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3. Cypherpunks -- History, Organization, Agenda
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3.1. copyright
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THE CYPHERNOMICON: Cypherpunks FAQ and More, Version 0.666,
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1994-09-10, Copyright Timothy C. May. All rights reserved.
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See the detailed disclaimer. Use short sections under "fair
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use" provisions, with appropriate credit, but don't put your
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name on my words.
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3.2. SUMMARY: Cypherpunks -- History, Organization, Agenda
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3.2.1. Main Points
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- Cypherpunks formed in September, 1992
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- formed at an opportune time, with PGP 2.0, Clipper, etc.
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hitting
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- early successes: Cypherpunks remailers, publicity
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3.2.2. Connections to Other Sections
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3.2.3. Where to Find Additional Information
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- "Wired," issue 1.2, had a cover story on Cypherpunks.
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- "Whole Earth Review," Summer 1993, had a long article on
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crypto and Cypherpunks (included in the book "Out of
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Control," by Kevin Kelly.
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- "Village Voice," August 6th (?). 1993, had cover story on
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"Crypto Rebels" (also reprinted in local weeklies)
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- and numerous articles in various magazines
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3.2.4. Miscellaneous Comments
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- the best way to get a feel for the List is to simply read
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it for a while; a few months should do.
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3.3. The Cypherpunks Group and List
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3.3.1. What is it?
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+ Formal Rules, Charter, etc.?
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- no formal rules or charter
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- no agreed-upon mission
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3.3.2. "Who are the Cypherpunks?"
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- A mix of about 500-700
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+ Can find out who by sending message to majordomo@toad.com
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with the message body text "who cypherpunks" (no quotes, of
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course).
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- Is this a privacy flaw? Maybe.
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- Lots of students (they have the time, the Internet
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accounts). Lots of computer science/programming folks. Lots
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of libertarians.
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- quote from Wired article, and from "Whole Earth Review"
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3.3.3. "How did the Cypherpunks group get started?"
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+ History?
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- Discussions between Eric Hughes and me, led to Eric's
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decision to host a gathering
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+ First meeting was, by coincidence, the same week that PGP
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2.0 was released...we all got copies that day
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- morning session on basics
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- sitting on the floor
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+ afternoon we played the "Crypto Game"
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- remailers, digital money, information for sale, etc.
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- John Gilmore offered his site to host a mailing list, and
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his company's offices to hold monthly meetings
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- The mailing list began almost immediately
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- The Name "Cypherpunks"?
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3.3.4. "Should I join the Cypherpunks mailing list?"
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- If you are reading this, of course, you are most likely on
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the Cypherpunks list already and this point is moot--you
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may instead be asking if you should_leave_ the List!
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- Only if you are prepared to handle 30-60 messages a day,
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with volumes fluctuating wildly
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3.3.5. "How can I join the Cypherpunk mailing list?"
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- send message to "majordomo@toad.com" with a _body_ text of
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"subscribe cypherpunks" (no quote marks in either, of
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course).
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3.3.6. "Membership?"
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- about 500-700 at any given time
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- many folks join, are overwhelmed, and quit
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- other groups: Austin, Colorado, Boston, U.K.
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3.3.7. "Why are there so many libertarians on the Cypherpunks list?"
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+ The same question is often asked about the Net in general.
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Lots of suggested reasons:
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- A list like Cypherpunks is going to have privacy and
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freedom advocates. Not all privacy advocates are
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libertarians (e.g., they may want laws restricting data
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collection), but many are. And libertarians naturally
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gravitate to causes like ours.
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- Net grew anarchically, with little control. This appeals
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to free-wheeling types, used to making their own choices
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and building their own worlds.
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- Libertarians are skeptical of central control structures,
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as are most computer programming types. They are
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skeptical that a centrally-run control system can
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coordinate the needs and desires of people. (They are of
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course more than just "skeptical" about this.)
