# Scaling synapse via workers For small instances it is recommended to run Synapse in the default monolith mode. For larger instances where performance is a concern it can be helpful to split out functionality into multiple separate python processes. These processes are called 'workers', and are (eventually) intended to scale horizontally independently. Synapse's worker support is under active development and subject to change as we attempt to rapidly scale ever larger Synapse instances. However we are documenting it here to help admins needing a highly scalable Synapse instance similar to the one running `matrix.org`. All processes continue to share the same database instance, and as such, workers only work with PostgreSQL-based Synapse deployments. SQLite should only be used for demo purposes and any admin considering workers should already be running PostgreSQL. See also [Matrix.org blog post](https://matrix.org/blog/2020/11/03/how-we-fixed-synapses-scalability) for a higher level overview. ## Main process/worker communication The processes communicate with each other via a Synapse-specific protocol called 'replication' (analogous to MySQL- or Postgres-style database replication) which feeds streams of newly written data between processes so they can be kept in sync with the database state. When configured to do so, Synapse uses a [Redis pub/sub channel](https://redis.io/docs/manual/pubsub/) to send the replication stream between all configured Synapse processes. Additionally, processes may make HTTP requests to each other, primarily for operations which need to wait for a reply ─ such as sending an event. All the workers and the main process connect to Redis, which relays replication commands between processes. If Redis support is enabled Synapse will use it as a shared cache, as well as a pub/sub mechanism. See the [Architectural diagram](#architectural-diagram) section at the end for a visualisation of what this looks like. ## Setting up workers A Redis server is required to manage the communication between the processes. The Redis server should be installed following the normal procedure for your distribution (e.g. `apt install redis-server` on Debian). It is safe to use an existing Redis deployment if you have one. Once installed, check that Redis is running and accessible from the host running Synapse, for example by executing `echo PING | nc -q1 localhost 6379` and seeing a response of `+PONG`. The appropriate dependencies must also be installed for Synapse. If using a virtualenv, these can be installed with: ```sh pip install "matrix-synapse[redis]" ``` Note that these dependencies are included when synapse is installed with `pip install matrix-synapse[all]`. They are also included in the debian packages from `matrix.org` and in the docker images at https://hub.docker.com/r/matrixdotorg/synapse/. To make effective use of the workers, you will need to configure an HTTP reverse-proxy such as nginx or haproxy, which will direct incoming requests to the correct worker, or to the main synapse instance. See [the reverse proxy documentation](reverse_proxy.md) for information on setting up a reverse proxy. When using workers, each worker process has its own configuration file which contains settings specific to that worker, such as the HTTP listener that it provides (if any), logging configuration, etc. Normally, the worker processes are configured to read from a shared configuration file as well as the worker-specific configuration files. This makes it easier to keep common configuration settings synchronised across all the processes. The main process is somewhat special in this respect: it does not normally need its own configuration file and can take all of its configuration from the shared configuration file. ### Shared configuration Normally, only a couple of changes are needed to make an existing configuration file suitable for use with workers. First, you need to enable an ["HTTP replication listener"](usage/configuration/config_documentation.md#listeners) for the main process; and secondly, you need to enable [redis-based replication](usage/configuration/config_documentation.md#redis). Optionally, a [shared secret](usage/configuration/config_documentation.md#worker_replication_secret) can be used to authenticate HTTP traffic between workers. For example: ```yaml # extend the existing `listeners` section. This defines the ports that the # main process will listen on. listeners: # The HTTP replication port - port: 9093 bind_address: '127.0.0.1' type: http resources: - names: [replication] # Add a random shared secret to authenticate traffic. worker_replication_secret: "" redis: enabled: true ``` See the [configuration manual](usage/configuration/config_documentation.md) for the full documentation of each option. Under **no circumstances** should the replication listener be exposed to the public internet; replication traffic is: * always unencrypted * unauthenticated, unless [`worker_replication_secret`](usage/configuration/config_documentation.md#worker_replication_secret) is configured ### Worker configuration In the config file for each worker, you must specify: * The type of worker ([`worker_app`](usage/configuration/config_documentation.md#worker_app)). The currently available worker applications are listed [below](#available-worker-applications). * A unique name for the worker ([`worker_name`](usage/configuration/config_documentation.md#worker_name)). * The HTTP replication endpoint that it should talk to on the main synapse process ([`worker_replication_host`](usage/configuration/config_documentation.md#worker_replication_host) and [`worker_replication_http_port`](usage/configuration/config_documentation.md#worker_replication_http_port)). * If handling HTTP requests, a [`worker_listeners`](usage/configuration/config_documentation.md#worker_listeners) option with an `http` listener. * **Synapse 1.72 and older:** if handling the `^/_matrix/client/v3/keys/upload` endpoint, the HTTP URI for the main process (`worker_main_http_uri`). This config option is no longer required and is ignored when running Synapse 1.73 and newer. For example: ```yaml {{#include systemd-with-workers/workers/generic_worker.yaml}} ``` ...is a full configuration for a generic worker instance, which will expose a plain HTTP endpoint on port 8083 separately serving various endpoints, e.g. `/sync`, which are listed below. Obviously you should configure your reverse-proxy to route the relevant endpoints to the worker (`localhost:8083` in the above example). ### Running Synapse with workers Finally, you need to start your worker processes. This can be done with either `synctl` or your distribution's preferred service manager such as `systemd`. We recommend the use of `systemd` where available: for information on setting up `systemd` to start synapse workers, see [Systemd with Workers](systemd-with-workers/). To use `synctl`, see [Using synctl with Workers](synctl_workers.md). ## Start Synapse with Poetry The following applies to Synapse installations that have been installed from source using `poetry`. You can start the main Synapse process with Poetry by running the following command: ```console poetry run synapse_homeserver -c [your homeserver.yaml] ``` For worker setups, you can run the following command ```console poetry run synapse_worker -c [your worker.yaml] ``` ## Available worker applications ### `synapse.app.generic_worker` This worker can handle API requests matching the following regular expressions. These endpoints can be routed to any worker. If a worker is set up to handle a stream then, for maximum efficiency, additional endpoints should be routed to that worker: refer to the [stream writers](#stream-writers) section below for further information. # Sync requests ^/_matrix/client/(r0|v3)/sync$ ^/_matrix/client/(api/v1|r0|v3)/events$ ^/_matrix/client/(api/v1|r0|v3)/initialSync$ ^/_matrix/client/(api/v1|r0|v3)/rooms/[^/]+/initialSync$ # Federation requests ^/_matrix/federation/v1/event/ ^/_matrix/federation/v1/state/ ^/_matrix/federation/v1/state_ids/ ^/_matrix/federation/v1/backfill/ ^/_matrix/federation/v1/get_missing_events/ ^/_matrix/federation/v1/publicRooms ^/_matrix/federation/v1/query/ ^/_matrix/federation/v1/make_join/ ^/_matrix/federation/v1/make_leave/ ^/_matrix/federation/(v1|v2)/send_join/ ^/_matrix/federation/(v1|v2)/send_leave/ ^/_matrix/federation/(v1|v2)/invite/ ^/_matrix/federation/v1/event_auth/ ^/_matrix/federation/v1/timestamp_to_event/ ^/_matrix/federation/v1/exchange_third_party_invite/ ^/_matrix/federation/v1/user/devices/ ^/_matrix/key/v2/query ^/_matrix/federation/v1/hierarchy/ # Inbound federation transaction request ^/_matrix/federation/v1/send/ # Client API requests ^/_matrix/client/(api/v1|r0|v3|unstable)/createRoom$ ^/_matrix/client/(api/v1|r0|v3|unstable)/publicRooms$ ^/_matrix/client/(api/v1|r0|v3|unstable)/rooms/.*/joined_members$ ^/_matrix/client/(api/v1|r0|v3|unstable)/rooms/.*/context/.*$ ^/_matrix/client/(api/v1|r0|v3|unstable)/rooms/.*/members$ ^/_matrix/client/(api/v1|r0|v3|unstable)/rooms/.*/state$ ^/_matrix/client/v1/rooms/.*/hierarchy$ ^/_matrix/client/(v1|unstable)/rooms/.*/relations/ ^/_matrix/client/v1/rooms/.*/threads$ ^/_matrix/client/unstable/org.matrix.msc2716/rooms/.*/batch_send$ ^/_matrix/client/unstable/im.nheko.summary/rooms/.