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![](.gitbook/assets/image.png)
Tornado Cash is a **fully decentralized** **non-custodial** **protocol** allowing private transactions in the crypto-space.
Tornado Cash is a **non-custodial** **privacy protocol** allowing **permissionless** shielded transactions on Ethereum and derivative networks. Tornado Cash is not a mixer, as assets are never commingled due to the presence of zero knowledge cryptography.
As a decentralized protocol, Tornado.Cash smart contracts have been implemented within the Ethereum blockchain, making them immutable. They can neither be changed nor tampered with. Therefore, nobody - including the original developers - can modify or shut them down. All governance and mining smart contracts are deployed by the community in a decentralized manner.
The core of the protocol is ungovernable and immutable, given Ethereum's distributed state and the provenance of the contracts, they can neither be changed nor tampered with. Therefore, nobody - including the original developers - can modify or inhibit the protocol. All governance and associated smart contracts are deployed by the community.
As a non-custodial protocol, users keep custody of their cryptocurrencies while operating Tornado.Cash. This means that at each deposit, they are provided with the private key enabling the access to the deposited funds, which gives users complete control over their assets.
As a non-custodial protocol, users keep custody of their cryptocurrencies while using Tornado.Cash. This means that at each deposit, they are provided with a secret "note" that grants the access to the deposited funds, allowing self-soverginity over one's assets.
## How is privacy achieved?
## How is anonymity achieved?
Tornado Cash improves transaction privacy by breaking the on-chain link between source and destination addresses. It uses a smart contract that accepts ETH & other tokens deposits from one address and enables their withdrawal from a different address.
Tornado Cash achives anonymity by breaking the on-chain link between source and destination addresses through "anonymity pools". These are immutable smart contracts that accepts fixed denominations of a currency, acting as what is known as a mix network. Although anonymity is only obtained with use of a "relayer", which acts as a withdrawal proxy to mask the link between destination and source addresses.
To maximize privacy, several steps are recommended, such as the use of a relayer for gas payments to withdraw funds from an address with no pre-existing balance.
Learn more about [_How does Tornado.Cash work?_](general/how-does-tornado.cash-work.md) and [Tips to remain anonymous](general/tips-to-remain-anonymous.md).
More details are available in _Behind the scenes:_ [_How does Tornado.Cash work?_](general/how-does-tornado.cash-work.md) & [Tips to remain anonymous](general/tips-to-remain-anonymous.md).
## Where is Tornado Cash deployed?
## Where does Tornado.cash operate?
Since its inception in 2019, Tornado Cash has been mainly operating **on the Ethereum network**, with anonymity pools for ETH, DAI, cDAI, USDC, USDT and WBTC.
Since its inception in 2019, Tornado Cash has been operating **on the Ethereum blockchain**. The protocol has been offering diversified fixed amount pools for six tokens (ETH, DAI, cDAI, USDC, USDT & WBTC) handled by the Ethereum blockchain.
Since June 2021, the smart contracts **have also been deployed on other side-chains & blockchains**. These deployments enabled network agnostic functionality, allowing for faster and cheaper transactions.
Since June 2021, in addition to the Ethereum blockchain, Tornado Cash smart contracts **have also been deployed on other side-chains & blockchains**. These deployments enabled the tool to either support new tokens or benefit from Layer-2 advantages, such as faster and cheaper transactions.
Nework deployments:
As of today, Tornado Cash is operating on:
* **Ethereum Blockchain** : **ETH** (Ethereum), **DAI** (Dai), **cDAI** (Compound Dai), **USDC** (USD Coin), **USDT** (Tether) & **WBTC** (Wrapped Bitcoin),
* **Ethereum** : **ETH** (Ethereum), **DAI** (Dai), **cDAI** (Compound Dai), **USDC** (USD Coin), **USDT** (Tether) & **WBTC** (Wrapped Bitcoin),
* **Binance Smart Chain**: **BNB** (Binance Coin),
* **Polygon Network**: **MATIC** (Polygon),
* **Polygon**: **MATIC** (Polygon),
* **Gnosis Chain (former xDAI Chain)**: **xDAI** (xDai),
* **Avalanche Mainnet**: **AVAX** (Avalanche),
* **Avalanche**: **AVAX** (Avalanche),
* **Optimism**, as a Layer-2 for **ETH** (Ethereum),
* **Arbitrum One**, as a Layer-2 **ETH** (Ethereum).
![](.gitbook/assets/logos.png)
Until December 2021, the protocol included an anonymity mining system for some of these tokens, allowing its users to earn a governance token (**TORN**). Users were able to ultimately earn TORN on the Blockchain network by depositing in the ETH, DAI, cDAI & WBTC pools.
Until December 2021, governance enabled "anonymity mining" - a mechanism to incentivise proactive usage of selected anonymity sets to compliment pool entropy, allowing depositors to earn the native governance token (**TORN**).
_More information on_ [_Anonymity mining_](tornado-cash-classic/anonymity-mining.md) _&_ [_Tornado.Cash token_](general/torn.md) is _available._
_For information on_ [_Anonymity mining_](tornado-cash-classic/anonymity-mining.md) _and the_ [_TORN token_](general/torn.md).
**Thanks to the TORN token, Tornado Cash users can actively participate in shaping the protocol**. The community has a strong weight regarding the evolution of Tornado Cash and the improvement of its features. Indeed, protocol parameters & token distribution are completely under the community’s control through this governance.
