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456 lines
22 KiB
Markdown
456 lines
22 KiB
Markdown
# Awesome Blockchain
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[](https://github.com/yjjnls/awesome-blockchain)
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> Curated list of resources for the development and applications of block chain.
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The blockchain is an incorruptible digital ledger of economic transactions that can be programmed to record not just financial transactions but virtually everything of value (by [Don Tapscott](https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/whats-next-generation-internet-surprise-its-all-don-tapscott)).
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<font color=#0099ff size=3>**This is not a simple collection of Internet resources, but verified and organized data ensuring it's really suitable for your learning process and useful for your development and application.**</font>
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## Contents
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- [Awesome Blockchain](#awesome-blockchain)
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- [Contents](#contents)
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- [Frequently Asked Questions (F.A.Q.s) & Answers](#frequently-asked-questions-faqs--answers)
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- [Basic Introduction](#basic-introduction)
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- [Encryption knowledge](#encryption-knowledge)
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- [Development Tutorial](#development-tutorial)
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- [BitCoin](#bitcoin)
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- [Ethereum](#ethereum)
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- [Consortium Blockchain](#consortium-blockchain)
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- [Fabric](#fabric)
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- [FISCO-BCOS](#fisco-bcos)
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- [Releated Tools](#releated-tools)
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- [Solidity](#solidity)
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- [truffle](#truffle)
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- [web3.js](#web3js)
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- [Projects and Applications](#projects-and-applications)
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- [Monero](#monero)
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- [IOTA](#iota)
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- [EOS](#eos)
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- [IFPS](#ifps)
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- [Further Extension](#further-extension)
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- [Books](#books)
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- [Applications](#applications)
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- [Identity Applications](#identity-applications)
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- [Public Blockchain Identity](#public-blockchain-identity)
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- [Blockchain as a collateral](#blockchain-as-a-collateral)
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- [Unclear](#unclear)
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- [Guidance](#guidance)
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- [Internet of Things Applications](#internet-of-things-applications)
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- [Energy Applications](#energy-applications)
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- [Media and Journalism](#media-and-journalism)
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- [Contribute](#contribute)
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## Frequently Asked Questions (F.A.Q.s) & Answers
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**Q: What's a Blockchain?**
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A: A blockchain is a distributed database with a list (that is, chain) of records (that is, blocks) linked and secured by
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digital fingerprints (that is, crypto hashes).
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Example from [`blockchain.rb`](https://github.com/openblockchains/awesome-blockchains/blob/master/blockchain.rb/blockchain.rb):
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```ruby
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[#<Block:0x1eed2a0
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@timestamp = 1637-09-15 20:52:38,
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@data = "Genesis",
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@previous_hash = "0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
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@hash = "edbd4e11e69bc399a9ccd8faaea44fb27410fe8e3023bb9462450a0a9c4caa1b">,
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#<Block:0x1eec9a0
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@timestamp = 1637-09-15 21:02:38,
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@data = "Transaction Data...",
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@previous_hash = "edbd4e11e69bc399a9ccd8faaea44fb27410fe8e3023bb9462450a0a9c4caa1b",
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@hash = "eb8ecbf6d5870763ae246e37539d82e37052cb32f88bb8c59971f9978e437743">,
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#<Block:0x1eec838
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@timestamp = 1637-09-15 21:12:38,
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@data = "Transaction Data......",
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@previous_hash = "eb8ecbf6d5870763ae246e37539d82e37052cb32f88bb8c59971f9978e437743",
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@hash = "be50017ee4bbcb33844b3dc2b7c4e476d46569b5df5762d14ceba9355f0a85f4">,
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...
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```
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**Q: What's a Hash? What's a (One-Way) Crypto(graphic) Hash Digest Checksum**?