*/summary$ ^/_matrix/client/(r0|v3|unstable)/account/3pid$ ^/_matrix/client/(r0|v3|unstable)/account/whoami$ ^/_matrix/client/(r0|v3|unstable)/devices$ ^/_matrix/client/versions$ ^/_matrix/client/(api/v1|r0|v3|unstable)/voip/turnServer$ ^/_matrix/client/(api/v1|r0|v3|unstable)/rooms/.*/event/ ^/_matrix/client/(api/v1|r0|v3|unstable)/joined_rooms$ ^/_matrix/client/v1/rooms/.*/timestamp_to_event$ ^/_matrix/client/(api/v1|r0|v3|unstable/.*)/rooms/.*/aliases ^/_matrix/client/(api/v1|r0|v3|unstable)/search$ ^/_matrix/client/(r0|v3|unstable)/user/.*/filter(/|$) # Encryption requests ^/_matrix/client/(r0|v3|unstable)/keys/query$ ^/_matrix/client/(r0|v3|unstable)/keys/changes$ ^/_matrix/client/(r0|v3|unstable)/keys/claim$ ^/_matrix/client/(r0|v3|unstable)/room_keys/ ^/_matrix/client/(r0|v3|unstable)/keys/upload/ # Registration/login requests ^/_matrix/client/(api/v1|r0|v3|unstable)/login$ ^/_matrix/client/(r0|v3|unstable)/register$ ^/_matrix/client/(r0|v3|unstable)/register/available$ ^/_matrix/client/v1/register/m.login.registration_token/validity$ ^/_matrix/client/(r0|v3|unstable)/password_policy$ # Event sending requests ^/_matrix/client/(api/v1|r0|v3|unstable)/rooms/.*/redact ^/_matrix/client/(api/v1|r0|v3|unstable)/rooms/.*/send ^/_matrix/client/(api/v1|r0|v3|unstable)/rooms/.*/state/ ^/_matrix/client/(api/v1|r0|v3|unstable)/rooms/.*/(join|invite|leave|ban|unban|kick)$ ^/_matrix/client/(api/v1|r0|v3|unstable)/join/ ^/_matrix/client/(api/v1|r0|v3|unstable)/knock/ ^/_matrix/client/(api/v1|r0|v3|unstable)/profile/ # Account data requests ^/_matrix/client/(r0|v3|unstable)/.*/tags ^/_matrix/client/(r0|v3|unstable)/.*/account_data # Receipts requests ^/_matrix/client/(r0|v3|unstable)/rooms/.*/receipt ^/_matrix/client/(r0|v3|unstable)/rooms/.*/read_markers # Presence requests ^/_matrix/client/(api/v1|r0|v3|unstable)/presence/ # User directory search requests ^/_matrix/client/(r0|v3|unstable)/user_directory/search$ Additionally, the following REST endpoints can be handled for GET requests: ^/_matrix/client/(api/v1|r0|v3|unstable)/pushrules/ Pagination requests can also be handled, but all requests for a given room must be routed to the same instance. Additionally, care must be taken to ensure that the purge history admin API is not used while pagination requests for the room are in flight: ^/_matrix/client/(api/v1|r0|v3|unstable)/rooms/.*/messages$ Additionally, the following endpoints should be included if Synapse is configured to use SSO (you only need to include the ones for whichever SSO provider you're using): # for all SSO providers ^/_matrix/client/(api/v1|r0|v3|unstable)/login/sso/redirect ^/_synapse/client/pick_idp$ ^/_synapse/client/pick_username ^/_synapse/client/new_user_consent$ ^/_synapse/client/sso_register$ # OpenID Connect requests. ^/_synapse/client/oidc/callback$ # SAML requests. ^/_synapse/client/saml2/authn_response$ # CAS requests. ^/_matrix/client/(api/v1|r0|v3|unstable)/login/cas/ticket$ Ensure that all SSO logins go to a single process. For multiple workers not handling the SSO endpoints properly, see [#7530](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/7530) and [#9427](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/9427). Note that a [HTTP listener](usage/configuration/config_documentation.md#listeners) with `client` and `federation` `resources` must be configured in the [`worker_listeners`](usage/configuration/config_documentation.md#worker_listeners) option in the worker config. #### Load balancing It is possible to run multiple instances of this worker app, with incoming requests being load-balanced between them by the reverse-proxy. However, different endpoints have different characteristics and so admins may wish to run multiple groups of workers handling different endpoints so that load balancing can be done in different ways. For `/sync` and `/initialSync` requests it will be more efficient if all requests from a particular user are routed to a single instance. This can be done e.g. in nginx via IP `hash $http_x_forwarded_for;` or via `hash $http_authorization consistent;` which contains the users access token. Admins may additionally wish to separate out `/sync` requests that have a `since` query parameter from those that don't (and `/initialSync`), as requests that don't are known as "initial sync" that happens when a user logs in on a new device and can be *very* resource intensive, so isolating these requests will stop them from interfering with other users ongoing syncs. Federation and client requests can be balanced via simple round robin. The inbound federation transaction request `^/_matrix/federation/v1/send/` should be balanced by source IP so that transactions