This requires a new config option to specify which media repo should be
responsible for running background jobs to e.g. clear out expired URL
preview caches.
The aim here is to make it easier to reason about when streams are limited and when they're not, by moving the logic into the database functions themselves. This should mean we can kill of `db_query_to_update_function` function.
This ended up being a bit more invasive than I'd hoped for (not helped by
generic_worker duplicating some of the code from homeserver), but hopefully
it's an improvement.
The idea is that, rather than storing unstructured `dict`s in the config for
the listener configurations, we instead parse it into a structured
`ListenerConfig` object.
Fixes https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/7683
Broke in: #7649
We had a `yield` acting on a coroutine. To be fair this one is a bit difficult to notice as there's a function in the middle that just passes the coroutine along.
The spec [states](https://matrix.org/docs/spec/client_server/r0.6.1#phone-number) that `m.id.phone` requires the field `country` and `phone`.
In Synapse, we've been enforcing `country` and `number`.
I am not currently sure whether this affects any client implementations.
This issue was introduced in #1994.
Fixes https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/2431
Adds config option `encryption_enabled_by_default_for_room_type`, which determines whether encryption should be enabled with the default encryption algorithm in private or public rooms upon creation. Whether the room is private or public is decided based upon the room creation preset that is used.
Part of this PR is also pulling out all of the individual instances of `m.megolm.v1.aes-sha2` into a constant variable to eliminate typos ala https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/pull/7637
Based on #7637
* Ensure account data stream IDs are unique.
The account data stream is shared between three tables, and the maximum
allocated ID was tracked in a dedicated table. Updating the max ID
happened outside the transaction that allocated the ID, leading to a
race where if the server was restarted then the same ID could be
allocated but the max ID failed to be updated, leading it to be reused.
The ID generators have support for tracking across multiple tables, so
we may as well use that instead of a dedicated table.
* Fix bug in account data replication stream.
If the same stream ID was used in both global and room account data then
the getting updates for the replication stream would fail due to
`heapq.merge(..)` trying to compare a `str` with a `None`. (This is
because you'd have two rows like `(534, '!room')` and `(534, None)` from
the room and global account data tables).
Fix is just to order by stream ID, since we don't rely on the ordering
beyond that. The bug where stream IDs can be reused should be fixed now,
so this case shouldn't happen going forward.
Fixes#7617
While working on https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/5665 I found myself digging into the `Ratelimiter` class and seeing that it was both:
* Rather undocumented, and
* causing a *lot* of config checks
This PR attempts to refactor and comment the `Ratelimiter` class, as well as encourage config file accesses to only be done at instantiation.
Best to be reviewed commit-by-commit.
Calls `self.get_success` on all deferred methods instead of abusing `self.pump()`. This has the benefit of working with coroutines, as well as checking that method execution completed successfully.
There are also a few small cleanups that I made in the process.
* Expose `return_html_error`, and allow it to take a Jinja2 template instead of a raw string
* Clean up exception handling in SAML2ResponseResource
* use the existing code in `return_html_error` instead of re-implementing it
(giving it a jinja2 template rather than inventing a new form of template)
* do the exception-catching in the REST layer rather than in the handler
layer, to make sure we catch all exceptions.
It looks like `user_device_resync` was ignoring cross-signing keys from the results received from the remote server. This patch fixes this, by processing these keys using the same process `_handle_signing_key_updates` does (and effectively factor that part out of that function).
The query keeps showing up in my slow query log.