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A: A hash e.g. `eb8ecbf6d5870763ae246e37539d82e37052cb32f88bb8c59971f9978e437743`
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is a small digest checksum calculated
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with a one-way crypto(graphic) hash digest checksum function
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e.g. SHA256 (Secure Hash Algorithm 256 Bits)
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from the data. Example from [`blockchain.rb`](blockchain.rb/blockchain.rb):
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```ruby
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def calc_hash
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sha = Digest::SHA256.new
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sha.update( @timestamp.to_s + @previous_hash + @data )
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sha.hexdigest ## returns "eb8ecbf6d5870763ae246e37539d82e37052cb32f88bb8c59971f9978e437743"
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end
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```
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A blockchain uses
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- the block timestamp (e.g. `1637-09-15 20:52:38`) and
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- the hash from the previous block (e.g. `edbd4e11e69bc399a9ccd8faaea44fb27410fe8e3023bb9462450a0a9c4caa1b`) and finally
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- the block data (e.g. `Transaction Data...`)
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to calculate the new hash digest checksum, that is, the hash
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e.g. `be50017ee4bbcb33844b3dc2b7c4e476d46569b5df5762d14ceba9355f0a85f4`.
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**Q: What's a Merkle Tree?**
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A: A Merkle tree is a hash tree named after Ralph Merkle who patented the concept in 1979
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(the patent expired in 2002). A hash tree is a generalization of hash lists or hash chains where every leaf node (in the tree) is labelled with a data block and every non-leaf node (in the tree)
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is labelled with the crypto(graphic) hash of the labels of its child nodes. For more see the [Merkle tree](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merkle_tree) Wikipedia Article.
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Note: By adding crypto(graphic) hash functions you can "merkelize" any data structure.
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**Q: What's a Merkelized DAG (Directed Acyclic Graph)?**
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A: It's a blockchain secured by crypto(graphic) hashes that uses a directed acyclic graph data structure (instead of linear "classic" linked list).
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Note: Git uses merkelized dag (directed acyclic graph)s for its blockchains.
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**Q: Is the Git Repo a Blockchain?**
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A: Yes, every branch in the git repo is a blockchain.
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The "classic" Satoshi-blockchain is like a git repo with a single master branch (only).
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## Basic Introduction
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<!--
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### Encryption knowledge
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-->
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- **Encryption knowledge**
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* [Asymmetric encryption](./Basic/crypto.md#%E9%9D%9E%E5%AF%B9%E7%A7%B0%E5%8A%A0%E5%AF%86)
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* [Digital signature & certificate](./Basic/crypto.md#%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%97%E7%AD%BE%E5%90%8D)
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* [Merkle tree](./Basic/crypto.md#merkle-tree)
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* [Merkle tree in blockchain](./Basic/merkle_tree_in_blockchain.md)
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* [Merkle DAG](http://www.sohu.com/a/247540268_100222281)
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<!--
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### Consensus
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-->
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- **Consensus**
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<!--
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### Account and transaction model
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-->
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- **Account and transaction model**
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<!--
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### Exchange
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-->
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- **Exchange**
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<!--
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### Applications
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-->
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- **Applications**
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* [Do You Need a Blockchain?](https://spectrum.ieee.org/computing/networks/do-you-need-a-blockchain)
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* [What can't blockchain do?](https://www.jianshu.com/p/70f6a29a6296)
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* [More](./Extension/application.md)
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<!--
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### Capacity expansion and chain governance
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-->
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- **[Capacity expansion and chain governance](https://github.com/yfeng125/blockchain-tutorial/blob/master/doc/%E2%80%8B25.%E6%AF%94%E7%89%B9%E5%B8%81%EF%BC%9A%E6%89%A9%E5%AE%B9%E4%B9%8B%E4%BA%89%E3%80%81IFO%E4%B8%8E%E9%93%BE%E4%B8%8A%E6%B2%BB%E7%90%86.md)**
