security comes at a cost of decreased privacy.
Monitor Trackers	Optional	A tracker is a piece of software meant to collect data about you or your usages. εxodus is a great service which lets you search for any app, by its name, and see which trackers are embedded in it. They also have an app which shows trackers and permissions for all your installed apps.
Install a Firewall	Optional	To prevent applications from leaking privacy-sensitive data, you can install a firewall app. This will make it easier to see and control which apps are making network requests in the background, and allow you to block specific apps from roaming when the screen is turned off. For Android, check out NetGuard, and for iOS there is LockDown, both of which are open source. Alternatively there is NoRootFirewall Android, XPrivacy Android (root required), Fyde iOS and Guardian Firewall iOS.
Use secure, privacy-respecting apps	Optional	Mainstream apps have a reputation for not respecting the privacy of their users, and they're usually closed-source meaning vulnerabilities can be hidden. Prism-Break maintains a list of better alternatives, see Android and iOS.
Avoid Custom Virtual Keyboards	Optional	Android and iOS allow you to download and use third-party keyboard apps. These apps will be able to access everything that you type on your phone/ tablet: passwords, messages, search terms etc. It is recommended to stick with your devices stock keyboard. If you choose to use one of these apps, ensure it is reputable, block internet access (can be done with a firewall app), don't grant it permissions it does not need, and turn off analytics or other invasive features in it's settings. This article by Lenny Zelster explains things further
Restart Device Regularly	Optional	Over the years there have vulnerabilities relating to memory exploits (such as CVE-2015-6639 + CVE-2016-2431). Restarting your phone at least once a week will clear the app state cached in memory. A side benefit is that your device may run more smoothly after a restart.
Avoid SMS	Optional	SMS may be convenient, but it's not particularly secure. It is susceptible to many threats, including interception, sim swapping (see this article), manipulation and malware (see this article). SMS should not be used to receive 2FA codes, (as demonstrated in the video in this article), instead use an authenticator app. SMS should not be used for communication, instead use an encrypted messaging app, such as Signal
Avoid using your real phone number when signing up for an account or service	Optional	Where possible, avoid giving out your real phone number while creating accounts online. You can create phone numbers using services such as Google Voice or Skype. For temporary usage you can use a service like iNumbr that generates a phone number that forwards messages and calls to your main number.
Watch out for Stalkerware	Optional	This is a malware that is installed directly onto your device by someone you know (partner, parent, boss etc.). It allows them to see your location, messages and other app data remotely. The app likely won't show up in your app draw, (but may visible in Settings --> Applications --> View All). Sometimes they can be disguised as a non-conspicuous app (such as a game, flashlight or calculator) which initially don't appear suspicious at all. Look out for unusual battery usage, network requests or high device temperature. If you suspect that stalkerware is on your device, the best way to get rid of it is through a factory reset. See this guide for more details.
Sandbox Mobile Apps	Advanced	Prevent permission-hungry apps from accessing your private data with Island. It is a sandbox environment to clone selected apps and isolate them from accessing your personal data outside the sandbox (including call logs, contacts, photos and etc.) even if related permissions are granted.
Consider Orbot	Advanced	Orbot provides a system-wide Tor connection. Although more secure than a VPN, it will be slower- see Networking section for more details.
Consider running a custom ROM if you have an Android device	Advanced	Your default OS tracks information about your usage, and app data, constantly. Consider a privacy-focused custom ROM, such as Lineage or CopperheadOS.

Recommended Software

• Mobile Apps, for Security + Privacy
• Encrypted Messaging
• Mobile Operation Systems

Personal Computers

Although Windows and OS X are easy to use and convenient, they both are far from secure. Your OS provides the interface between hardware and your applications, so if compromised can have detrimental effects.

