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# Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License ("CC BY 4.0")
> © [Alicia Sykes](http://aliciasykes.com/legal) 2020, Licensed under [Creative Commons Attribution 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)
Creative Commons Corporation (“Creative Commons”) is not a law firm and does not
provide legal services or legal advice. Distribution of Creative Commons public
licenses does not create a lawyer-client or other relationship. Creative Commons
makes its licenses and related information available on an “as-is” basis.
Creative Commons gives no warranties regarding its licenses, any material
licensed under their terms and conditions, or any related information. Creative
Commons disclaims all liability for damages resulting from their use to the
fullest extent possible.
## USING CREATIVE COMMONS PUBLIC LICENSES
Creative Commons public licenses provide a standard set of terms and conditions
that creators and other rights holders may use to share original works of
authorship and other material subject to copyright and certain other rights
specified in the public license below. The following considerations are for
informational purposes only, are not exhaustive, and do not form part of our
licenses.
### Considerations for licensors:
Our public licenses are intended for use by those authorized to give the public
permission to use material in ways otherwise restricted by copyright and certain
other rights. Our licenses are irrevocable. Licensors should read and understand
the terms and conditions of the license they choose before applying it.
Licensors should also secure all rights necessary before applying our licenses
so that the public can reuse the material as expected. Licensors should clearly
mark any material not subject to the license. This includes other CC-licensed
material, or material used under an exception or limitation to copyright.
### Considerations for the public:
By using one of our public licenses, a licensor grants the public permission to
use the licensed material under specified terms and conditions. If the
licensors permission is not necessary for any reasonfor example, because of
any applicable exception or limitation to copyrightthen that use is not
regulated by the license. Our licenses grant only permissions under copyright
and certain other rights that a licensor has authority to grant. Use of the
licensed material may still be restricted for other reasons, including because
others have copyright or other rights in the material. A licensor may make
special requests, such as asking that all changes be marked or described.
Although not required by our licenses, you are encouraged to respect those
requests where reasonable.
---
## Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License
By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined below), You accept and agree to be
bound by the terms and conditions of this Creative Commons Attribution 4.0
International Public License ("Public License"). To the extent this Public
License may be interpreted as a contract, You are granted the Licensed Rights in
consideration of Your acceptance of these terms and conditions, and the Licensor
grants You such rights in consideration of benefits the Licensor receives from
making the Licensed Material available under these terms and conditions.
### Section 1 Definitions.
a. Adapted Material means material subject to Copyright and Similar Rights
that is derived from or based upon the Licensed Material and in which the
Licensed Material is translated, altered, arranged, transformed, or
otherwise modified in a manner requiring permission under the Copyright
and Similar Rights held by the Licensor. For purposes of this Public
License, where the Licensed Material is a musical work, performance, or
sound recording, Adapted Material is always produced where the Licensed
Material is synched in timed relation with a moving image.
b. Adapter's License means the license You apply to Your Copyright and
Similar Rights in Your contributions to Adapted Material in accordance
with the terms and conditions of this Public License.
c. Copyright and Similar Rights means copyright and/or similar rights closely
related to copyright including, without limitation, performance,
broadcast, sound recording, and Sui Generis Database Rights, without
regard to how the rights are labeled or categorized. For purposes of this
Public License, the rights specified in Section 2(b)(1)-(2) are not
Copyright and Similar Rights.
d. Effective Technological Measures means those measures that, in the absence
of proper authority, may not be circumvented under laws fulfilling
obligations under Article 11 of the WIPO Copyright Treaty adopted on
December 20, 1996, and/or similar international agreements.
e. Exceptions and Limitations means fair use, fair dealing, and/or any other
exception or limitation to Copyright and Similar Rights that applies to
Your use of the Licensed Material.
f. Licensed Material means the artistic or literary work, database, or other
material to which the Licensor applied this Public License.
g. Licensed Rights means the rights granted to You subject to the terms and
conditions of this Public License, which are limited to all Copyright and
Similar Rights that apply to Your use of the Licensed Material and that
the Licensor has authority to license.
h. Licensor means the individual(s) or entity(ies) granting rights under this
Public License.
i. Share means to provide material to the public by any means or process that
requires permission under the Licensed Rights, such as reproduction,
public display, public performance, distribution, dissemination,
communication, or importation, and to make material available to the
public including in ways that members of the public may access the
material from a place and at a time individually chosen by them.
j. Sui Generis Database Rights means rights other than copyright resulting
from Directive 96/9/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11
March 1996 on the legal protection of databases, as amended and/or
succeeded, as well as other essentially equivalent rights anywhere in the
world.
k. You means the individual or entity exercising the Licensed Rights under
this Public License. Your has a corresponding meaning.