from the same remote server go to the same process. Registration/login requests can be handled separately purely to help ensure that unexpected load doesn't affect new logins and sign ups. Finally, event sending requests can be balanced by the room ID in the URI (or the full URI, or even just round robin), the room ID is the path component after `/rooms/`. If there is a large bridge connected that is sending or may send lots of events, then a dedicated set of workers can be provisioned to limit the effects of bursts of events from that bridge on events sent by normal users. #### Stream writers Additionally, the writing of specific streams (such as events) can be moved off of the main process to a particular worker. To enable this, the worker must have a [HTTP `replication` listener](usage/configuration/config_documentation.md#listeners) configured, have a [`worker_name`](usage/configuration/config_documentation.md#worker_name) and be listed in the [`instance_map`](usage/configuration/config_documentation.md#instance_map) config. The same worker can handle multiple streams, but unless otherwise documented, each stream can only have a single writer. For example, to move event persistence off to a dedicated worker, the shared configuration would include: ```yaml instance_map: event_persister1: host: localhost port: 8034 stream_writers: events: event_persister1 ``` An example for a stream writer instance: ```yaml {{#include systemd-with-workers/workers/event_persister.yaml}} ``` Some of the streams have associated endpoints which, for maximum efficiency, should be routed to the workers handling that stream. See below for the currently supported streams and the endpoints associated with them: ##### The `events` stream The `events` stream experimentally supports having multiple writer workers, where load is sharded between them by room ID. Each writer is called an _event persister_. They are responsible for - receiving new events, - linking them to those already in the room [DAG](development/room-dag-concepts.md), - persisting them to the DB, and finally - updating the events stream. Because load is sharded in this way, you *must* restart all worker instances when adding or removing event persisters. An `event_persister` should not be mistaken for an `event_creator`. An `event_creator` listens for requests from clients to create new events and does so. It will then pass those events over HTTP replication to any configured event persisters (or the main process if none are configured). Note that `event_creator`s and `event_persister`s are implemented using the same [`synapse.app.generic_worker`](#synapseappgeneric_worker). An example [`stream_writers`](usage/configuration/config_documentation.md#stream_writers) configuration with multiple writers: ```yaml stream_writers: events: - event_persister1 - event_persister2 ``` ##### The `typing` stream The following endpoints should be routed directly to the worker configured as the stream writer for the `typing` stream: ^/_matrix/client/(api/v1|r0|v3|unstable)/rooms/.*/typing ##### The `to_device` stream The following endpoints should be routed directly to the worker configured as the stream writer for the `to_device` stream: ^/_matrix/client/(r0|v3|unstable)/sendToDevice/ ##### The `account_data` stream The following endpoints should be routed directly to the worker configured as the stream writer for the `account_data` stream: ^/_matrix/client/(r0|v3|unstable)/.*/tags ^/_matrix/client/(r0|v3|unstable)/.*/account_data ##### The `receipts` stream The following endpoints should be routed directly to the worker configured as the stream writer for the `receipts` stream: ^/_matrix/client/(r0|v3|unstable)/rooms/.*/receipt ^/_matrix/client/(r0|v3|unstable)/rooms/.*/read_markers ##### The `presence` stream The following endpoints should be routed directly to the worker configured as the stream writer for the `presence` stream: ^/_matrix/client/(api/v1|r0|v3|unstable)/presence/ #### Background tasks There is also support for moving background tasks to a separate worker. Background tasks are run periodically or started via replication. Exactly which tasks are configured to run depends on your Synapse configuration (e.g. if stats is enabled). This worker doesn't handle any REST endpoints itself. To enable this, the worker must have a unique [`worker_name`](usage/configuration/config_documentation.md#worker_name) and can be configured to run background tasks. For example, to move background tasks to a dedicated worker, the shared configuration would include: ```yaml run_background_tasks_on: background_worker ``` You might also wish to investigate the [`update_user_directory_from_worker`](#updating-the-user-directory) and [`media_instance_running_background_jobs`](#synapseappmedia_repository) settings. An example for a dedicated background worker instance: ```yaml {{#include systemd-with-workers/workers/background_worker.yaml}} ``` #### Updating the User Directory You can designate one generic worker to update the user directory. Specify its name in the [shared configuration](usage/configuration/config_documentation.md#update_user_directory_from_worker) as follows: ```yaml update_user_directory_from_worker: worker_name ``` This work cannot be load-balanced; please ensure the main process is restarted after setting this option in the shared configuration! User directory updates allow REST endpoints matching the following regular expressions to work: ^/_matrix/client/(r0|v3|unstable)/user_directory/search$ The above endpoints can be routed to any worker, though you may choose to route it to the chosen user directory worker. This style of configuration supersedes the legacy `synapse.app.user_dir` worker application type. #### Notifying Application Services You can designate one generic worker to send output traffic to Application Services. Doesn't handle any REST endpoints itself, but you should specify its name in the [shared configuration](usage/configuration/config_documentation.md#notify_appservices_from_worker) as follows: ```yaml notify_appservices_from_worker: worker_name ``` This work cannot be load-balanced; please ensure the main process is restarted after setting this option in the shared configuration! This style of configuration supersedes the legacy `synapse.app.appservice` worker application type. #### Push Notifications You can designate generic worker to sending push notifications to a [push gateway](https://spec.matrix.org/v1.5/push-gateway-api/) such as [sygnal](https://github.com/matrix-org/sygnal) and email. This will stop the main process sending push notifications. The workers responsible for sending push notifications can be defined using the [`pusher_instances`](usage/configuration/config_documentation.md#pusher_instances) option. For example: ```yaml pusher_instances: - pusher_worker1 - pusher_worker2 ``` Multiple workers can be added to this map, in which case the work is balanced across them. Ensure the main process and all pusher workers are restarted after changing this option. These workers don't need to accept incoming HTTP requests to send push notifications, so no additional reverse proxy configuration is required for pusher workers. This style of configuration supersedes the legacy `synapse.app.pusher` worker application type. ### `synapse.app.pusher` It is likely this option will be deprecated in the future and is not recommended for new installations. Instead, [use `synapse.app.generic_worker` with the `pusher_instances`](#push-notifications). Handles sending push notifications to sygnal and email. Doesn't handle any REST endpoints itself, but you should set [`start_pushers: false`](usage/configuration/config_documentation.md#start_pushers) in the shared configuration file to stop the main synapse sending push notifications. To run multiple instances at once the [`pusher_instances`](usage/configuration/config_documentation.md#pusher_instances) option should list all pusher instances by their [`worker_name`](usage/configuration/config_documentation.md#worker_name), e.g.: ```yaml start_pushers: false pusher_instances: - pusher_worker1 - pusher_worker2 ``` An example for a pusher instance: ```yaml {{#include systemd-with-workers/workers/pusher_worker.yaml}} ``` ### `synapse.app.appservice` **Deprecated as of Synapse v1.59.** [Use `synapse.app.generic_worker` with the `notify_appservices_from_worker` option instead.](#notifying-application-services) Handles sending output traffic to Application Services. Doesn't handle any REST endpoints itself, but you should set `notify_appservices: False` in the shared configuration file to stop the main synapse sending appservice notifications. Note this worker cannot be load-balanced: only one instance should be active. ### `synapse.app.federation_sender` It is likely this option will be deprecated in the future and not recommended for new installations. Instead, [use `synapse.app.generic_worker` with the `federation_sender_instances`](usage/configuration/config_documentation.md#federation_sender_instances). Handles sending federation traffic to other servers. Doesn't handle any REST endpoints itself, but you should set [`send_federation: false`](usage/configuration/config_documentation.md#send_federation) in the shared configuration file to stop the main synapse sending this traffic. If