This changes the plan under the top-level Sort node from
```
WindowAgg (cost=280335.88..292963.15 rows=561212 width=80) (actual time=138.651..160.562 rows=27112 loops=1)
-> Sort (cost=280335.88..281738.91 rows=561212 width=84) (actual time=138.597..140.622 rows=27112 loops=1)
Sort Key: state_groups_state.type, state_groups_state.state_key, state_groups_state.state_group
Sort Method: quicksort Memory: 4581kB
-> Nested Loop (cost=2.83..226745.22 rows=561212 width=84) (actual time=21.548..47.657 rows=27112 loops=1)
-> HashAggregate (cost=2.27..3.28 rows=101 width=8) (actual time=21.526..21.535 rows=20 loops=1)
Group Key: state.state_group
-> CTE Scan on state (cost=0.00..2.02 rows=101 width=8) (actual time=21.280..21.493 rows=20 loops=1)
-> Index Scan using state_groups_state_type_idx on state_groups_state (cost=0.56..2189.40 rows=5557 width=84) (actual time=0.005..0.991 rows=1356 loops=20)
Index Cond: (state_group = state.state_group)
```
to
```
Nested Loop (cost=2.83..226745.22 rows=561212 width=84) (actual time=24.194..52.834 rows=27112 loops=1)
-> HashAggregate (cost=2.27..3.28 rows=101 width=8) (actual time=24.130..24.138 rows=20 loops=1)
Group Key: state.state_group
-> CTE Scan on state (cost=0.00..2.02 rows=101 width=8) (actual time=23.887..24.113 rows=20 loops=1)
-> Index Scan using state_groups_state_type_idx on state_groups_state (cost=0.56..2189.40 rows=5557 width=84) (actual time=0.016..1.159 rows=1356 loops=20)
Index Cond: (state_group = state.state_group)
```
This cuts the execution time from ~190ms to ~130ms, i.e. a reduction
of ~30%.
The full plans are visualised at https://explain.depesz.com/s/WpbT and
https://explain.depesz.com/s/KlEk
Signed-off-by: Dagfinn Ilmari Mannsåker <ilmari@ilmari.org>
Without this patch, if an error happens which isn't caught by `user_device_resync`, then `_maybe_retry_device_resync` would fail, without retrying the next users in the iteration. This patch fixes this so that it now only logs an error in this case.
Synapse was added to the ports tree in Nov, 2019 by Renaud Allard (https://marc.info/?l=openbsd-ports&m=157417848805329).
With the release of OpenBSD 6.7 on May 22, 2020 a pre-compiled binary is available as well.
'client_auth_method' commented out value was erronously 'client_auth_basic',
when code and docstring says it should be 'client_secret_basic'.
Signed-off-by: Jason Robinson <jasonr@matrix.org>
The bg update never managed to complete, because it kept being interrupted by
transactions which want to take a lock.
Just doing it in the foreground isn't that bad, and is a good deal simpler.
A couple of changes of significance:
* remove the `_last_ack < federation_position` condition, so that
updates will still be correctly processed after restart
* Correctly wire up send_federation_ack to the right class.
we can use `make_in_list_sql_clause` rather than doing our own half-baked
equivalent, which has the benefit of working just fine with empty lists.
(This has quite a lot of tests, so I think it's pretty safe)
The idea here is that if an instance persists an event via the replication HTTP API it can return before we receive that event over replication, which can lead to races where code assumes that persisting an event immediately updates various caches (e.g. current state of the room).
Most of Synapse doesn't hit such races, so we don't do the waiting automagically, instead we do so where necessary to avoid unnecessary delays. We may decide to change our minds here if it turns out there are a lot of subtle races going on.
People probably want to look at this commit by commit.
Instead of doing a complicated dance of deleting and moving aliases one
by one, which sends a canonical alias update into the old room for each
one, lets do it all in one go.
This also changes the function to move *all* local alias events to the new
room, however that happens later on anyway.
PyPy's gc.get_stats() returns an object containing detailed allocator statistics
which could be beneficial to collect as metrics.
Signed-off-by: Ivan Shapovalov <intelfx@intelfx.name>
When a call to `user_device_resync` fails, we don't currently mark the remote user's device list as out of sync, nor do we retry to sync it.
https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/pull/6776 introduced some code infrastructure to mark device lists as stale/out of sync.
This commit uses that code infrastructure to mark device lists as out of sync if processing an incoming device list update makes the device handler realise that the device list is out of sync, but we can't resync right now.
It also adds a looping call to retry all failed resync every 30s. This shouldn't cause too much spam in the logs as this commit also removes the "Failed to handle device list update for..." warning logs when catching `NotRetryingDestination`.
Fixes#7418
We don't really make any promises about returning accurate presence data when
presence is disabled, so we may as well just return a static response, rather
than making the master handle a request.