### Section 2 Scope.
a. License grant
1. Subject to the terms and conditions of this Public License, the
Licensor hereby grants You a worldwide, royalty-free,
non-sublicensable, non-exclusive, irrevocable license to exercise the
Licensed Rights in the Licensed Material to:
A. reproduce and Share the Licensed Material, in whole or in part; and
B. produce, reproduce, and Share Adapted Material.
2. Exceptions and Limitations. For the avoidance of doubt, where
Exceptions and Limitations apply to Your use, this Public License does
not apply, and You do not need to comply with its terms and conditions.
3. Term. The term of this Public License is specified in Section 6(a).
4. Media and formats; technical modifications allowed. The Licensor
authorizes You to exercise the Licensed Rights in all media and formats
whether now known or hereafter created, and to make technical
modifications necessary to do so. The Licensor waives and/or agrees not
to assert any right or authority to forbid You from making technical
modifications necessary to exercise the Licensed Rights, including
technical modifications necessary to circumvent Effective Technological
Measures. For purposes of this Public License, simply making
modifications authorized by this Section 2(a)(4) never produces Adapted
Material.
5. Downstream recipients.
A. Offer from the Licensor Licensed Material. Every recipient of the
Licensed Material automatically receives an offer from the Licensor
to exercise the Licensed Rights under the terms and conditions of
this Public License.
B. No downstream restrictions. You may not offer or impose any
additional or different terms or conditions on, or apply any
Effective Technological Measures to, the Licensed Material if doing
so restricts exercise of the Licensed Rights by any recipient of the
Licensed Material.
6. No endorsement. Nothing in this Public License constitutes or may be
construed as permission to assert or imply that You are, or that Your
use of the Licensed Material is, connected with, or sponsored,
endorsed, or granted official status by, the Licensor or others
designated to receive attribution as provided in Section 3(a)(1)(A)(i).
b. Other rights
1. Moral rights, such as the right of integrity, are not licensed under
this Public License, nor are publicity, privacy, and/or other similar
personality rights; however, to the extent possible, the Licensor
waives and/or agrees not to assert any such rights held by the Licensor
to the limited extent necessary to allow You to exercise the Licensed
Rights, but not otherwise.
2. Patent and trademark rights are not licensed under this Public License.
3. To the extent possible, the Licensor waives any right to collect
royalties from You for the exercise of the Licensed Rights, whether
directly or through a collecting society under any voluntary or
waivable statutory or compulsory licensing scheme. In all other cases
the Licensor expressly reserves any right to collect such royalties.
### Section 3 License Conditions.
Your exercise of the Licensed Rights is expressly made subject to the following conditions.
a. Attribution
1. If You Share the Licensed Material (including in modified form), You
must:
A. retain the following if it is supplied by the Licensor with the
Licensed Material:
i. identification of the creator(s) of the Licensed Material and any
others designated to receive attribution, in any reasonable
manner requested by the Licensor (including by pseudonym if
designated);
ii. a copyright notice;
iii. a notice that refers to this Public License;
iv. a notice that refers to the disclaimer of warranties;
v. a URI or hyperlink to the Licensed Material to the extent
reasonably practicable;
B. indicate if You modified the Licensed Material and retain an
indication of any previous modifications; and
C. indicate the Licensed Material is licensed under this Public
License, and include the text of, or the URI or hyperlink to, this
Public License.
2. You may satisfy the conditions in Section 3(a)(1) in any reasonable
manner based on the medium, means, and context in which You Share the
Licensed Material. For example, it may be reasonable to satisfy the
conditions by providing a URI or hyperlink to a resource that includes
the required information.
3. If requested by the Licensor, You must remove any of the information
required by Section 3(a)(1)(A) to the extent reasonably practicable.
4. If You Share Adapted Material You produce, the Adapter's License You
apply must not prevent recipients of the Adapted Material from
complying with this Public License.
### Section 4 Sui Generis Database Rights.
Where the Licensed Rights include Sui Generis Database Rights that apply to Your
use of the Licensed Material:
a. for the avoidance of doubt, Section 2(a)(1) grants You the right to
extract, reuse, reproduce, and Share all or a substantial portion of the
contents of the database;
b. if You include all or a substantial portion of the database contents in a
database in which You have Sui Generis Database Rights, then the database
in which You have Sui Generis Database Rights (but not its individual
contents) is Adapted Material; and
c. You must comply with the conditions in Section 3(a) if You Share all or a
substantial portion of the contents of the database.