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<!--
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### Digital currency ranking
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-->
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- **[Digital currency ranking](https://coinmarketcap.com/)**
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<!-- - [ ] [Consensus](<>)
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- [Account and transaction model](./Basic/account.md)
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- [ ] [Bitcoin basics](<>)
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- [ ] [Ethereum basics](<>)
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- [ ] []()链上治理
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- [ ] [Exchange](<>)
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- [Applications](./Extension/application.md) -->
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## Development Tutorial
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### [BitCoin](https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin)
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[<img src="https://bitcoin.org/img/icons/logotop.svg" align="right" width="120">](https://bitcoin.org/zh_CN/)
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- [BitCoin white paper](https://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf) / [Chinese version](BitCoin/white%20paper.md)
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- [Mastering BitCoin](https://github.com/bitcoinbook/bitcoinbook) / [Chinese version](http://book.8btc.com/books/6/masterbitcoin2cn/_book/) / [pdf download](http://book.8btc.com/master_bitcoin?export=pdf)
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- [More](./BitCoin/awesome.md)
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### Ethereum
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[<img src="https://github.com/yjjnls/Notes/blob/master/img/ethereum.png" align="right" width="80">](https://www.hyperledger.org/projects/fabric)
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- [Ethereum white paper](https://github.com/ethereum/wiki/wiki/White-Paper) / [以太坊白皮书](./Ethereum/white%20paper.md)
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- [Ethereum wiki](https://github.com/ethereum/wiki/wiki)
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- [Ethereum problems](https://github.com/ethereum/wiki/wiki/Problems)
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### Consortium Blockchain
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- [The Byzantine Generals Problem](https://people.eecs.berkeley.edu/~luca/cs174/byzantine.pdf)
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- [Is consortium blockchain better?](http://www.infoq.com/cn/news/2018/10/is-consortium-blockchain-better)
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- [5 consortium blockchain comparison](http://www.infoq.com/cn/articles/5-consortium-blockchain-comparison) / [quick version](https://upload-images.jianshu.io/upload_images/11336404-f753396df0e930c8.jpg?imageMogr2/auto-orient/strip%7CimageView2/2/w/1240)
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- [FISCO BCOS vs Fabric](http://www.infoq.com/cn/news/2018/09/uncover-consortium-blockchain)
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* **Implement a consortium blockchain using ethereum**
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- [Building a Private Ethereum Consortium](https://www.microsoft.com/developerblog/2018/06/01/creating-private-ethereum-consortium-kubernetes/)
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- [Deploying a private Ethereum blockchain to Microsoft Azure Cloud](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HsConsFaZG8)
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- [Ethereum Consortium Network Deployments Made Easy](https://github.com/CatalystCode/ibera-ethereum-consortium-blockchain-network)
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- [How to Set Up a Private Ethereum Blockchain in 20 Minutes](https://arctouch.com/blog/how-to-set-up-ethereum-blockchain/)
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#### Fabric
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[<img src="https://www.hyperledger.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/Hyperledger_Fabric_Logo_Color.png" align="right" width="120">](https://www.hyperledger.org/projects/fabric)
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#### [FISCO-BCOS](https://github.com/FISCO-BCOS/Wiki)
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## Releated Tools
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### Solidity
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### truffle
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### web3.js
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## Projects and Applications
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### Monero
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[<img src="https://avatars0.githubusercontent.com/u/20126597?s=200&v=4" align="right" width="80">](https://github.com/iotaledger)
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### IOTA
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**Q: What is IOTA?**
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**IOTA** is a revolutionary new transactional settlement and data integrity layer for the Internet of Things. It’s based on a new distributed ledger architecture, the **Tangle**, which overcomes the inefficiencies of current **Blockchain** designs and introduces a new way of reaching consensus in a **decentralized peer-to-peer system**. For the first time ever, through IOTA people can transfer money without any fees. This means that even infinitesimally small nanopayments can be made through IOTA.
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**IOTA** is the missing puzzle piece for **the Machine Economy** to fully emerge and reach its desired potential. We envision IOTA to be the public, permissionless backbone for the Internet of Things that enables true interoperability between all devices.