**The protocol's native governance token, TORN, allows open and decentralized collaboration to shape the direction of the protocol through voting.**. The community has a strong influence over the evolution of Tornado Cash, it's development and management of the protocol's treasury.
All pools mentioned above can be accessed on [tornadocash.eth.link](https://tornadocash.eth.link). They operate **under the principle of fixed-amount deposits & withdrawals**. It means that each token has 2 to 4 different pools, allowing transactions of only 2 to 4 different fixed amounts _(e.g. ETH has four different pools, one for each of these amounts: 0.1, 1, 10 & 100 ETH)_.
Anonymity pools operate **under the principle of fixed-amount deposits and withdrawals**. Meaing that each supported asset has multiple pools which make up an "anonymity set", each pool restricts transactions to be a fixed amount _(e.g. ETH has four different pools, one for each of these amounts: 0.1, 1, 10 and 100 ETH)_.
### Tornado Cash Nova
With the [**release of Tornado Cash Nova** (beta version) on December 2021](https://tornado-cash.medium.com/tornado-cash-introduces-arbitrary-amounts-shielded-transfers-8df92d93c37c), an **upgraded pool with unique new features** has been added to the protocol. Users are no longer constrained by fixed-amount transactions. With the addition of Tornado Cash Nova, they can benefit from the use of **an arbitrary amount pool & shielded transfers**.
With the release of a [**new __experimental__ version of Tornado Cash; Nova**](https://tornado-cash.medium.com/tornado-cash-introduces-arbitrary-amounts-shielded-transfers-8df92d93c37c), provides an **upgraded expierence for anonymity pools**. Users are no longer constrained by fixed-amount transactions, possible through the UXTO model alllowing **arbitrary (customized) amounts and shielded internal transfers**.
Tornado Cash Nova operates on the Gnosis Chain (former xDai Chain) as a Layer2 to optimize speed and cost. It allows **deposits and withdrawals of completely customized amounts in ETH**. This pool also enables shielded transactions where users can **transfer the custody of their token while remaining in the pool**.
Tornado Cash Nova is deployed on Gnosis Chain (formerly xDAI) with the original hopes to improve speed and cost by bridging from Ethereum mainnet using the AMB Omnibridge.
Tornado Cash Nova (beta version) can be accessed on [nova.tornadocash.eth.link](https://nova.tornadocash.eth.link). You can find further informations related to the functioning of Tornado Cash Nova in the dedicated section of our docs.
__Please note Tornado Cash Nova has a low relayer count, is in an experimental state and regularly faces issues with Omnibridge because of bridge limits and validator censorship__.
## How does Tornado.Cash run?
## How does Tornado Cash function?
[Codes behind Tornado.Cash functioning](https://github.com/tornadocash) - smart contacts, circuits & toolchain - are fully **open-sourced.** Working as a DAO (Decentralized Autonomous Organization), Tornado.Cash governance and mining smart contracts are deployed by its community.
Tornado Cash is represented by it's community, collaboration is facilitated through the governance contract or Decentralized Autonomous Organisation (DAO). **No singular entity or person controls Tornado Cash.**
The protocol also functions with zk-SNARK, which enables zero-knowledge proofs allowing users to demonstrate possession of information without needing to reveal it. The use of this technology is based **on open-source research made by Zcash team with the help of the Ethereum community**. To set up zk-SNARK initial keys, Tornado.Cash[ Trusted Setup Community](https://tornado-cash.medium.com/tornado-cash-trusted-setup-ceremony-b846e1e00be1) was launched in May 2020 & accounts [for 1114 contributions](https://tornado-cash.medium.com/the-biggest-trusted-setup-ceremony-in-the-world-3c6ab9c8fffa). This significant number of contributors makes it impossible to compromise the protocol by faking zero-knowledge proofs.
All protocol related code is open-source and is published to two independent git instances:
User interface is hosted on **IPFS** (InterPlanetary File System) by the community, minimizing risks of data deletion. Indeed, the interface will work as long as at least one user is hosting it.
* [Community git](https://development.tornadocash.community): latest community maintained sources.
* [Github](https://github.com/tornadocash): public archive after the OFAC sanctions.
_Written & updated by_ [_@ayefda_](https://torn.community/u/ayefda)
The existence of zero knowledge in the protocol was based **on open-source research authored by ZCash**. To implement a zero knowledge scheme, [a trusted setup is required](https://tornado-cash.medium.com/tornado-cash-trusted-setup-ceremony-b846e1e00be1), which is essentially a store of random data from various sources defining robustness in generation of proving and verifying keys. Which successfully occured for the protocol on [May 2020 with 1114 contributions](https://tornado-cash.medium.com/the-biggest-trusted-setup-ceremony-in-the-world-3c6ab9c8fffa). This significant number of contributors makes it implausible to compromise the protocol by faking zero-knowledge proofs.
Tornado Cash user interfaces are hosted on **IPFS** (InterPlanetary File System) deployed by the community, minimizing the risk of censorship. These interfaces will be accessible as long as IPFS nodes pin the content, the latest IPFS content hashes are available at [tornadocash.eth](https://app.ens.domains/name/tornadocash.eth/details) and [nova.tornadocash.eth](https://app.ens.domains/name/nova.tornadocash.eth/details). Please see [how to pin IPFS content](https://docs.ipfs.tech/how-to/pin-files/) if you wish to contribute.