`_is_server_still_joined` will throw if it is given state updates with non-user ID state keys with local user leaves. This is actually rarely a problem since local leaves almost always get persisted by themselves.
(I discovered this on a branch that was otherwise broken, so I haven't seen this in the wild)
* If an error occurs when stopping a process synctl now logs a warning.
* During a restart, synctl will avoid attempting to start Synapse if an error
occurs during stopping Synapse.
Make sure that the AccountDataStream presents complete updates, in the right
order.
This is much the same fix as #7337 and #7358, but applied to a different stream.
This is required as both event persistence and the background update needs access to this function. It should be perfectly safe for two workers to write to that table at the same time.
This allows us to have the logic on both master and workers, which is necessary to move event persistence off master.
We also combine the instantiation of ID generators from DataStore and slave stores to the base worker stores. This allows us to select which process writes events independently of the master/worker splits.
The specific headers that are passed using this new configuration format
are Host and X-Forwarded-For, which should be all that's required.
Note that for production another matcher should be added in the first
section to properly handle the base_url lookup:
reverse_proxy /.well-known/matrix/* http://localhost:8008
Signed-off-by: Jeff Peeler <jpeeler@gmail.com>
The aim here is to get to a stage where we have a `PersistEventStore` that holds all the write methods used during event persistence, so that we can take that class out of the `DataStore` mixin and instansiate it separately. This will allow us to instansiate it on processes other than master, while also ensuring it is only available on processes that are configured to write to events stream.
This is a bit of an architectural change, where we end up with multiple classes per data store (rather than one per data store we have now). We end up having:
1. Storage classes that provide high level APIs that can talk to multiple data stores.
2. Data store modules that consist of classes that must point at the same database instance.
3. Classes in a data store that can be instantiated on processes depending on config.
Before all streams were only written to from master, so only master needed to respond to `REPLICATE` commands.
Before all instances wrote to the cache invalidation stream, but didn't respond to `REPLICATE`. This was a bug, which could lead to missed rows from cache invalidation stream if an instance is restarted, however all the caches would be empty in that case so it wasn't a problem.
Proactively send out `POSITION` commands (as if we had just received a `REPLICATE`) when we connect to Redis. This is important as other instances won't notice we've connected to issue a `REPLICATE` command (unlike for direct TCP connections). This is only currently an issue if master process reconnects without restarting (if it restarts then it won't have written anything and so other instances probably won't have missed anything).
* release-v1.13.0:
Don't UPGRADE database rows
RST indenting
Put rollback instructions in upgrade notes
Fix changelog typo
Oh yeah, RST
Absolute URL it is then
Fix upgrade notes link
Provide summary of upgrade issues in changelog. Fix )
Move next version notes from changelog to upgrade notes
Changelog fixes
1.13.0rc1
Documentation on setting up redis (#7446)
Rework UI Auth session validation for registration (#7455)
Fix errors from malformed log line (#7454)
Drop support for redis.dbid (#7450)
For the record, the reason we need this is as follows:
each RDATA command comes down the redis pipe as a subscription message. txredisapi as written needs at least three reactor ticks to read each subscription message from the tcp buffer. Hence, once the process gets loaded, it starts getting behind, and eventually redis knifes the connection. it then takes ages for the master to work its way through the backlog, before it reconnects again, during which any commands from any workers are dropped.
An update of check-manifest shone some light on some issues with MANIFEST.in, specifically that we didn't ignore/prune the contrib directory, and that we were using prune instead of exclude for files. This fixes both issues.
Fixes#7403
We forgot to set the password on the subscriber connection, as well as
not calling super methods for overridden connectionMade/connectionLost
functions.
For in memory streams when fetching updates on workers we need to query the source of the stream, which currently is hard coded to be master. This PR threads through the source instance we received via `POSITION` through to the update function in each stream, which can then be passed to the replication client for in memory streams.
We move the processing of typing and federation replication traffic into their handlers so that `Stream.current_token()` points to a valid token. This allows us to remove `get_streams_to_replicate()` and `stream_positions()`.
By persisting the user interactive authentication sessions to the database, this fixes
situations where a user hits different works throughout their auth session and also
allows sessions to persist through restarts of Synapse.