Security	Priority	Details and Hints
Keep your OS up-to-date	Recommended	Microsoft, Apple and Google release regular OS updates, which fix security flaws. Always keep your device updated.
Enable Firewall	Recommended	A firewall is a program which monitors the incoming and outgoing traffic on your network, and blocks requests based on rules set during its configuration. Properly configured, a firewall can protect against some (but not all) attempts to remotely access your computer. Follow these instructions to enable your firewall in Windows, Mac OS, Ubuntu and other Linux ditros
Attach only known and trusted external hardware	Recommended	Over the years there have been a variety of vulnerabilities in each major operating system relating to connecting untrusted hardware. In some cases the hardware talks to the host computer in a way the host computer does not expect, exploiting a vulnerability and directly infecting the host
Don't charge unknown mobile devices from your PC	Optional	If friends or colleagues want to charge their devices via USB, do not do this through your computers ports (unless you have a data blocker). By default the phone will want to sync to the host computer, but there is also specially crafted malware which takes advantage of the face that computers naturally trust connected USB devices. The owner of the phone may not even realize their device is infected
Encrypt and Backup Important Files	Optional	Backing up your phone can help keep your important data safe, if your device is lost, stolen or broken. But if you put your backup encrypted in the cloud, cloud providers will have access to it (if you don't pay for the service, then you are the product!). Cryptomator is an open source tool that makes this easy. It also works alongside MountainDuck for mounting your remote drives on Windows and Mac. Other non-open-source options are BoxCrypter, Encrypto and odrive.
Disable Remote Desktop (Windows)	Optional	Windows Remote Desktop allows you or others to connect to your computer remotely over a network connection — effectively accessing everything on your computer as if you are directly connected to it. However it can be exploited, and used as a gateway for hackers to steal personal files or take control of your computer. This only applies to Windows users. Follow this guide for disabling Remote Desktop
Uninstall Adobe Acrobat	Optional	Adobe Acrobat was designed in a different age, before the Internet. Acrobat has had vulnerabilities that allowed specially crafted PDFs to load malware onto your system for the last two decades. Undoubtedly more vulnerabilities remain. You can use your browser to view PDFs, and browser-based software for editing
Detect/ Remove Software Keyloggers	Optional	A software keylogger is a malicious application running in the background that logs (and usually relays to a server) every key you press, aka all data that you type (passwords, emails, search terms, financial details etc). The best way to stay protected it, to be careful when downloading software from the internet, keep Windows defender or your anti-virus enabled and up-to-date, and run scans regularly. Another option to prevent this, is a key stroke encryption tool. GhostPress (developed by Schiffer) or KeyScrambler (developed by Qian Wang) work by encrypting your keystrokes at the keyboard driver level, and then decrypting them at the application level, meaning any software keylogger would just receive encrypted junk data. Most software keyloggers can be detected using rootkit-revealer, and then removed with a rootkit removal tools (such as Malwarebytes anti-rootkit or SpyShelter Anti-Keylogger Free).
Check Keyboard Connection	Optional	Check your keyboards USB cable before using, bring your own keyboard to work and watch out for sighns that it may have been tampered with. A hardware keylogger is a physical device that either sits between your keyboard and the USB connection into your PC, or is implanted into your keyboard. It intercepts and stores keystrokes, and in some cases can remotely upload them. Unlike a software logger, they can not be detected from your PC, but also they can not intercept data from virtual keyboards (like OSK), clipboard or auto-fill password managers.
Consider Switching to Linux	Optional	Linux is considerably more secure than both OSX and Windows. Some distros are still more secure than others, so it’s worth choosing the right one to get a balance between security and convenience.
Avoid PC Apps that are not secure	Optional	Mainstream apps have a reputation for not respecting the privacy of their users, and they're usually closed-source meaning vulnerabilities can be hidden. See here for compiled list of secure PC apps for Windows, OSX and Linux.
Use a Security-Focused Distro	Advanced	QubeOS is based on “security by compartmentalization”, where each app is sandboxed. Whonix is based on Tor, so 100% of your traffic will go through the onion router. Tails is specifically designed to be run on a USB key and is ideal if you don’t want to leave a trace on the device your booting from. Subgraph is an “adversary resistant computing platform”, but also surprisingly easy to use
Password protect your BIOS and drives	Advanced	A BIOS or UEFI password helps to make an inexperienced hacker's life a little bit harder if they get a hold of your PC or hard drive, here is a guide on how to do it.
Canary Tokens	Advanced	Network breaches happen, but the longer it takes for you to find out about it, the more damage is done. A canary token is like a hacker honeypot, something that looks appealing to them once they've gained access to your system. When they open the file, unknowingly to them, a script is run which will not only alert you of the breach, but also grab some of the hackers system details. CanaryTokens.org and BlueCloudDrive are excellent sites, that you can use to generate your tokens. Then just leave them somewhere prominent on your system. Learn more about canary tokens, or see this guide for details on how to create them yourself.

Recommended Software

• File Encryption
• AV and Malware Prevention
• Operating Systems

Smart Home

Home assistants (such as Google Home, Alexa and Siri) and other internet connected devices collect large amounts of personal data (including voice samples, location data, home details and logs of all interactions). Since you have limited control on what is being collected, how it's stored, and what it will be used for, this makes it hard to recommend any consumer smart-home products to anyone who cares about privacy and security.