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- In any case, there's not much of a coherent "opposition
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camp" to the anarcho-capitalist, libertarian ideology.
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Forgive me for saying this, my non-libertarian friends on
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the list, but most non-libertarian ideologies I've seen
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expressed on the list have been fragmentary, isolated, and
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not coherent...comments about "how do we take care of the
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poor?" and Christian fundamentalism, for example. If there
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is a coherent alternative to a basically libertarian
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viewpoint, we haven't seen it on the list.
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- (Of course, some might say that the libertarians outshout
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the alternatives...I don't think this is really so.)
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3.3.8. "How did the mailing list get started?"
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- Hugh Daniel, Eric Hughes, and I discussed this the day
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after the first meeting
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- mailing list brought together diverse interests
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- How to hoin?
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3.3.9. "How did Cypherpunks get so much early publicity?"
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- started at the right time, just as PGP was gaining
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popularity, as plans for key escrow were being laid (I
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sounded an alarm in October, 1992, six months before the
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Clipper announcement), and just as "Wired" was preparing
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its first issue
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- Kevin Kelly and Steven Levy attended some of our early
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meetings, setting the stage for very favorable major
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stories in "Wired" (issue 1.2, the cover story), and "Whole
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Earth Review" (Summer, 1993)
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- a niche for a "renegade" and "monkey-wrenching" group, with
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less of a Washington focus
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- publicity in "Wired," "The Whole Earth Review," "The
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Village Voice"
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+ Clipper bombshell occupied much of our time, with some
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effect on policy
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- climate of repudiation
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- links to EFF, CPSR, etc.
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3.3.10. "Why the name?"
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- Jude Milhon nicknames us
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- cypherpunkts? (by analogy with Mikropunkts, microdots)
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3.3.11. "What were the early meetings like?"
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- cypherspiel, Crypto Anarchy Game
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3.3.12. "Where are places that I can meet other Cypherpunks?"
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- physical meetings
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- start your own...pizza place, classroom
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+ other organizations
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-
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+ "These kind of meetings (DC 2600 meeting at Pentagon City
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Mall, 1st Fri. of
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- every month in the food court, about 5-7pm or so) might
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be good places for
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- local cypherpunks gatherings as well. I'm sure there
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are a lot of other
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- such meetings, but the DC and Baltimore ones are the
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ones I know of. <Stanton McCandlish, 7 April 1994>
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- (note that the DC area already meets...)
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- Hackers, raves
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- regional meetings
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3.3.13. "Is the Cypherpunks list monitored? Has it been infiltrated?"
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- Unknown. It wouldn't be hard for anyone to be monitoring
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the list.
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- As to infiltration, no evidence for this. No suspicious
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folks showing up at the physical meetings, at least so far
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as I can see. (Not a very reliable indication.)
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3.3.14. "Why isn't there a recruiting program to increase the number
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of Cypherpunks?"
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- Good question. The mailing list reached about 500
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subscribers a year or so ago and has remained relatively
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constant since then; many subscribers learned of the list
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and its address in the various articles that appeared.
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- Informal organizations often level out in membership
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because no staff exists to publicize, recruit, etc. And
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size is limited because a larger group loses focus. So,
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some stasis is achieved. For us, it may be at the 400-700
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level. It seems unlikely that list membership would ever
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get into the tens of thousands.
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3.3.15. "Why have there been few real achievements in crypto
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recently?"
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+ Despite the crush of crypto releases--the WinPGPs,
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SecureDrives, and dozen other such programs--the fact is
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that most of these are straightforward variants on what I
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think have been the two major product classes to be
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introduced in the last several years"
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- PGP, and variants.
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- Remailers, and variants.
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- These two main classes account for about 98% of all product-
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or version-oriented debate on the Net, epitomized by the
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zillions of "Where can I find PGP2.6ui for the Amiga?"
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sorts of posts.
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+ Why is this so? Why have these dominated? What else is
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needed?