This is primarily for allowing us to send those commands from workers, but for now simply allows us to ignore echoed RDATA/POSITION commands that we sent (we get echoes of sent commands when using redis). Currently we log a WARNING on the master process every time we receive an echoed RDATA.
For direct TCP connections we need the master to relay REMOTE_SERVER_UP
commands to the other connections so that all instances get notified
about it. The old implementation just relayed to all connections,
assuming that sending back to the original sender of the command was
safe. This is not true for redis, where commands sent get echoed back to
the sender, which was causing master to effectively infinite loop
sending and then re-receiving REMOTE_SERVER_UP commands that it sent.
The fix is to ensure that we only relay to *other* connections and not
to the connection we received the notification from.
Fixes#7334.
* Factor out functions for injecting events into database
I want to add some more flexibility to the tools for injecting events into the
database, and I don't want to clutter up HomeserverTestCase with them, so let's
factor them out to a new file.
* Rework TestReplicationDataHandler
This wasn't very easy to work with: the mock wrapping was largely superfluous,
and it's useful to be able to inspect the received rows, and clear out the
received list.
* Fix AssertionErrors being thrown by EventsStream
Part of the problem was that there was an off-by-one error in the assertion,
but also the limit logic was too simple. Fix it all up and add some tests.
Specifically some tests for the typing stream, which means we test streams that fetch missing updates via HTTP (rather than via the DB).
We also shuffle things around a bit so that we create two separate `HomeServer` objects, rather than trying to insert a slaved store into places.
Note: `test_typing.py` is heavily inspired by `test_receipts.py`
It doesn't seem to be documented anywhere and means that you suddenly start losing metrics without any obvious reason when you go from monolith to workers (e.g. #7312).
If the admin adds a `.yaml` file that's either empty or doesn't parse into a dict to a config directory (e.g. `conf.d` for debs installs), stuff like https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/7322 would happen. This PR checks that the file is correctly parsed into a dict, or ignores it with a warning if it parses into any other type (including `None` for empty files).
Fixes https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/7322
Long story short: if we're handling presence on the current worker, we shouldn't be sending USER_SYNC commands over replication.
In an attempt to figure out what is going on here, I ended up refactoring some bits of the presencehandler code, so the first 4 commits here are non-functional refactors to move this code slightly closer to sanity. (There's still plenty to do here :/). Suggest reviewing individual commits.
Fixes (I hope) #7257.
==============================
Features
--------
- Always send users their own device updates. ([\#7160](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/7160))
- Add support for handling GET requests for `account_data` on a worker. ([\#7311](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/7311))
Bugfixes
--------
- Fix a bug that prevented cross-signing with users on worker-mode synapses. ([\#7255](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/7255))
- Do not treat display names as globs in push rules. ([\#7271](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/7271))
- Fix a bug with cross-signing devices belonging to remote users who did not share a room with any user on the local homeserver. ([\#7289](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/7289))
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Merge tag 'v1.12.4rc1' into develop
Synapse 1.12.4rc1 (2020-04-22)
==============================
Features
--------
- Always send users their own device updates. ([\#7160](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/7160))
- Add support for handling GET requests for `account_data` on a worker. ([\#7311](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/7311))
Bugfixes
--------
- Fix a bug that prevented cross-signing with users on worker-mode synapses. ([\#7255](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/7255))
- Do not treat display names as globs in push rules. ([\#7271](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/7271))
- Fix a bug with cross-signing devices belonging to remote users who did not share a room with any user on the local homeserver. ([\#7289](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/7289))
First some background: StreamChangeCache is used to keep track of what "entities" have
changed since a given stream ID. So for example, we might use it to keep track of when the last
to-device message for a given user was received [1], and hence whether we need to pull any to-device messages from the database on a sync [2].
Now, it turns out that StreamChangeCache didn't support more than one thing being changed at
a given stream_id (this was part of the problem with #7206). However, it's entirely valid to send
to-device messages to more than one user at a time.
As it turns out, this did in fact work, because *some* methods of StreamChangeCache coped
ok with having multiple things changing on the same stream ID, and it seems we never actually
use the methods which don't work on the stream change caches where we allow multiple
changes at the same stream ID. But that feels horribly fragile, hence: let's update
StreamChangeCache to properly support this, and add some typing and some more tests while
we're at it.