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- [IOTA](https://iota.org) - Next Generation Blockchain
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- [Whitepaper](https://iota.org/IOTA_Whitepaper.pdf) - The Tangle
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- [Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IOTA_(Distributed_Ledger_Technology))
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- [A Primer on IOTA](https://blog.iota.org/a-primer-on-iota-with-presentation-e0a6eb2cc621) - A Primer on IOTA (with Presentation)
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- [IOTA China](http://iotachina.com/) - IOTA China 首页
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- [IOTA Italia](http://iotaitalia.com/) - IOTA Italia
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- [IOTA Korea](http://blog.naver.com/iotakorea) - IOTA 한국
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- [IOTA Japan](http://lhj.hatenablog.jp/entry/iota) - IOTA 日本
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- [IOTA on Reddit](https://www.reddit.com/r/Iota/)
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+ [**How to get started**](https://github.com/iotaledger/iri#how-to-get-started)
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+ [**More resouces**](./Extension/iota.md)
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### EOS
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<!-- [<img src="https://avatars2.githubusercontent.com/u/10536621?s=200&v=4" align="right" width="40">](https://github.com/ipfs/ipfs) -->
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### IFPS
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## Further Extension
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### Books
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- [区块链技术指南](https://yeasy.gitbooks.io/blockchain_guide/content/) by Baohua Yang, 2017
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<!-- - [区块链原理、设计与应用](https://github.com/yjjnls/books/blob/master/block%20chain/%E5%8C%BA%E5%9D%97%E9%93%BE%E5%8E%9F%E7%90%86%E3%80%81%E8%AE%BE%E8%AE%A1%E4%B8%8E%E5%BA%94%E7%94%A8.pdf) -->
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- [**Blockchain: from Digital Currency to Credit Society**](https://github.com/yjjnls/books/blob/master/block%20chain/%E5%8C%BA%E5%9D%97%E9%93%BE%20%E4%BB%8E%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%97%E8%B4%A7%E5%B8%81%E5%88%B0%E4%BF%A1%E7%94%A8%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A.pdf)
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- [**Attack of the 50 Foot Blockchain: Bitcoin, Blockchain, Ethereum & Smart Contracts**](https://davidgerard.co.uk/blockchain/table-of-contents/) by David Gerard, London, 2017 --
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_What is a bitcoin? ++
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The Bitcoin ideology ++
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The incredible promises of Bitcoin! ++
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Early Bitcoin: the rise to the first bubble ++
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How Bitcoin mining centralised ++
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Who is Satoshi Nakamoto? ++
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Spending bitcoins in 2017 ++
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Trading bitcoins in 2017: the second crypto bubble ++
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Altcoins ++
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Smart contracts, stupid humans ++
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Business bafflegab, but on the Blockchain ++
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Case study: Why you can’t put the music industry on a blockchain_
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- [**Mastering Bitcoin - Programming the Open Blockchain**](https://github.com/bitcoinbook/bitcoinbook/blob/develop/ch09.asciidoc) 2nd Edition,
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by Andreas M. Antonopoulos, 2017 - FREE (Online Source Version) --
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_What Is Bitcoin? ++
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How Bitcoin Works ++
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Bitcoin Core: The Reference Implementation ++
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Keys, Addresses ++
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Wallets ++
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Transactions ++
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Advanced Transactions and Scripting ++
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The Bitcoin Network ++
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The Blockchain ++
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Mining and Consensus ++
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Bitcoin Security ++
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Blockchain Applications_
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- [**Programming Blockchains in Ruby from Scratch Step-by-Step Starting w/ Crypto Hashes... ( Beta / Rough Draft )**](https://github.com/yukimotopress/programming-blockchains-step-by-step)
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by Gerald Bauer et al, 2018 - FREE (Online Version) --
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_(Crypto) Hash ++
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(Crypto) Block ++
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(Crypto) Block with Proof-of-Work ++
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Blockchain! Blockchain! Blockchain! ++
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Blockchain Broken? ++
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Timestamping ++
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Mining, Mining, Mining - What's Your Hash Rate? ++
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Bitcoin, Bitcoin, Bitcoin ++
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(Crypto) Block with Transactions (Tx)_
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- [**Programming Cryptocurrencies and Blockchains in Ruby ( Beta / Rough Draft )**](http://yukimotopress.github.io/blockchains)
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by Gerald Bauer et al, 2018 - FREE (Online Version) @ Yuki & Moto Press Bookshelf --
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_Digital $$$ Alchemy - What's a Blockchain? -
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How-To Turn Digital Bits Into $$$ or €€€? •
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Decentralize Payments. Decentralize Transactions. Decentralize Blockchains. •
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The Proof of the Pudding is ... The Bitcoin (BTC) Blockchain(s)
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\++
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Building Blockchains from Scratch -
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A Blockchain in Ruby in 20 Lines! A Blockchain is a Data Structure •
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What about Proof-of-Work? What about Consensus? •
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Find the Lucky Number - Nonce == Number Used Once
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\++
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Adding Transactions -