For the avoidance of doubt, this Section 4 supplements and does not replace Your
obligations under this Public License where the Licensed Rights include other
Copyright and Similar Rights.
### Section 5 Disclaimer of Warranties and Limitation of Liability.
a. Unless otherwise separately undertaken by the Licensor, to the extent
possible, the Licensor offers the Licensed Material as-is and
as-available, and makes no representations or warranties of any kind
concerning the Licensed Material, whether express, implied, statutory, or
other. This includes, without limitation, warranties of title,
merchantability, fitness for a particular purpose, non-infringement,
absence of latent or other defects, accuracy, or the presence or absence
of errors, whether or not known or discoverable. Where disclaimers of
warranties are not allowed in full or in part, this disclaimer may not
apply to You.
b. To the extent possible, in no event will the Licensor be liable to You on
any legal theory (including, without limitation, negligence) or otherwise
for any direct, special, indirect, incidental, consequential, punitive,
exemplary, or other losses, costs, expenses, or damages arising out of
this Public License or use of the Licensed Material, even if the Licensor
has been advised of the possibility of such losses, costs, expenses, or
damages. Where a limitation of liability is not allowed in full or in
part, this limitation may not apply to You.
c. The disclaimer of warranties and limitation of liability provided above
shall be interpreted in a manner that, to the extent possible, most
closely approximates an absolute disclaimer and waiver of all liability.
### Section 6 Term and Termination.
a. This Public License applies for the term of the Copyright and Similar
Rights licensed here. However, if You fail to comply with this Public
License, then Your rights under this Public License terminate
automatically.
b. Where Your right to use the Licensed Material has terminated under
Section 6(a), it reinstates:
1. automatically as of the date the violation is cured, provided it is
cured within 30 days of Your discovery of the violation; or
2. upon express reinstatement by the Licensor.
For the avoidance of doubt, this Section 6(b) does not affect any right
the Licensor may have to seek remedies for Your violations of this Public
License.
c. For the avoidance of doubt, the Licensor may also offer the Licensed
Material under separate terms or conditions or stop distributing the
Licensed Material at any time; however, doing so will not terminate this
Public License.
d. Sections 1, 5, 6, 7, and 8 survive termination of this Public License.
### Section 7 Other Terms and Conditions.
a. The Licensor shall not be bound by any additional or different terms or
conditions communicated by You unless expressly agreed.
b. Any arrangements, understandings, or agreements regarding the Licensed
Material not stated herein are separate from and independent of the terms
and conditions of this Public License.
### Section 8 Interpretation.
a. For the avoidance of doubt, this Public License does not, and shall not be
interpreted to, reduce, limit, restrict, or impose conditions on any use
of the Licensed Material that could lawfully be made without permission
under this Public License.
b. To the extent possible, if any provision of this Public License is deemed
unenforceable, it shall be automatically reformed to the minimum extent
necessary to make it enforceable. If the provision cannot be reformed, it
shall be severed from this Public License without affecting the
enforceability of the remaining terms and conditions.
c. No term or condition of this Public License will be waived and no failure
to comply consented to unless expressly agreed to by the Licensor.
d. Nothing in this Public License constitutes or may be interpreted as a
limitation upon, or waiver of, any privileges and immunities that apply to
the Licensor or You, including from the legal processes of any
jurisdiction or authority.
Creative Commons is not a party to its public licenses. Notwithstanding,
Creative Commons may elect to apply one of its public licenses to material it
publishes and in those instances will be considered the “Licensor.” The text of
the Creative Commons public licenses is dedicated to the public domain under the
CC0 Public Domain Dedication. Except for the limited purpose of indicating that
material is shared under a Creative Commons public license or as otherwise
permitted by the Creative Commons policies published at
creativecommons.org/policies, Creative Commons does not authorize the use of the
trademark “Creative Commons” or any other trademark or logo of Creative Commons
without its prior written consent including, without limitation, in connection
with any unauthorized modifications to any of its public licenses or any other
arrangements, understandings, or agreements concerning use of licensed material.
For the avoidance of doubt, this paragraph does not form part of the public
licenses.
Creative Commons may be contacted at creativecommons.org.