The `http_proxy` and `HTTPS_PROXY` env vars can be set to a `host[:port]` value which should point to a proxy.
The address of the proxy should be excluded from IP blacklists such as the `url_preview_ip_range_blacklist`.
The proxy will then be used for
* push
* url previews
* phone-home stats
* recaptcha validation
* CAS auth validation
It will *not* be used for:
* Application Services
* Identity servers
* Outbound federation
* In worker configurations, connections from workers to masters
Fixes#4198.
Pull the checkers out to their own classes, rather than having them lost in a
massive 1000-line class which does everything.
This is also preparation for some more intelligent advertising of flows, as per #6100