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The World's Worst Database - Bitcoin Blockchain Mining •
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Tulips on the Blockchain! Adding Transactions
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\++
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Blockchain Lite -
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Basic Blocks •
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Proof-of-Work Blocks •
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Transactions
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\++
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Merkle Tree -
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Build Your Own Crypto Hash Trees; Grow Your Own Money on Trees •
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What's a Merkle Tree? •
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Transactions
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\++
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Central Bank -
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Run Your Own Federated Central Bank Nodes on the Blockchain Peer-to-Peer over HTTP •
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Inside Mining - Printing Cryptos, Cryptos, Cryptos on the Blockchain
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\++
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Awesome Crypto
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\++
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Case Studies - Dutch Gulden • Shilling • CryptoKitties (and CryptoCopycats)_
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- [**Blockchain for Dummies, IBM Limited Edition**](https://www.ibm.com/blockchain/what-is-blockchain.html) by Manav Gupta, 2017 - FREE (Digital Download w/ Email) --
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_Grasping Blockchain Fundamentals ++
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Taking a Look at How Blockchain Works ++
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Propelling Business with Blockchains ++
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Blockchain in Action: Use Cases ++
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Hyperledger, a Linux Foundation Project ++
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Ten Steps to Your First Blockchain application_
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- [**Get Rich Quick "Business Blockchain" Bible - The Secrets of Free Easy Money**](https://github.com/bitsblocks/get-rich-quick-bible), 2018 - FREE --
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_Step 1: Sell hot air. How? ++
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Step 2: Pump up your tokens. How? ++
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Step 3: Revolutionize the World. How?_
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- [**Mastering Ethereum - Building Contract Services and Decentralized Apps on the Blockchain**](https://github.com/ethereumbook/ethereumbook) -
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by Andreas M. Antonopoulos, Gavin Wood, 2018 - FREE (Online Source Version)
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_What is Ethereum ++
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Introduction ++
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Ethereum Clients ++
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Ethereum Testnets ++
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Keys and Addresses ++
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Wallets ++
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Transactions ++
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Contract Services ++
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Tokens ++
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Oracles ++
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Accounting & Gas ++
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EVM (Ethereum Virtual Machine) ++
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Consensus ++
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DevP2P (Peer-To-Peer) Protocol ++
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Dev Tools and Frameworks ++
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Decentralized Apps ++
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Ethereum Standards (EIPs/ERCs)_
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- [**Building Decentralized Apps on the Ethereum Blockchain**](https://www.manning.com/books/building-ethereum-dapps) by Roberto Infante, 2018 - FREE chapter 1 --
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_Understanding decentralized applications ++
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The Ethereum blockchain ++
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Building contract services in (JavaScript-like) Solidity ++
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Running contract services on the Ethereum blockchain ++
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Developing Ethereum Decentralized apps with Truffle ++
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Best design and security practice_
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- [**Best of Bitcoin Maximalist - Scammers, Morons, Clowns, Shills & BagHODLers - Inside The New New Crypto Ponzi Economics**](https://github.com/bitsblocks/bitcoin-maximalist), 2018 - FREE
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- [**Crypto Facts - Decentralize Payments - Efficient, Low Cost, Fair, Clean - True or False?**](https://github.com/bitsblocks/crypto-facts), 2018 - FREE
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- [**IslandCoin White Paper - A Pen and Paper Cash System - How to Run a Blockchain on a Deserted Island**](https://github.com/bitsblocks/islandcoin-whitepaper)
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by Tal Kol --
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_Motivation ++
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Consensus ++
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Transaction and Block Specification -
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Transaction format •
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Block format •
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Genesis block ++
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References_
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### Applications
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#### Identity Applications
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##### Public Blockchain Identity
|
||
|
||
- [Blockstack](https://blockstack.org) - Platform for decentralized, server-less apps where users control their data. Identity included.
|
||
- [Evernym](http://www.evernym.com) - Self-Sovereign identity built on top of open source permissioned blockchain.
|
||
- [Jolocom](https://jolocom.com) - Self-sovereing identity wallet.
|
||
- [SIN](https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Identity_protocol_v1) - Proposed identity protocol for BitCoin.
|
||
- [uPort](https://www.uport.me) - Self-Sovereign identity on [Ethereum](https://ethereum.org) by [ConsenSys](https://consensys.net).
|
||
|
||
##### Blockchain as a collateral
|
||
|
||
- [ShoCard](https://shocard.com) - Proprietary digital identity service, uses blockchain for time-stamping and secure documents exchange.