Security vs Privacy: There are many smart devices on the market that claim to increase the security of your home while being easy and convenient to use (Such as Cave Burglar Alarm, Blink Cam, Yale Lock and Ring Doorbell to name a few). These devices may appear to make security easier, but there is a trade-off in terms of privacy: as they collect large amounts of personal data, and leave you without control over how this is stored or used. The security of these devices is also questionable, since many of them can be (and are being) hacked, allowing an intruder to bypass detection with minimum effort.

The most privacy-respecting option, would be to not use "smart" internet-connected devices in your home, and not to rely on a security device that requires an internet connection. But if you do, it is important to fully understand the risks of any given product, before buying it. Then adjust settings to increase privacy and security. The following checklist will help mitigate the risks associated with internet-connected home devices.

Security	Priority	Details and Hints
Rename devices to not specify brand/model	Recommended	If your device name shows what brand or model it is, it will make it easier for a malicious actor launch an attack targeting a specific device. For example avoid names like "Nest Cam", "Yale Lock YRD 256" or "Hive Thermostat". It's usually easy to change the device's default name.
Disable microphone and camera when not in use	Recommended	Smart speakers and other voice controlled devices store sound clips on a server (and sometimes monitored by employees to improve the speech detection), any accidental recordings could disclose sensitive or personal data. A targeted attack could also allow someone to gain control of a microphone/ camera, so using the hardware switch to turn it off will help protect from that.
Understand what data is collected, stored and transmitted	Recommended	Before purchasing any smart home device, do some research - and ensure that you understand, and are comfortable with what is being collected and how it is stored and used. Don't buy devices that share anything with third parties, and check the data breach database.
Set privacy settings, and opt out of sharing data with third parties	Recommended	Once installed, go to settings in the app, and under privacy ensure the strictest options are selected. Usually by default, the most possible data is being collected.
Don't link your smart home devices to your real identity	Recommended	Use a unique user name and password which does not identify you, your family, your location or any other personal details. When creating an account for a new smart home device, do not sign up/log in with Facebook, Google or any other third-party service.
Keep firmware up-to-date	Recommended	Ensure firmware versions on smart devices are up-to-date and software patches have been applied. Most smart home apps will notify you when a new firmware version is available, so all you have to do it accept and install.
Protect your Network	Recommended	On many smart home devices, anybody connected to your home WiFi is able to view the device content (such as camera footages, or motion statistics). So ensure that your WiFi and home networks are properly secured with a strong password and up-to-date firmware. (See the Router Section for more details)
Be wary of wearables	Optional	Wearable smart devices allow companies to log even more data than ever before; they can track your every move to know exactly where you are and what you are doing at any given time. Again, you as the consumer have no control over what is done with that data.
Don't connect your home's critical infrastructure to the Internet	Optional	While a smart thermostat, burglar alarm, smoke detector and other appliances may seem convenient, they by design can be accessed remotely, meaning a hacker can gain control of your entire home, without even needing to be nearby. And by breaching multiple devices, the effects can be very serious.
Don't use Alexa/ Google Home	Optional	It is a known fact that voice-activated assistants collect a lot of personal data. Consider switching to MyCroft which is an open source alternative, with much better privacy.
Monitor your home network closely	Optional	Check your local network for suspicious activity. One of the easier methods to do this is with FingBox, but you can also do it directly through some routers.
Deny Internet access where possible	Advanced	If possible deny the device/ app internet access, and use it only on your local network. You can configure a firewall to block certain devices from sending or receiving from the internet.
Assess risks	Advanced	Assess risks with your audience and data in mind: Be mindful of whose data is being collected, e.g. kids. Manage which devices can operate when (such as turning cameras off when you are at home, or disabling the internet for certain devices at specific times of day)