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+ First, PGP gave an incredible impetus to the whole issue
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of public use of crypto. It brought crypto to the masses,
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or at least to the Net-aware masses. Second, the nearly
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simultaneous appearance of remailers (the Kleinpaste/Julf-
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style and the Cypherpunks "mix"-style) fit in well with
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the sudden awareness about PGP and crypto issues. And
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other simultaneous factors appeared:
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- the appearance of "Wired" and its spectacular success,
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in early 1993
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- the Clipper chip firestorm, beginning in April 1993
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- the Cypherpunks group got rolling in late 1992,
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reaching public visibility in several articles in 1993.
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(By the end of '93, we seemed to be a noun, as Bucky
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might've said.)
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+ But why so little progress in other important areas?
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- digital money, despite at least a dozen reported
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projects, programs (only a few of which are really
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anything like Chaum's "digital cash")
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- data havens, information markets, etc.
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- money-laundering schemes, etc.
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+ What could change this?
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- Mosaic, WWW, Web
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- A successful digital cash effort
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3.4. Beliefs, Goals, Agenda
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3.4.1. "Is there a set of beliefs that most Cypherpunks support?"
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+ There is nothing official (not much is), but there is an
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emergent, coherent set of beliefs which most list members
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seem to hold:
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* that the government should not be able to snoop into our
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affairs
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* that protection of conversations and exchanges is a basic
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right
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* that these rights may need to be secured through
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_technology_ rather than through law
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* that the power of technology often creates new political
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realities (hence the list mantra: "Cypherpunks write
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code")
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+ Range of Beliefs
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- Many are libertarian, most support rights of privacy,
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some are more radical in apppoach
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3.4.2. "What are Cypherpunks interested in?"
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- privacy
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- technology
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- encryition
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- politics
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- crypto anarchy
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- digital money
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- protocols
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3.4.3. Personal Privacy and Collapse of Governments
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- There seem to be two main reasons people are drawn to
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Cypherpunks, besides the general attractiveness of a "cool"
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group such as ours. The first reason is _personal privacy_.
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That is, tools for ensuring privacy, protection from a
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surveillance society, and individual choice. This reason is
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widely popular, but is not always compelling (after all,
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why worry about personal privacy and then join a list that
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has been identified as a "subversive" group by the Feds?
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Something to think about.)
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- The second major is personal liberty through reducing the
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power of governments to coerce and tax. Sort of a digital
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Galt's Gulch, as it were. Libertarians and
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anarchocapitalists are especially drawn to this vision, a
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vision which may bother conventional liberals (when they
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realize strong crypto means things counter to welfare,
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AFDC, antidiscrimination laws....).
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- This second view is more controversial, but is, in my
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opinion, what really powers the list. While others may
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phrase it differently, most of us realize we are on to
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something that will change--and already is changing--the
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nature of the balance of power between individuals and
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larger entities.
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3.4.4. Why is Cypherpunks called an "anarchy"?
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- Anarchy means "without a leader" (head). Much more common
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than people may think.
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- The association with bomb-throwing "anarchists" is
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misleading.
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3.4.5. Why is there no formal agenda, organization, etc.?
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- no voting, no organization to administer such things
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- "if it ain't broke, don't fix it"
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- and it's how it all got started and evolved
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- also, nobody to arrest and hassle, no nonsense about
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filling out forms and getting tax exemptions, no laws about
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campaign law violations (if we were a formal group and
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lobbied against Senator Foo, could be hit with the law
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limiting "special interests," conceivably)
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3.4.6. How are projects proposed and completed?
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- If an anarchy, how do things get done?
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- The way most things get done: individual actions and market
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decisions.
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3.4.7. Future Needs for Cyberspace
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+ Mark Pesci's ideas for VR and simulations
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- distributed, high bandwidth
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- a billion users
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- spatial ideas....coordinates...servers...holographic
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models
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- WWW plus rendering engine = spatial VR (Library of
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Congress)
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- "The Labyrinth"
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+ says to avoid head-mounted displays and gloves (bad for
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you)
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+ instead, "perceptual cybernetics".