|
||
- [Tradle](https://tradle.io/) - Makes a bank on blockchain, identity as a collateral.
|
||
|
||
##### Unclear
|
||
|
||
- [KYC Chain](http://kyc-chain.com) - Secure platform for sharing verifiable identity claims, data or documents among financial institutions.
|
||
- [ObjectChain Collab](http://www.objectchain-collab.com) - Cross-industry collaboration over distributed identity.
|
||
- [UniquID](http://uniquid.com) - Identity both for people and devices.
|
||
- [Vida Identity](https://vidaidentity.com) - Enterprise-grade Blockchain Identity Software.
|
||
|
||
##### Guidance
|
||
|
||
- [ID3](https://idcubed.org) - Institute for Data Driven Design, explores issues around self-sovereign identity, and distributed organizations.
|
||
- [OpenCreds](http://opencreds.org) - W3C Credentials Community Group.
|
||
- [TAO Network Identity](http://tao.network/portfolio-item/the-identity-system/) - Description of blockchain identity by Tao.Network.
|
||
|
||
#### Internet of Things Applications
|
||
|
||
- [Chronicled](http://www.chronicled.com) - IoT devices registry on blockchain.
|
||
- [Filament](http://filament.com) - Software and hardware for decentralized Intranet of Things systems
|
||
- [IOTA](http://www.iotatoken.com) - Decentralized Internet of Things token on blockless blockchain.
|
||
- [Machinomy](http://machinomy.com) - Distributed platform for IoT micropayments.
|
||
- [Project Oaken](https://www.projectoaken.com) - IoT blockchain platform.
|
||
- [Slock.it](https://slock.it) - Ethereum-based platform for building Shared Things.
|
||
|
||
#### Energy Applications
|
||
|
||
- [bankymoon](http://bankymoon.co.za/) - Blockchain consultancy. [Presented](http://goo.gl/L6vJBx) bitcoin-topped smart electricity meter. Once topped up, it chooses a plan, and starts moving energy.
|
||
- [Co-Tricity](https://co-tricity.com/) - Decentralised energy marketplace by [Innogy](https://innovationhub.innogy.com/) and [ConsenSys](https://consensys.net).
|
||
- [Electron](http://www.electron.org.uk/) - Reinventing energy on blockchain.
|
||
- [GridSingularity](http://gridsingularity.com) - Blockchain for Smart Grid. Declare three years of work on the technology.
|
||
- [lo3 energy](http://lo3energy.com) - Energy Services, Product Research & Development. Makers of [Brooklyn Microgrid](http://brooklynmicrogrid.com) along with [ConsenSys](https://consensys.net).
|
||
- [lumo](https://lumoenergy.com.au) - Energy provider. Experiment with blockchain.
|
||
- [PowerLedger](https://powerledger.io) - Decentralised energy marketpace.
|
||
- [PowerPeers](https://www.powerpeers.nl/) - Peer-to-peer energy marketplace in the Netherlands.
|
||
- [Solar Change](http://www.solarchange.co/) - Makers of [Solar Coin](http://solarcoin.org/). AltCoin for a MW of solar power.
|
||
- [Terraledger](https://terraledger.com) - Provider of Renewable Energy Certificates.
|
||
- [ImpactPPA](https://impactppa.com) - Reinvesting of power generated under Power Purchase Agreement in more PPAs.
|
||
|
||
#### Media and Journalism
|
||
|
||
- [Steem](https://steem.io) - Decentralized social network which incentivises content creation and curation.
|
||
- [PopChest](https://popchest.com) - Incentivized distributed video platform.
|
||
- [Civil](https://joincivil.com) - Decentralized newsmaking platform.
|
||
|
||
## Contribute
|
||
|
||
Contributions welcome!
|
||
|
||
1. Fork it (<https://github.com/yjjnls/awesome-blockchain/fork>)
|
||
2. Clone it (`git clone https://github.com/yjjnls/awesome-blockchain`)
|
||
3. Create your feature branch (`git checkout -b your_branch_name`)
|
||
4. Commit your changes (`git commit -m 'Description of a commit'`)
|
||
5. Push to the branch (`git push origin your_branch_name`)
|
||
6. Create a new Pull Request
|
||
|
||
If you found this resource helpful, give it a 🌟 otherwise contribute to it and give it a ⭐️.
|