running multiple federation senders then you must list each instance in the [`federation_sender_instances`](usage/configuration/config_documentation.md#federation_sender_instances) option by their [`worker_name`](usage/configuration/config_documentation.md#worker_name). All instances must be stopped and started when adding or removing instances. For example: ```yaml send_federation: false federation_sender_instances: - federation_sender1 - federation_sender2 ``` An example for a federation sender instance: ```yaml {{#include systemd-with-workers/workers/federation_sender.yaml}} ``` ### `synapse.app.media_repository` Handles the media repository. It can handle all endpoints starting with: /_matrix/media/ ... and the following regular expressions matching media-specific administration APIs: ^/_synapse/admin/v1/purge_media_cache$ ^/_synapse/admin/v1/room/.*/media.*$ ^/_synapse/admin/v1/user/.*/media.*$ ^/_synapse/admin/v1/media/.*$ ^/_synapse/admin/v1/quarantine_media/.*$ ^/_synapse/admin/v1/users/.*/media$ You should also set [`enable_media_repo: False`](usage/configuration/config_documentation.md#enable_media_repo) in the shared configuration file to stop the main synapse running background jobs related to managing the media repository. Note that doing so will prevent the main process from being able to handle the above endpoints. In the `media_repository` worker configuration file, configure the [HTTP listener](usage/configuration/config_documentation.md#listeners) to expose the `media` resource. For example: ```yaml {{#include systemd-with-workers/workers/media_worker.yaml}} ``` Note that if running multiple media repositories they must be on the same server and you must specify a single instance to run the background tasks in the [shared configuration](usage/configuration/config_documentation.md#media_instance_running_background_jobs), e.g.: ```yaml media_instance_running_background_jobs: "media-repository-1" ``` Note that if a reverse proxy is used , then `/_matrix/media/` must be routed for both inbound client and federation requests (if they are handled separately). ### `synapse.app.user_dir` **Deprecated as of Synapse v1.59.** [Use `synapse.app.generic_worker` with the `update_user_directory_from_worker` option instead.](#updating-the-user-directory) Handles searches in the user directory. It can handle REST endpoints matching the following regular expressions: ^/_matrix/client/(r0|v3|unstable)/user_directory/search$ When using this worker you must also set `update_user_directory: false` in the shared configuration file to stop the main synapse running background jobs related to updating the user directory. Above endpoint is not *required* to be routed to this worker. By default, `update_user_directory` is set to `true`, which means the main process will handle updates. All workers configured with `client` can handle the above endpoint as long as either this worker or the main process are configured to handle it, and are online. If `update_user_directory` is set to `false`, and this worker is not running, the above endpoint may give outdated results. ### Historical apps The following used to be separate worker application types, but are now equivalent to `synapse.app.generic_worker`: * `synapse.app.client_reader` * `synapse.app.event_creator` * `synapse.app.federation_reader` * `synapse.app.federation_sender` * `synapse.app.frontend_proxy` * `synapse.app.pusher` * `synapse.app.synchrotron` ## Migration from old config A main change that has occurred is the merging of worker apps into `synapse.app.generic_worker`. This change is backwards compatible and so no changes to the config are required. To migrate apps to use `synapse.app.generic_worker` simply update the `worker_app` option in the worker configs, and where worker are started (e.g. in systemd service files, but not required for synctl). ## Architectural diagram The following shows an example setup using Redis and a reverse proxy: ``` Clients & Federation | v +-----------+ | | | Reverse | | Proxy | | | +-----------+ | | | | | | HTTP requests +-------------------+ | +-----------+ | +---+ | | | | v v v +--------------+ +--------------+ +--------------+ +--------------+ | Main | | Generic | | Generic | | Event | | Process | | Worker 1 | | Worker 2 | | Persister | +--------------+ +--------------+ +--------------+ +--------------+ ^ ^ | ^ | | ^ | | ^ ^ | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | HTTP | | | | | | | +----------+<--|---|---------+<--|---|---------+ | | | | +-------------|-->+-------------+ | | | | | | | | | v v v v ====================================================================== Redis pub/sub channel ```