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- phi--fecks--psi (phi is external world,Fx = fects are
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effectuators and sensors, psi is your internal state)
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3.4.8. Privacy, Credentials without identity
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3.4.9. "Cypherpunks write code"
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- "Cypherpunks break the laws they don't like"
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- "Don't get mad, get even. Write code."
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3.4.10. Digital Free Markets
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+ strong crypto changes the nature and visibility of many
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economic transactionst, making it very difficult for
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governments to interfere or even to enforce laws,
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contracts, etc.
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- thus, changes in the nature of contract enforcement
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+ (Evidence that this is not hopeless can be found in
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several places:
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- criminal markets, where governments obviously cannot be
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used
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- international markets, a la "Law Merchant"
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- "uttering a check"
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- shopping malls in cyberspace...no identifiable national or
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regional jurisdiction...overlapping many borders...
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+ caveat emptor (though rating agencies, and other filter
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agents, may be used by wary customers....ironically,
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reputation will matter even more than it now does)
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- no ability to repudiate a sale, to be an Indian giver
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- in all kinds of information....
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3.4.11. The Role of Money
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- in monetarizing transactions, access, remailers---digital
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postage
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3.4.12. Reductions on taxation
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- offshore entities already exempt
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- tax havens
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- cyberspace localization is problematic
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3.4.13. Transnationalism
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- rules of nations are ignored
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3.4.14. Data Havens
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- credit, medical, legal, renter, etc.
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3.4.15. MOOs, MUDs, SVRs, Habitat cyberspaces
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- "True Names" and "Snow Crash"
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- What are
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+ Habitat....Chip and Randy
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- Lucasfilm, Fujitsu
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- started as game environment...
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- many-user environments
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- communications bandwidth is a scarce resource
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- object-oriented data representation
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+ implementation platform unimportant...range of
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capabilities
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- pure text to Real ity Engines
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- never got as far as fully populating the reality
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- "detailed central planning is impossible; don't even try"
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- 2-D grammar for layouts
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+ "can't trust anyone"
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- someone disassembled the code and found a way to make
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themselves invisible
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- ways to break the system (extra money)
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+ future improvements
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- multimedia objects, customizable objects, local turfs,
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mulitple interfaces
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- "Global Cyberspace Infrastructure" (Fujitsu, FINE)
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+ more bandwidth means more things can be done
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- B-ISDN will allow video on demand, VR, etc.
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- protocol specs, Joule (secure concurrent operating
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system)
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- intereaction spaces, topological (not spatial)
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+ Xerox, Pavel Curtis
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+ LambdaMOO
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- 1200 different users per day, 200 at a time, 5000 total
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users
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- "social virtual realities"--virtual communities
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- how emergent properties emerge
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- pseudo-spatial
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- rooms, audio, video, multiple screens
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- policing, wizards, mediation
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- effective telecommuting
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- need the richness of real world markets...people can sell
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to others
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+ Is there a set of rules or basic ideas which can form the
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basis of a powerfully replicable system?
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- this would allow franchises to be disctrubed around the
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world
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- networks of servers? distinction between server and
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client fades...
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- money, commercialization?
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- Joule language
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3.4.16. "Is personal privacy the main interest of Cypherpunks?"
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- Ensuring the _right_ and the _technological feasibility_ is
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more of the focus. This often comes up in two contexts:
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- 1. Charges of hypocrisy because people either use
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pseudonyms or, paradoxically, that they _don't_ use
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pseudonyms, digital signatures
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3.4.17. "Shouldn't crypto be regulated?"
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- Many people make comparisons to the regulation of
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automobiles, of the radio spectrum, and even of guns. The
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comparison of crypto to guns is especially easy to make,
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and especially dangerous.
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-
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+ A better comparison is "use of crypto = right to speak as
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you wish."