Recommended Software

• Home Automation
• AI Voice Assistants

Personal Finance

Security	Priority	Details and Hints
Understand the Privacy / Security trade off of Credit Cards	Recommended	Credit cards have technological methods in place to detect and stop some fraudulent transactions from going through. Major payment processors mine huge amounts of data from their card holders, and know a great deal about each persons spending habits. They track the types of merchants you visit, as well as locations (either from physical store location, or your IP address). Since credit providers don't want to foot the bill for fraud, they have an interest in keeping accounts as safe as possible. Credit cards are therefore good for security, but terrible for data privacy.
Apply a Credit Check Lock	Recommended	This will stop anyone from requesting a hard or soft credit check on you, without you first consenting it. This is important since credit checks reveal a lot of personal details about you, and (without a lock) there is nothing to stop any company, organisation, individual or government entity from requesting your credit history at any time, without you being notified. For instructions with specific agencies, refer to this article on Intel Techniques
Enable Fraud Alerts	Recommended	Fraud alert messages notify potential credit grantors to verify your identification before extending credit in your name in case someone is using your information without your consent. You can contact credit agencies and request that they implement a fraud alert on your account, to help protect against identity theft
Know how to Freeze your Credit	Recommended	If you suspect that any of your personal details have been exposed, you will need to apply a credit freeze as soon as possible, to prevent identity theft. Ensure you know how to do this for your specific credit bureaus. Check your credit, debit accounts, email inbox and post regularly, monitoring for anything that doesn't look right
Use Virtual Cards	Recommended	Virtual card numbers let you pay for items without revealing your real card or banking details. They also offer additional features, such as single-use cards and spending limits for each card. This means you will not be charged more than you specified, or ongoing subscriptions or in the case of a data breach. Privacy.com is a popular service, See also: Revolut METAL, MySudo
Use cash for daily transactions	Optional	Digital payment methods leave a comprehensive data trail. Using cash for local transactions makes it near impossible for you to be tracked through spending.
Use an anonymous cryptocurrency for online transactions	Optional	Unlike card payments, most cryptocurrencies are not linked to your real identity. However many blockchains have a public ledger, where transaction details can be publicly viewed online. A privacy-focused currency, such as Monero or ZCash will allow you to pay for goods and services without any direct link to your identity.
Buy Crypto Anonymously	Advanced	If you are buying a common cryptocurrency (such as BitCoin), in order to use it as a payment method avoid paying by card on an online exchange, since this will link directly back to your real identity. Instead use a service like LocalBitcoins, or buy from a local BitCoin ATM (find one here). Before withdrawing, consider using a bitcoin mixer, to make your transaction harder to trace.
Use an alias details for online shopping	Advanced	When you pay for goods or services online, you do not know for sure who will have access to your data. Using an alias name, forwarding mail address and not disclosing your personal phone number will go a long way in keeping you safe. Services such as SimpleLogin or Anonaddy will allow you to create anonymous forwarding email addresses
Use alternate delivery address	Advanced	When online shopping, if possible get goods delivered to an address that is not associated to you. For example, using a PO Box or forwarding address.

Sensible Computing

Many data breaches, hacks and attacks are caused by human error. The following list contains steps you should take, to reduce the risk of this happening to you. Many of them are common sense, but it's worth takin note of.

