diff --git a/README.rst b/README.rst index 5be9eabdf..d090ad86a 100644 --- a/README.rst +++ b/README.rst @@ -245,6 +245,25 @@ Setting up a TURN server For reliable VoIP calls to be routed via this homeserver, you MUST configure a TURN server. See ``_ for details. +IPv6 +---- + +As of Synapse 0.19 we finally support IPv6, many thanks to @kyrias and @glyph +for providing PR #1696. + +However, for federation to work on hosts with IPv6 DNS servers you **must** +be running Twisted 17.1.0 or later - see https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/1002 +for details. We can't make Synapse depend on Twisted 17.1 by default +yet as it will break most older distributions (see https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/pull/1909) +so if you are using operating system dependencies you'll have to install your +own Twisted 17.1 package via pip or backports etc. + +If you're running in a virtualenv then pip should have installed the newest +Twisted automatically, but if your virtualenv is old you will need to manually +upgrade to a newer Twisted dependency via: + + pip install Twisted>=17.1.0 + Running Synapse =============== diff --git a/contrib/cmdclient/http.py b/contrib/cmdclient/http.py index 418689731..c833f3f31 100644 --- a/contrib/cmdclient/http.py +++ b/contrib/cmdclient/http.py @@ -36,15 +36,13 @@ class HttpClient(object): the request body. This will be encoded as JSON. Returns: - Deferred: Succeeds when we get *any* HTTP response. - - The result of the deferred is a tuple of `(code, response)`, - where `response` is a dict representing the decoded JSON body. + Deferred: Succeeds when we get a 2xx HTTP response. The result + will be the decoded JSON body. """ pass def get_json(self, url, args=None): - """ Get's some json from the given host homeserver and path + """ Gets some json from the given host homeserver and path Args: url (str): The URL to GET data from. @@ -54,10 +52,8 @@ class HttpClient(object): and *not* a string. Returns: - Deferred: Succeeds when we get *any* HTTP response. - - The result of the deferred is a tuple of `(code, response)`, - where `response` is a dict representing the decoded JSON body. + Deferred: Succeeds when we get a 2xx HTTP response. The result + will be the decoded JSON body. """ pass @@ -214,4 +210,4 @@ class _JsonProducer(object): pass def stopProducing(self): - pass \ No newline at end of file + pass diff --git a/docs/admin_api/user_admin_api.rst b/docs/admin_api/user_admin_api.rst new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1c9c5a6bd --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/admin_api/user_admin_api.rst @@ -0,0 +1,73 @@ +Query Account +============= + +This API returns information about a specific user account. + +The api is:: + + GET /_matrix/client/r0/admin/whois/ + +including an ``access_token`` of a server admin. + +It returns a JSON body like the following: + +.. code:: json + + { + "user_id": "", + "devices": { + "": { + "sessions": [ + { + "connections": [ + { + "ip": "1.2.3.4", + "last_seen": 1417222374433, + "user_agent": "Mozilla/5.0 ..." + }, + { + "ip": "1.2.3.10", + "last_seen": 1417222374500, + "user_agent": "Dalvik/2.1.0 ..." + } + ] + } + ] + } + } + } + +``last_seen`` is measured in milliseconds since the Unix epoch. + +Deactivate Account +================== + +This API deactivates an account. It removes active access tokens, resets the +password, and deletes third-party IDs (to prevent the user requesting a +password reset). + +The api is:: + + POST /_matrix/client/r0/admin/deactivate/ + +including an ``access_token`` of a server admin, and an empty request body. + + +Reset password +============== + +Changes the password of another user. + +The api is:: + + POST /_matrix/client/r0/admin/reset_password/ + +with a body of: + +.. code:: json + + { + "new_password": "" + } + +including an ``access_token`` of a server admin. diff --git a/docs/metrics-howto.rst b/docs/metrics-howto.rst index 7390ab85c..143cd0f42 100644 --- a/docs/metrics-howto.rst +++ b/docs/metrics-howto.rst @@ -21,13 +21,12 @@ How to monitor Synapse metrics using Prometheus 3. Add a prometheus target for synapse. - It