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- That is, we cannot demand that people speak in a language
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or form that is easily understandable by eavesdroppers,
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wiretappers, and spies.
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+ If I choose to speak to my friends in Latvian, or in
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Elihiuish, or in
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- triple DES, that's my business. (Times of true war, as
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in World War
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- II, may be slightly different. As a libertarian, I'm
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not advocating
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- that, but I understand the idea that in times of war
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speaking in code
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+ is suspect. We are not in a time of war, and haven't
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been.)
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-
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- Should we have "speech permits"? After all, isn't the
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regulation of
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+ speech consistent with the regulation of automobiles?
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-
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- I did a satirical essay along these lines a while back.
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I won't
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- included it here, though. (My speech permit for satire
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expired and I
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+ haven't had time to get it renewed.)
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-
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- In closing, the whole comparison of cryptography to
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armaments is
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- misleading. Speaking or writing in forms not readily
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understandable to
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- your enemies, your neighbors, your spouse, the cops, or
|
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your local
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- eavesdropper is as old as humanity.
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3.4.18. Emphasize the "voluntary" nature of crypto
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+ those that don't want privacy, can choose not to use crypto
|
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- just as they can take the locks of their doors, install
|
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wiretaps on their phones, remove their curtains so as not
|
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to interfere with peeping toms and police surveillance
|
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teams, etc.
|
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- as PRZ puts it, they can write all their letters on
|
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postcards, because they have "nothing to hide"
|
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- what we want to make sure doesn't happen is _others_
|
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insisting that we cannot use crypto to maintain our own
|
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privacy
|
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+ "But what if criminals have access to crypto and can keep
|
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secrets?"
|
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- this comes up over and over again
|
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- does this mean locks should not exist, or.....?
|
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3.4.19. "Are most Cypherpunks anarchists?"
|
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- Many are, but probably not most. The term "anarchy" is
|
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often misunderstood.
|
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- As Perry Metzger puts it "Now, it happpens that I am an
|
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anarchist, but that isn't what most people associated with
|
||||
the term "cypherpunk" believe in, and it isn't fair to
|
||||
paint them that way -- hell, many people on this mailing
|
||||
list are overtly hostile to anarchism." [P.M., 1994-07-01]
|
||||
- comments of Sherry Mayo, others
|
||||
- But the libertarian streak is undeniably strong. And
|
||||
libertarians who think about the failure of politics and
|
||||
the implications of cryptgraphy generally come to the
|
||||
anarcho-capitalist or crypto-anarchist point of view.
|
||||
- In any case, the "other side" has not been very vocal in
|
||||
espousing a consistent ideology that combines strong crypto
|
||||
and things like welfare, entitlements, and high tax rates.
|
||||
(I am not condemning them. Most of my leftist friends turn
|
||||
out to believe in roughly the same things I believe
|
||||
in...they just attach different labels and have negative
|
||||
reactions to words like "capitalist.")
|
||||
3.4.20. "Why is there so much ranting on the list?"
|
||||
- Arguments go on and on, points get made dozens of times,
|
||||
flaming escalates. This has gotten to be more of a problem
|
||||
in recent months. (Not counting the spikes when Detweiler
|
||||
was around.)
|
||||
+ Several reasons:
|
||||
+ the arguments are often matters of opinion, not fact, and
|
||||
hence people just keep repeating their arguments
|
||||
- made worse by the fact that many people are too lazy to
|
||||
do off-line reading, to learn about what they are
|
||||
expressing an opinion on
|
||||
- since nothing ever gets resolved, decided, vote upon,
|
||||
etc., the debates continue
|
||||
- since anyone is free to speak up at any time, some people
|
||||
will keep making the same points over and over again,
|
||||
hoping to win through repetition (I guess)
|
||||
+ since people usually don't personally know the other
|
||||
members of the list, this promotes ranting (I've noticed
|
||||
that the people who know each other, such as the Bay Area
|
||||
folks, tend not to be as rude to each other...any
|
||||
sociologist or psychologist would know why this is so
|
||||
immediately).