[1]: https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/blob/release-v1.12.3/synapse/storage/data_stores/main/deviceinbox.py#L301
[2]: https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/blob/release-v1.12.3/synapse/storage/data_stores/main/deviceinbox.py#L47-L51
Splitting based on the response code means we can avoid double logging here and identical information from line 164 while still logging at info if we don't get a good response and need to retry.
Other parts of the code (such as the StreamChangeCache) assume that there will
not be multiple changes with the same stream id.
This code was introduced in #7024, and I hope this fixes#7206.
Add changelog
Save retrieved keys to the db
lint
Fix and de-brittle remote result dict processing
Use query_user_devices instead, assume only master, self_signing key types
Make changelog more useful
Remove very specific exception handling
Wrap get_verify_key_from_cross_signing_key in a try/except
Note that _get_e2e_cross_signing_verify_key can raise a SynapseError
lint
Add comment explaining why this is useful
Only fetch master and self_signing key types
Fix log statements, docstrings
Remove extraneous items from remote query try/except
lint
Factor key retrieval out into a separate function
Send device updates, modeled after SigningKeyEduUpdater._handle_signing_key_updates
Update method docstring
The general idea here is to get rid of the type: ignore annotations on all of the current_token and update_function assignments, which would have caught #7290.
After a bit of experimentation, it seems like the least-awful way to do this is to pass the offending functions in as parameters to the Stream constructor. Unfortunately that means that the concrete implementations no longer have the same constructor signature as Stream itself, which means that it gets hard to correctly annotate STREAMS_MAP.
I've also introduced a couple of new types, to take out some duplication.
Some of the query functions return generators rather than lists, so we can't
index into the result. Happily we already have a copy of the results.
(think this was introduced in #7024)
I don't really remember why this was so complicated; I think it dates
back to the time when we had to instantiate the Config classes before
we could call `add_arguments` - ie before #5597. In any case, I don't
think there's a good reason for it any more, and the impact of it
being complicated is that `--help` doesn't work correctly.
We pass --daemonize on the commandline, which (since at least #4853) overrides
whatever the config file, so there is no need for it to be set in the config
file.
The aim here is to move the command handling out of the TCP protocol classes and to also merge the client and server command handling (so that we can reuse them for redis protocol). This PR simply moves the client paths to the new `ReplicationCommandHandler`, a future PR will move the server paths too.
Fixes#6815
Before figuring out whether we should alert a user on MAU, we call get_notice_room_for_user to get some info on the existing server notices room for this user. This function, if the room doesn't exist, creates it and invites the user in it. This means that, if we decide later that no server notice is needed, the user gets invited in a room with no message in it. This happens at every restart of the server, since the room ID returned by get_notice_room_for_user is cached.
This PR fixes that by moving the inviting bit to a dedicated function, that's only called when the server actually needs to send a notice to the user. A potential issue with this approach is that the room that's created by get_notice_room_for_user doesn't match how that same function looks for an existing room (i.e. it creates a room that doesn't have an invite or a join for the current user in it, so it could lead to a new room being created each time a user syncs), but I'm not sure this is a problem given it's cached until the server restarts, so that function won't run very often.
It also renames get_notice_room_for_user into get_or_create_notice_room_for_user to make what it does clearer.
Occasionally we could get a federation device list update transaction which
looked like:
```
[
{'edu_type': 'm.device_list_update', 'content': {'user_id': '@user:test', 'device_id': 'D2', 'prev_id': [], 'stream_id': 12, 'deleted': True}},
{'edu_type': 'm.device_list_update', 'content': {'user_id': '@user:test', 'device_id': 'D1', 'prev_id': [12], 'stream_id': 11, 'deleted': True}},
{'edu_type': 'm.device_list_update', 'content': {'user_id': '@user:test', 'device_id': 'D3', 'prev_id': [11], 'stream_id': 13, 'deleted': True}}
]
```
Having `stream_ids` which are lower than `prev_ids` looks odd. It might work
(I'm not actually sure), but in any case it doesn't seem like a reasonable
thing to expect other implementations to support.
