Botnets like [Mirai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirai_(malware)) have proven that there is a need for more security in embedded and IoT devices. This list shall help beginners and experts to find helpful resources on the topic.
- [FACT - The Firmware Analysis and Comparison Tool](https://fkie-cad.github.io/FACT_core/) - Full-featured static analysis framework including extraction of firmware, analysis utilizing different plug-ins and comparison of different firmware versions.
- [Improving your firmware security analysis process with FACT](https://passthesalt.ubicast.tv/videos/improving-your-firmware-security-analysis-process-with-fact/) - Conference talk about FACT :tv:.
- [FwAnalyzer](https://github.com/cruise-automation/fwanalyzer) - Analyze security of firmware based on customized rules. Intended as additional step in DevSecOps, similar to CI.
- [HAL – The Hardware Analyzer](https://github.com/emsec/hal) - A comprehensive reverse engineering and manipulation framework for gate-level netlists.
- [IoTSecFuzz](https://gitlab.com/invuls/iot-projects/iotsecfuzz) - Framework for automatisation of IoT layers security analysis: hardware, software and communication.
- [Killerbee](https://github.com/riverloopsec/killerbee) - Framework for Testing & Auditing ZigBee and IEEE 802.15.4 Networks.
- [Firmware Slap](https://github.com/ChrisTheCoolHut/Firmware_Slap) - Discovering vulnerabilities in firmware through concolic analysis and function clustering.
- [Ghidra](https://ghidra-sre.org/) - Software Reverse Engineering suite; handles arbitrary binaries, if you provide CPU architecture and endianness of the binary.
- [Radare2](https://github.com/radare/radare2) - Software Reverse Engineering framework, also handles popular formats and arbitrary binaries, has an extensive command line toolset.
- [Trommel](https://github.com/CERTCC/trommel) - Searches extracted firmware images for interesting files and information.
### Extraction Tools
- [Binwalk](https://github.com/ReFirmLabs/binwalk) - Extracts arbitrary files utilizing a carving approach.
- [FACT Extractor](https://github.com/fkie-cad/fact_extractor) - Detects container format automatically and executes the corresponding extraction tool.
- [Firmware Mod Kit](https://github.com/rampageX/firmware-mod-kit/wiki) - Extraction tools for several container formats.
- [Bus Blaster](http://dangerousprototypes.com/docs/Bus_Blaster) - Detects and interacts with hardware debug ports like [UART](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_asynchronous_receiver-transmitter) and [JTAG](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JTAG).
- [Glasgow](https://github.com/GlasgowEmbedded/Glasgow) - Tool for exploring and debugging different digital interfaces.
- [J-Link](https://www.segger.com/products/debug-probes/j-link/models/model-overview/) - J-Link offers USB powered JTAG debug probes for multiple different CPU cores :euro:.
- 2019, Yago Hansen: [The Hacker's Hardware Toolkit: The best collection of hardware gadgets for Red Team hackers, Pentesters and security researchers](https://github.com/yadox666/The-Hackers-Hardware-Toolkit/blob/master/TheHackersHardwareToolkit.pdf)
- 2019, Alrawi et al: [SoK: Security Evaluation of Home-Based IoT Deployments](https://alrawi.github.io/static/papers/alrawi_sok_sp19.pdf)
- 2019, Abbasi et al: [Challenges in Designing Exploit Mitigations for Deeply Embedded Systems](https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/8806725)
- 2019, Song et al: [PeriScope: An Effective Probing and Fuzzing Framework for the Hardware-OS Boundary](https://www.ndss-symposium.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/ndss2019_04A-1_Song_paper.pdf)
- 2018, Muench et al: [What You Corrupt Is Not What You Crash: Challenges in Fuzzing Embedded Devices](http://www.eurecom.fr/en/publication/5417/download/sec-publi-5417.pdf)
- 2017, O'Meara et al: [Embedded Device Vulnerability Analysis Case Study Using Trommel](https://resources.sei.cmu.edu/library/asset-view.cfm?assetid=509271)
- 2017, Costin et al: [Towards Automated Classification of Firmware Images and Identification of Embedded Devices](http://s3.eurecom.fr/docs/ifip17_costin.pdf)
- 2016, Kammerstetter et al: [Embedded Security Testing with Peripheral Device Caching and Runtime Program State Approximation](https://www.thinkmind.org/download.php?articleid=securware_2016_2_10_30082)
- 2016, Chen et al: [Towards Automated Dynamic Analysis for Linux-based Embedded Firmware](https://www.dcddcc.com/docs/2016_paper_firmadyne.pdf)
- 2016, Costin et al: [Automated Dynamic Firmware Analysis at Scale: A Case Study on Embedded Web Interfaces](http://s3.eurecom.fr/docs/asiaccs16_costin.pdf)
- 2015, Shoshitaishvili et al:[Firmalice - Automatic Detection of Authentication Bypass Vulnerabilities in Binary Firmware](https://www.ndss-symposium.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/11_1_2.pdf)
- 2015, Papp et al: [Embedded Systems Security: Threats, Vulnerabilities, and Attack Taxonomy](http://www.cse.psu.edu/~pdm12/cse597g-f15/readings/cse597g-embedded_systems.pdf)
- 2014, Zaddach et al: [Avatar: A Framework to Support Dynamic Security Analysis of Embedded Systems' Firmwares](http://www.eurecom.fr/en/publication/4158/download/rs-publi-4158.pdf)
- 2013, Davidson et al: [FIE on Firmware: Finding Vulnerabilities in Embedded Systems using Symbolic Execution](https://www.usenix.org/system/files/conference/usenixsecurity13/sec13-paper_davidson.pdf)
- [Deadly Sins Of Development](https://youtu.be/nXyglaY9N9w) - Conference talk presenting several real world examples on real bad implementations :tv:.
- [Pwning the Dlink 850L routers and abusing the MyDlink Cloud protocol](https://pierrekim.github.io/blog/2017-09-08-dlink-850l-mydlink-cloud-0days-vulnerabilities.html)
- [OWASP Embedded Application Security Project](https://owasp.org/www-project-embedded-application-security/) - Development best practices and list of hardware and software tools.
- [OWASP Internet of Things Project](https://owasp.org/www-project-internet-of-things/) - IoT common vulnerabilities and attack surfaces.
- [Azeria Lab](https://azeria-labs.com/) - Miscellaneous ARM related Tutorials.
- [JTAG Explained](https://blog.senr.io/blog/jtag-explained#) - A walkthrough covering UART and JTAG bypassing a protected login shell.
- [Reverse Engineering Serial Ports](http://www.devttys0.com/2012/11/reverse-engineering-serial-ports/) - Detailed tutorial about how to spot debug pads on a PCB.
- [UART explained](https://www.mikroe.com/blog/uart-serial-communication) - An in depth explanation of the UART protocol.