|
||||
+ the worst ranters tend to be the people who are most
|
||||
isolated from the other members of the list community;
|
||||
this is generally a well-known phenomenon of the Net
|
||||
- and is yet more reason for regional Cypherpunks
|
||||
groups to occasionally meet, to at least make some
|
||||
social and conversational connections with folks in
|
||||
their region.
|
||||
- on the other hand, rudeness is often warranted; people
|
||||
who assault me and otherwise plan to deprive me of my
|
||||
property of deserving of death, not just insults [Don't
|
||||
be worried, there are only a handful of people on this
|
||||
list I would be happy to see dead, and on none of them
|
||||
would I expend the $5000 it might take to buy a contract.
|
||||
Of course, rates could drop.]
|
||||
3.4.21. The "rejectionist" stance so many Cypherpunks have
|
||||
- that compromise rarely helps when very basic issues are
|
||||
involved
|
||||
- the experience with the NRA trying compromise, only to find
|
||||
ever-more-repressive laws passed
|
||||
- the debacle with the EFF and their "EFF Digital Telephony
|
||||
Bill" ("We couldn't have put this bill together without
|
||||
your help") shows the corruption of power; I'm ashamed to
|
||||
have ever been a member of the EFF, and will of course not
|
||||
be renewing my membership.
|
||||
- I have jokingly suggested we need a "Popular Front for the
|
||||
Liberation of Crypto," by analogy with the PFLP.
|
||||
3.4.22. "Is the Cypherpunks group an illegal or seditious
|
||||
organization?"
|
||||
- Well, there are those "Cypherpunk Criminal" t-shirts a lot
|
||||
of us have...
|
||||
- Depends on what country you're in.
|
||||
- Probably in a couple of dozen countries, membership would
|
||||
be frowned on
|
||||
- the material may be illegal in other countries
|
||||
- and many of us advocate things like using strong crypto to
|
||||
avoid and evade tzxes, to bypass laws we dislike, etc.
|
||||
|
||||
3.5. Self-organizing Nature of Cypherpunks
|
||||
3.5.1. Contrary to what people sometimes claim, there is no ruling
|
||||
clique of Cypherpunks. Anybody is free to do nearly anything,
|
||||
just not free to commit others to course of action, or
|
||||
control the machine resources the list now runs on, or claim
|
||||
to speak for the "Cypherpunks" as a group (and this last
|
||||
point is unenforceable except through reptutation and social
|
||||
repercussions).
|
||||
3.5.2. Another reason to be glad there is no formal Cypherpunks
|
||||
structure, ruling body, etc., is that there is then no direct
|
||||
target for lawsuits, ITAR vioalation charges, defamation or
|
||||
copyright infringement claims, etc.
|
||||
|
||||
3.6. Mechanics of the List
|
||||
3.6.1. Archives of the Cyperpunks List
|
||||
- Karl Barrus has a selection of posts at the site
|
||||
chaos.bsu.edu, available via
|
||||
gopher. Look in the "Cypherpunks gopher site" directory.
|
||||
3.6.2. "Why isn't the list sent out in encrypted form?"
|
||||
- Too much hassle, no additional security, would only make
|
||||
people jump through extra hoops (which might be useful, but
|
||||
probably not worth the extra hassle and ill feelings).
|
||||
- "We did this about 8 years ago at E&S using DEC VMS NOTES.
|
||||
We used a plain vanilla secret key algorithm and a key
|
||||
shared by all legitimate members of the group. We could do
|
||||
it today -- but why bother? If you have a key that
|
||||
widespread, it's effectively certain that a "wrong person"
|
||||
(however you define him/her) will have a copy of the key."
|
||||
[Carl Ellison, Encrypted BBS?, 1993-08-02]
|
||||
3.6.3. "Why isn't the list moderated?"