This broke in a recent PR (#7024) and is no longer useful due to all
replication clients implicitly subscribing to all streams, so let's
just remove it.
If there was an exception setting up one of the attributes of the Homeserver
god object, then future attempts to fetch that attribute would raise a
confusing "Cyclic dependency" error. Let's make sure that we clear the
`building` flag so that we just get the original exception.
Ref: #7169
* Remove `conn_id` usage for UserSyncCommand.
Each tcp replication connection is assigned a "conn_id", which is used
to give an ID to a remotely connected worker. In a redis world, there
will no longer be a one to one mapping between connection and instance,
so instead we need to replace such usages with an ID generated by the
remote instances and included in the replicaiton commands.
This really only effects UserSyncCommand.
* Add CLEAR_USER_SYNCS command that is sent on shutdown.
This should help with the case where a synchrotron gets restarted
gracefully, rather than rely on 5 minute timeout.
That fallback sets the redirect URL to itself (so it can process the login
token then return gracefully to the client). This would make it pointless to
ask the user for confirmation, since the URL the confirmation page would be
showing wouldn't be the client's.
* Don't show the login forms if we're currently logging in with a
password or a token.
* Submit directly the SSO login form, showing only a spinner to the
user, in order to eliminate from the clunkiness of SSO through this
fallback.
* change debian package from python3-virtualenv to virtualenv
The virtualenv package is needed for the virtualenv command. The
virtualenv package depends on python3-virtualenv (at least since
debian jessie) so there is no need to specify python3-virtualenv
additionally.
Signed-off-by: Vieno Hakkerinen <vieno@hakkerinen.eu>
* Add changelog
Co-authored-by: Andrew Morgan <andrew@amorgan.xyz>
This changes the replication protocol so that the server does not send down `RDATA` for rows that happened before the client connected. Instead, the server will send a `POSITION` and clients then query the database (or master out of band) to get up to date.
* Pull Sentinel out of LoggingContext
... and drop a few unnecessary references to it
* Factor out LoggingContext.current_context
move `current_context` and `set_context` out to top-level functions.
Mostly this means that I can more easily trace what's actually referring to
LoggingContext, but I think it's generally neater.
* move copy-to-parent into `stop`
this really just makes `start` and `stop` more symetric. It also means that it
behaves correctly if you manually `set_log_context` rather than using the
context manager.
* Replace `LoggingContext.alive` with `finished`
Turn `alive` into `finished` and make it a bit better defined.
* Add 'device_lists_outbound_pokes' as extra table.
This makes sure we check all the relevant tables to get the current max
stream ID.
Currently not doing so isn't problematic as the max stream ID in
`device_lists_outbound_pokes` is the same as in `device_lists_stream`,
however that will change.
* Change device lists stream to have one row per id.
This will make it possible to process the streams more incrementally,
avoiding having to process large chunks at once.
* Change device list replication to match new semantics.
Instead of sending down batches of user ID/host tuples, send down a row
per entity (user ID or host).
* Newsfile
* Remove handling of multiple rows per ID
* Fix worker handling
* Comments from review
This should be safe to do on all workers/masters because it is guarded by
a config option which will ensure it is only actually done on the worker
assigned as a pusher.
It was originally implemented by pulling the full auth chain of all
state sets out of the database and doing set comparison. However, that
can take a lot work if the state and auth chains are large.
Instead, lets try and fetch the auth chains at the same time and
calculate the difference on the fly, allowing us to bail early if all
the auth chains converge. Assuming that the auth chains do converge more
often than not, this should improve performance. Hopefully.
Fixes#7065
This is basically the same as https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/pull/6847 except it tries to populate events from `state_events` rather than `current_state_events`, since the latter might have been cleared from the state of some rooms too early, leaving them with a `NULL` room version.
This is a bit fiddly because it all has to be done on one fell swoop:
* Wherever we create a new event, pass in the room version (and check it matches the format version)
* When we prune an event, use the room version of the unpruned event to create the pruned version.
* When we pass an event over the replication protocol, pass the room version over alongside it, and use it when deserialising the event again.
This currently causes presence notify code to log exceptions when there
is no state changes to process. This doesn't actually cause any problems
as we'd simply do nothing anyway.