needs to set the ``metrics_path`` to a non-default value:: + It needs to set the ``metrics_path`` to a non-default value (under ``scrape_configs``):: - job_name: "synapse" metrics_path: "/_synapse/metrics" static_configs: - - targets: - "my.server.here:9092" + - targets: ["my.server.here:9092"] If your prometheus is older than 1.5.2, you will need to replace ``static_configs`` in the above with ``target_groups``. diff --git a/synapse/federation/federation_client.py b/synapse/federation/federation_client.py index deee0f490..861441708 100644 --- a/synapse/federation/federation_client.py +++ b/synapse/federation/federation_client.py @@ -474,8 +474,13 @@ class FederationClient(FederationBase): content (object): Any additional data to put into the content field of the event. Return: - A tuple of (origin (str), event (object)) where origin is the remote - homeserver which generated the event. + Deferred: resolves to a tuple of (origin (str), event (object)) + where origin is the remote homeserver which generated the event. + + Fails with a ``CodeMessageException`` if the chosen remote server + returns a 300/400 code. + + Fails with a ``RuntimeError`` if no servers were reachable. """ valid_memberships = {Membership.JOIN, Membership.LEAVE} if membership not in valid_memberships: @@ -528,6 +533,27 @@ class FederationClient(FederationBase): @defer.inlineCallbacks def send_join(self, destinations, pdu): + """Sends a join event to one of a list of homeservers. + + Doing so will cause the remote server to add the event to the graph, + and send the event out to the rest of the federation. + + Args: + destinations (str): Candidate homeservers which are probably + participating in the room. + pdu (BaseEvent): event to be sent + + Return: + Deferred: resolves to a dict with members ``origin`` (a string + giving the serer the event was sent to, ``state`` (?) and + ``auth_chain``. + + Fails with a ``CodeMessageException`` if the chosen remote server + returns a 300/400 code. + + Fails with a ``RuntimeError`` if no servers were reachable. + """ + for destination in destinations: if destination == self.server_name: continue @@ -635,6 +661,26 @@ class FederationClient(FederationBase): @defer.inlineCallbacks def send_leave(self, destinations, pdu): + """Sends a leave event to one of a list of homeservers. + + Doing so will cause the remote server to add the event to the graph, + and send the event out to the rest of the federation. + + This is mostly useful to reject received invites. + + Args: + destinations (str): Candidate homeservers which are probably + participating in the room. + pdu (BaseEvent): event to be sent + + Return: + Deferred: resolves to None. + + Fails with a ``CodeMessageException`` if the chosen remote server + returns a non-200 code. + + Fails with a ``RuntimeError`` if no servers were reachable. + """ for destination in destinations: if destination == self.server_name: continue diff --git a/synapse/federation/transport/client.py b/synapse/federation/transport/client.py index 15a03378f..52b2a717d 100644 --- a/synapse/federation/transport/client.py +++ b/synapse/federation/transport/client.py @@ -193,6 +193,26 @@ class TransportLayerClient(object): @defer.inlineCallbacks @log_function def make_membership_event(self, destination, room_id, user_id, membership): + """Asks a remote server to build and sign us a membership event + + Note that this does not append any events to any graphs. + + Args: + destination (str): address of remote homeserver + room_id (str): room to join/leave + user_id (str): user to be joined/left + membership (str): one of join/leave + + Returns: + Deferred: Succeeds when we get a 2xx HTTP response. The result + will be the decoded JSON body (ie, the new event). + + Fails with ``HTTPRequestException`` if we get an HTTP response + code >= 300. + + Fails with ``NotRetryingDestination`` if we are not yet ready + to retry this server. + """ valid_memberships = {Membership.JOIN, Membership.LEAVE} if membership not in valid_memberships: raise RuntimeError( @@ -201,11 +221,23 @@ class TransportLayerClient(object): ) path = PREFIX + "/make_%s/%s/%s" % (membership, room_id, user_id) + ignore_backoff = False + retry_on_dns_fail = False + + if membership == Membership.LEAVE: + # we particularly want to do our best to send leave events. The + # problem is that if it fails, we won't retry it later, so if the + # remote server was just having a momentary blip, the room will be + # out of sync. + ignore_backoff = True + retry_on_dns_fail = True + content = yield self.client.get_json( destination=destination, path=path, - retry_on_dns_fail=False, + retry_on_dns_fail=retry_on_dns_fail, timeout=20000, + ignore_backoff=ignore_backoff, ) defer.returnValue(content) @@ -232,6 +264,12 @@ class TransportLayerClient(object): destination=destination, path=path, data=content, + + # we want to do our best to send this through. The problem is + # that if it fails, we won't retry it later, so if the remote + # server was just having a momentary blip, the room will be out of + # sync. + ignore_backoff=True, ) defer.returnValue(response) diff --git a/synapse/handlers/federation.py b/synapse/handlers/federation.py index 2d9126dd8..52be5a402 100644 --- a/synapse/handlers/federation.py +++ b/synapse/handlers/federation.py @@ -1090,19 +1090,13 @@ class FederationHandler(BaseHandler): @defer.inlineCallbacks def do_remotely_reject_invite(self, target_hosts, room_id, user_id): - try: - origin, event = yield self._make_and_verify_event( - target_hosts, - room_id, - user_id, - "leave" - ) - event = self._sign_event(event) - except SynapseError: - raise - except CodeMessageException as e: - logger.warn("Failed to reject invite: %s", e) - raise SynapseError(500, "Failed to reject invite") + origin, event = yield self._make_and_verify_event( + target_hosts, + room_id, + user_id, + "leave" + ) + event = self._sign_event(event) # Try the host that we succesfully called /make_leave/ on first for # the /send_leave/ request. @@ -1112,16 +1106,10 @@ class FederationHandler(BaseHandler): except ValueError: pass - try: - yield self.replication_layer.send_leave( - target_hosts, - event - ) - except SynapseError: - raise - except CodeMessageException as e: - logger.warn("Failed to reject invite: %s", e) - raise SynapseError(500, "Failed to reject invite") + yield self.replication_layer.send_leave( + target_hosts, + event + ) context = yield self.state_handler.compute_event_context(event) diff --git a/synapse/handlers/room_member.py b/synapse/handlers/room_member.py index 2052d6d05..28b2c80a9 100644 --- a/synapse/handlers/room_member.py +++ b/synapse/handlers/room_member.py @@ -139,13 +139,6 @@ class RoomMemberHandler(BaseHandler): ) yield user_joined_room(self.distributor, user, room_id) - def reject_remote_invite(self, user_id, room_id, remote_room_hosts): - return self.hs.get_handlers().federation_handler.do_remotely_reject_invite( - remote_room_hosts, - room_id, - user_id - ) - @defer.inlineCallbacks def update_membership( self, @@ -286,13 +279,21 @@ class RoomMemberHandler(BaseHandler): else: # send the rejection to the inviter's HS. remote_room_hosts = remote_room_hosts + [inviter.domain] - + fed_handler = self.hs.get_handlers().federation_handler try: - ret = yield self.reject_remote_invite( - target.to_string(), room_id, remote_room_hosts + ret = yield fed_handler.do_remotely_reject_invite( + remote_room_hosts, + room_id, + target.to_string(), ) defer.returnValue(ret) - except SynapseError as e: + except Exception as e: + # if we were unable to reject the exception, just mark + # it as rejected on our end and plough ahead. + # + # The 'except' clause is very broad, but we need to + # capture everything from DNS failures upwards + # logger.warn("Failed to reject invite: %s", e) yield self.store.locally_reject_invite( diff --git a/synapse/http/matrixfederationclient.py b/synapse/http/matrixfederationclient.py index 62b4d7e93..747a791f8 100644 --- a/synapse/http/matrixfederationclient.py +++ b/synapse/http/matrixfederationclient.py @@ -125,6 +125,8 @@ class MatrixFederationHttpClient(object): code >= 300. Fails with ``NotRetryingDestination`` if we are not yet ready to retry this server. + (May also fail with plenty of other Exceptions for things like DNS + failures, connection failures, SSL