|
||||
- This usually comes up during severe flaming episodes,
|
||||
notably when Detweiler is on the list in one of his various
|
||||
personnas. Recently, it has not come up, as things have
|
||||
been relatively quiet.
|
||||
+ Moderation will *not* happen
|
||||
- nobody has the time it takes
|
||||
- nobody wants the onus
|
||||
+ hardly consistent with many of our anarchist leanings, is
|
||||
it?
|
||||
- (Technically, moderation can be viewed as "my house, my
|
||||
rules, and hence OK, but I think you get my point.)
|
||||
- "No, please let's not become a 'moderated' newsgroup. This
|
||||
would be the end of freedom! This is similar to giving the
|
||||
police more powers because crime is up. While it is a
|
||||
tactic to fight off the invaders, a better tactic is
|
||||
knowledge." [RWGreene@vnet.net, alt.gathering.rainbow, 1994-
|
||||
07-06]"
|
||||
3.6.4. "Why isn't the list split into smaller lists?"
|
||||
- What do you call the list outages?
|
||||
+ Seriously, several proposals to split the list into pieces
|
||||
have resulted in not much
|
||||
- a hardware group...never seen again, that I know of
|
||||
- a "moderated cryptography" group, ditto
|
||||
- a DC-Net group...ditto
|
||||
- several regional groups and meeting planning groups,
|
||||
which are apparently moribund
|
||||
- a "Dig Lib" group...ditto
|
||||
- use Rishab's comment:
|
||||
+ Reasons are clear: one large group is more successful in
|
||||
traffic than smaller, low-volume groups...out of sight,
|
||||
out of mind
|
||||
- and topics change anyway, so the need for a
|
||||
"steganography" mailing list (argued vehemently for by
|
||||
one person, not Romana M., by the way) fades away when
|
||||
the debate shifts. And so on.
|
||||
3.6.5. Critical Addresses, Numbers, etc.
|
||||
+ Cypherpunks archives sites
|
||||
- soda
|
||||
- mirror sites
|
||||
- ftp sites
|
||||
- PGP locations
|
||||
- Infobot at Wired
|
||||
- majordomo@toad.com; "help" as message body
|
||||
3.6.6. "How did the Cypherpunk remailers appear so quickly?"
|
||||
- remailers were the first big win...a weekend of Perl
|
||||
hacking
|
||||
|
||||
3.7. Publicity
|
||||
3.7.1. "What kind of press coverage have the Cypherpunks gotten?"
|
||||
- " I concur with those who suggest that the solution to the
|
||||
ignorance manifested in many of the articles concerning the
|
||||
Net is education. The coverage of the Cypherpunks of late
|
||||
(at least in the Times) shows me that reasonable accuracy
|
||||
is possible." [Chris Walsh, news.admin.policy, 1994-07-04]
|
||||
|
||||
3.8. Loose Ends
|
||||
3.8.1. On extending the scope of Cypherpunks to other countres
|
||||
- a kind of crypto underground, to spread crypto tools, to
|
||||
help sow discord, to undermine corrupt governments (to my
|
||||
mind, all governments now on the planet are intrinsically
|
||||
corrupt and need to be undermined)
|
||||
- links to the criminal underworlds of these countries is one
|
||||
gutsy thing to consider....fraught with dangers, but
|
||||
ultimately destabilizing of governments
|
||||
|
||||
4. Goals and Ideology -- Privacy, Freedom, New Approaches
|
||||
|
||||
4.1. copyright
|
||||
THE CYPHERNOMICON: Cypherpunks FAQ and More, Version 0.666,
|
||||
1994-09-10, Copyright Timothy C. May. All rights reserved.
|
||||
See the detailed disclaimer. Use short sections under "fair
|
||||
use" provisions, with appropriate credit, but don't put your
|
||||
name on my words.
|
||||
Loading…
Reference in New Issue