Security	Priority	Details and Hints
If an email asks you to take a sensitive action, verify it first	Recommended	Emails are easy for an attacker to spoof, and it is unfortunately common practice. So whenever an email asks you to take a sensitive action, call the company first, to verify it is authentic
Don’t Trust Your Popup Notifications	Recommended	It is a trivial task for a malicious actor to deploy fake pop-ups, either on your PC, phone or browser. If you click a popup, ensure the URL is correct before entering any information
Never Leave Device Unattended	Recommended	Even with a strong password, it's straight-forward to retrieve the data from your phone or computer (unless it is encrypted). If you lose your device, and have find my phone enabled, then remotely erase it
Prevent Camfecting	Recommended	It is a good idea to invest in some webcam covers, and microphone blockers to protect against camfecting, where a malicious actor, or app is able spy on you and your physical space, without your knowledge. See this guide for more tips. Mute home assistants, (Alexa, Google Home and Siri) when you are not using them, or at least when you are discussing anything sensitive or anything conversation involving personal details
Stay protected from shoulder surfers	Recommended	Be sure to not let anyone 'shoulder surf' (read what is on your screen, when in public space). As they may be able to gather sensitive information about you. You could apply a privacy screen to your laptop and mobile, in order to restrict data being read from an angle
Educate yourself about phishing attacks	Recommended	Phishing is an attempt to obtain sensitive information (like an account password) by disguising as a trustworthy person or company. In recent years phishing attacks have become increasingly sophisticated and hackers are learning to use data that people put on the web to create highly specific and targeted attacks. Check the URL before entering any information. Understand the context- were you expecting the email or message, does it feel normal? Employ general good security practices will also help: Use 2FA, don't reuse passwords, close accounts you no longer use and backup your data. See these guides on: How to Protect against Common Phishing Attacks and The Anatomy of a Phishing Email
Watch out for Stalkerware	Recommended	This is a malware that is installed directly onto your device by someone you know (partner, parent, boss etc). It allows them to see your location, messages and other app data remotely. The app likely won't show up in your app draw, (but may visible in Settings --> Applications --> View All). Sometimes they can be disguised as a non-conspicuous app (such as a game, flashlight or calculator) which initially don't appear suspicious at all. Look out for unusual battery usage, network requests or high device temperature. If you suspect that stalker ware is on your device, the best way to get rid of it is through a factory reset
Install Reputable Software from Trusted Sources	Recommended	It may seem obvious, but so much of the malware many PC users encounter is often as a result of accidentally downloading and installing bad software. Also, some legitimate applications try to offer you slightly dodgy freeware (such as toolbars, anti-virus, and other utilities). Be sure to pay attention while completing the installation process. Only download software from legitimate sources (often this isn't the top result in Google) so it's important to double check before downloading. Before installing, check it in Virus Total, which scans installable files using multiple AV checkers
Store personal data securely	Recommended	Backing up important data is important. But ensure that all information that is stored on your phone/laptop, USB or in a cloud is encrypted. That way, if it is accessed by a hacker (which unfortunately is all too common), it will be almost impossible for them to get to your personal files. For USB devices, see VeraCrypt. For cloud backup, see Cryptomator, and for your phone and laptop, see this guide
Do not assume a site is secure, just because it is HTTPS	Recommended	Unlike HTTP, data sent over HTTPS is encrypted. However that does not mean you should trust that website by default. HTTPS Certificates can be obtained by anybody, so a cloned or scam site may have a valid certificate (as denoted by the padlock icon). Always check the URL, and don't enter any personal details unless you are certain a website is legitimate. Avoid entering data on any site that is not HTTPS
Use Virtual Cards when paying online	Optional	There are risks involved in entering your card details on any website. Credit cards have better consumer protection, compared to debit or bank cards, meaning you are more likely to be recompensated for fraudulent transactions, however they collect and sometimes sell your transaction history. A better option would be to pay with a virtual, 1-time card. This will mean that even if those credentials are compromised a hacker will not be able to lift any of your money. You can also set limits, or create single-use cards, to prevent being over-charged. Privacy.com offer virtual payment cards for that you can use anywhere on the internet, as does Revolut Premium
Review application permissions	Optional	Ensure that no app have unnecessary access to your photos, camera, location, contacts, microphone, call logs etc. See these guides for how to manage app permissions on Android and iOS. On Android, there is a great app called Exodus Privacy, that displays all permissions, and trackers for each of your installed apps
Opt-out of public lists	Optional	In many countries there are public databases that include citizens names, addresses, contact numbers and more. This can often result in unwanted contact from marketing companies, but in some cases used for harassment, stalking and fraud. This guide from The World Privacy Forum provides good instructions for how to approach this. This includes opting out of: Marketing, Financial Institution Listings, Mail Spam, FERPA Education Listings, Data Brokers and Advertising, as well as joining the National Do Not Call Registry
Opt-out of data sharing	Optional	Many apps and services automatically opt you in for data collection and sharing. Often this data is sold onto third-parties, who buy customer logs from many companies, and are therefore able to combine them together and easily deduce your identity, and combine it with your habits, purchases, personal details, location etc. For instructions on how to opt-out, see Simple Opt Out
Review and update social media privacy	Optional	Companies regularly update their terms, and that often leads to you being opted back. Check you Facebook, Twitter, Google etc. activity and privacy settings. See also re-consent and Jumbo which are tools aimed at making this clearer and easier
Compartmentalize	Advanced	Compartmentalization is where to keep several categories of digital activity and files totally separate from each other. It means that if one area is breached, then an attacker will only have a proportion of your data, and the rest will still be safe. For example, store your work and personal files on separate devices, or use different web browsers for different types of activity, or even run certain tasks in a contained VM or on a separate device (such as having a work phone, and personal phone, or using a separate browser for social media/ chat rooms, or even running a VM for using specialist software)
Use a forwarding address	Advanced	Have all mail addressed to a PO Box or forwarding address, to prevent any commerce, utility, finance, media or other companies knowing your read address. This would give you an extra layer of protecting if they suffered a breach, sold on personal details or were presented with a court order
Use anonymous payment methods	Advanced	Paying online with credit or debit card involves entering personal details, including name and residential address. Paying with cryptocurrency will not require you to enter any identifiable information. Both Monero and Zcash are totally anonymous, and so best for privacy. See also: Anonymous Payment Methods

See also: Online Tools

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Notes

Thanks for visiting, hope you found something useful here :) Contributions are welcome, and much appreciated - to propose an edit raise an issue, or open a PR. See: CONTRIBUTING.md.

I owe a lot of thanks others who've conducted research, written papers, developed software all in the interest of privacy and security. Full attributions and references found in ATTRIBUTIONS.md.

Disclaimer: This is not an exhaustive list, and aims only to be taken as guide.

Licensed under Creative Commons, CC BY 4.0, © Alicia Sykes 2020

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