failures.) """ limiter = yield synapse.util.retryutils.get_retry_limiter( destination, @@ -302,8 +304,10 @@ class MatrixFederationHttpClient(object): Returns: Deferred: Succeeds when we get a 2xx HTTP response. The result - will be the decoded JSON body. On a 4xx or 5xx error response a - CodeMessageException is raised. + will be the decoded JSON body. + + Fails with ``HTTPRequestException`` if we get an HTTP response + code >= 300. Fails with ``NotRetryingDestination`` if we are not yet ready to retry this server. @@ -360,8 +364,10 @@ class MatrixFederationHttpClient(object): try the request anyway. Returns: Deferred: Succeeds when we get a 2xx HTTP response. The result - will be the decoded JSON body. On a 4xx or 5xx error response a - CodeMessageException is raised. + will be the decoded JSON body. + + Fails with ``HTTPRequestException`` if we get an HTTP response + code >= 300. Fails with ``NotRetryingDestination`` if we are not yet ready to retry this server. @@ -410,10 +416,11 @@ class MatrixFederationHttpClient(object): ignore_backoff (bool): true to ignore the historical backoff data and try the request anyway. Returns: - Deferred: Succeeds when we get *any* HTTP response. + Deferred: Succeeds when we get a 2xx HTTP response. The result + will be the decoded JSON body. - The result of the deferred is a tuple of `(code, response)`, - where `response` is a dict representing the decoded JSON body. + Fails with ``HTTPRequestException`` if we get an HTTP response + code >= 300. Fails with ``NotRetryingDestination`` if we are not yet ready to retry this server. diff --git a/synapse/push/bulk_push_rule_evaluator.py b/synapse/push/bulk_push_rule_evaluator.py index 78b095c90..f943ff640 100644 --- a/synapse/push/bulk_push_rule_evaluator.py +++ b/synapse/push/bulk_push_rule_evaluator.py @@ -87,7 +87,11 @@ class BulkPushRuleEvaluator: condition_cache = {} for uid, rules in self.rules_by_user.items(): - display_name = room_members.get(uid, {}).get("display_name", None) + display_name = None + profile_info = room_members.get(uid) + if profile_info: + display_name = profile_info.display_name + if not display_name: # Handle the case where we are pushing a membership event to # that user, as they might not be already joined. diff --git a/synapse/replication/slave/storage/events.py b/synapse/replication/slave/storage/events.py index 4ca1e5aa8..ab48ff925 100644 --- a/synapse/replication/slave/storage/events.py +++ b/synapse/replication/slave/storage/events.py @@ -102,9 +102,6 @@ class SlavedEventStore(BaseSlavedStore): _get_state_groups_from_groups_txn = ( DataStore._get_state_groups_from_groups_txn.__func__ ) - _get_state_group_from_group = ( - StateStore.__dict__["_get_state_group_from_group"] - ) get_recent_event_ids_for_room = ( StreamStore.__dict__["get_recent_event_ids_for_room"] ) diff --git a/synapse/rest/client/v1/room.py b/synapse/rest/client/v1/room.py index 0bdd6b5b3..c376ab8fd 100644 --- a/synapse/rest/client/v1/room.py +++ b/synapse/rest/client/v1/room.py @@ -406,7 +406,13 @@ class JoinedRoomMemberListRestServlet(ClientV1RestServlet): users_with_profile = yield self.state.get_current_user_in_room(room_id) defer.returnValue((200, { - "joined": users_with_profile + "joined": { + user_id: { + "avatar_url": profile.avatar_url, + "display_name": profile.display_name, + } + for user_id, profile in users_with_profile.iteritems() + } })) diff --git a/synapse/rest/key/v2/local_key_resource.py b/synapse/rest/key/v2/local_key_resource.py index ff95269ba..be68d9a09 100644 --- a/synapse/rest/key/v2/local_key_resource.py +++ b/synapse/rest/key/v2/local_key_resource.py @@ -84,12 +84,11 @@ class LocalKey(Resource): } old_verify_keys = {} - for key in self.config.old_signing_keys: - key_id = "%s:%s" % (key.alg, key.version) + for key_id, key in self.config.old_signing_keys.items(): verify_key_bytes = key.encode() old_verify_keys[key_id] = { u"key": encode_base64(verify_key_bytes), - u"expired_ts": key.expired, + u"expired_ts": key.expired_ts, } tls_fingerprints = self.config.tls_fingerprints diff --git a/synapse/storage/receipts.py b/synapse/storage/receipts.py index 6b0f8c278..efb90c3c9 100644 --- a/synapse/storage/receipts.py +++ b/synapse/storage/receipts.py @@ -47,10 +47,13 @@ class ReceiptsStore(SQLBaseStore): # Returns an ObservableDeferred res = self.get_users_with_read_receipts_in_room.cache.get((room_id,), None) - if res and res.called and user_id in res.result: - # We'd only be adding to the set, so no point invalidating if the - # user is already there - return + if res: + if isinstance(res, defer.Deferred) and res.called: + res = res.result + if user_id in res: + # We'd only be adding to the set, so no point invalidating if the + # user is already there + return self.get_users_with_read_receipts_in_room.invalidate((room_id,)) diff --git a/synapse/storage/roommember.py b/synapse/storage/roommember.py index 367dbbbcf..7ad2198d9 100644 --- a/synapse/storage/roommember.py +++ b/synapse/storage/roommember.py @@ -19,6 +19,7 @@ from collections import namedtuple from ._base import SQLBaseStore from synapse.util.caches.descriptors import cached, cachedInlineCallbacks +from synapse.util.stringutils import to_ascii from synapse.api.constants import Membership, EventTypes from synapse.types import get_domain_from_id @@ -35,6 +36,13 @@ RoomsForUser = namedtuple( ) +# We store this using a namedtuple so that we save about 3x space over using a +# dict. +ProfileInfo = namedtuple( + "ProfileInfo", ("avatar_url", "display_name") +) + + _MEMBERSHIP_PROFILE_UPDATE_NAME = "room_membership_profile_update" @@ -422,20 +430,20 @@ class RoomMemberStore(SQLBaseStore): ) users_in_room = { - row["user_id"]: { - "display_name": row["display_name"], - "avatar_url": row["avatar_url"], - } + to_ascii(row["user_id"]): ProfileInfo( + avatar_url=to_ascii(row["avatar_url"]), + display_name=to_ascii(row["display_name"]), + ) for row in rows } if event is not None and event.type == EventTypes.Member: if event.membership == Membership.JOIN: if event.event_id in member_event_ids: - users_in_room[event.state_key] = { - "display_name": event.content.get("displayname", None), - "avatar_url": event.content.get("avatar_url", None), - } + users_in_room[to_ascii(event.state_key)] = ProfileInfo( + display_name=to_ascii(event.content.get("displayname", None)), + avatar_url=to_ascii(event.content.get("avatar_url", None)), + ) defer.returnValue(users_in_room) diff --git a/synapse/storage/state.py b/synapse/storage/state.py index acd69944c..e89001d99 100644 --- a/synapse/storage/state.py +++ b/synapse/storage/state.py @@ -279,12 +279,7 @@ class StateStore(SQLBaseStore): return count - @cached(num_args=2, max_entries=100000, iterable=True) - def _get_state_group_from_group(self, group, types): - raise NotImplementedError() - - @cachedList(cached_method_name="_get_state_group_from_group", - list_name="groups", num_args=2, inlineCallbacks=True) + @defer.inlineCallbacks def _get_state_groups_from_groups(self, groups, types): """Returns dictionary state_group -> (dict of (type, state_key) -> event id) """ @@ -512,7 +507,7 @@ class StateStore(SQLBaseStore): state_map = yield self.get_state_ids_for_events([event_id], types) defer.returnValue(state_map[event_id]) - @cached(num_args=2, max_entries=100000) + @cached(num_args=2, max_entries=50000) def _get_state_group_for_event(self, room_id, event_id): return self._simple_select_one_onecol( table="event_to_state_groups", diff --git a/synapse/util/caches/__init__.py b/synapse/util/caches/__init__.py index 8a7774a88..4a83c46d9 100644 --- a/synapse/util/caches/__init__.py +++ b/synapse/util/caches/__init__.py @@ -14,13 +14,10 @@ # limitations under the License. import synapse.metrics -from lrucache import LruCache import os CACHE_SIZE_FACTOR = float(os.environ.get("SYNAPSE_CACHE_FACTOR", 0.1)) -DEBUG_CACHES = False - metrics = synapse.metrics.get_metrics_for("synapse.util.caches") caches_by_name = {} @@ -40,10 +37,6 @@ def register_cache(name, cache): ) -_string_cache = LruCache(int(100000 * CACHE_SIZE_FACTOR)) -_stirng_cache_metrics = register_cache("string_cache", _string_cache) - - KNOWN_KEYS = { key: key for key in ( @@ -67,14 +60,16 @@ KNOWN_KEYS = { def intern_string(string): - """Takes a (potentially) unicode string and interns using custom cache + """Takes a (potentially) unicode string and interns it if it's ascii """ - new_str = _string_cache.setdefault(string, string) - if new_str is string: - _stirng_cache_metrics.inc_hits() - else: - _stirng_cache_metrics.inc_misses() - return new_str + if string is None: + return None + + try: + string = string.encode("ascii") + return intern(string) + except UnicodeEncodeError: + return string def intern_dict(dictionary): @@ -87,13 +82,9 @@ def intern_dict(dictionary): def _intern_known_values(key, value): - intern_str_keys = ("event_id", "room_id") - intern_unicode_keys = ("sender", "user_id", "type", "state_key") + intern_keys = ("event_id", "room_id", "sender", "user_id", "type", "state_key",) - if key in intern_str_keys: - return intern(value.encode('ascii')) - - if key in intern_unicode_keys: + if key in intern_keys: return intern_string(value) return value diff --git a/synapse/util/caches/descriptors.py b/synapse/util/caches/descriptors.py index 9d0d0be1f..807e14765 100644 --- a/synapse/util/caches/descriptors.py +++ b/synapse/util/caches/descriptors.py @@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ from synapse.util import unwrapFirstError, logcontext from synapse.util.caches.lrucache import LruCache from synapse.util.caches.treecache import TreeCache, iterate_tree_cache_entry -from . import DEBUG_CACHES, register_cache +from . import register_cache from twisted.internet import defer from collections import namedtuple @@ -76,7 +76,7 @@ class Cache(object): self.cache = LruCache( max_size=max_entries, keylen=keylen, cache_type=cache_type, - size_callback=(lambda d: len(d.result)) if iterable else None, + size_callback=(lambda d: len(d)) if iterable else None, ) self.name = name @@ -96,6 +96,17 @@ class Cache(object): ) def get(self, key, default=_CacheSentinel, callback=None): + """Looks the key up in the caches. + + Args: + key(tuple) + default: What is returned if key is not in the caches. If not + specified then function throws KeyError instead + callback(fn): Gets called when the entry in the cache is invalidated + + Returns: + Either a Deferred or the raw result + """ callbacks = [callback] if callback else [] val = self._pending_deferred_cache.get(key, _CacheSentinel) if val is not _CacheSentinel: @@ -137,7 +148,7 @@ class Cache(object): if self.sequence == entry.sequence: existing_entry = self._pending_deferred_cache.pop(key, None) if existing_entry is entry: - self.cache.set(key, entry.deferred, entry.callbacks) + self.cache.set(key, result, entry.callbacks) else: entry.invalidate() else: @@ -335,20 +346,10 @@ class CacheDescriptor(_CacheDescriptorBase): try: cached_result_d = cache.get(cache_key, callback=invalidate_callback) - observer = cached_result_d.observe() - if DEBUG_CACHES: - @defer.inlineCallbacks - def check_result(cached_result): - actual_result = yield self.function_to_call(obj, *args, **kwargs) - if actual_result != cached_result: - logger.error( - "Stale cache entry %s%r: cached: %r, actual %r", - self.orig.__name__, cache_key, - cached_result, actual_result, - ) - raise ValueError("Stale cache entry") - defer.returnValue(cached_result) - observer.addCallback(check_result) + if isinstance(cached_result_d, ObservableDeferred): + observer = cached_result_d.observe() + else: + observer = cached_result_d except KeyError: ret = defer.maybeDeferred( @@ -447,7 +448,9 @@ class CacheListDescriptor(_CacheDescriptorBase): try: res = cache.get(tuple(key), callback=invalidate_callback) - if not res.has_succeeded(): + if not isinstance(res, ObservableDeferred): + results[arg] = res + elif not res.has_succeeded(): res = res.observe() res.addCallback(lambda r, arg: (arg, r), arg) cached_defers[arg] = res diff --git a/synapse/util/stringutils.py b/synapse/util/stringutils.py index a100f151d..95a6168e1 100644 --- a/synapse/util/stringutils.py +++ b/synapse/util/stringutils.py @@ -40,3 +40,17 @@ def is_ascii(s): return False else: return True + + +def to_ascii(s): + """Converts a string to ascii if it is ascii, otherwise leave it alone. + + If given None then will return None. + """ + if s is None: + return None + + try: + return s.encode("ascii") + except UnicodeEncodeError: + return s