Performance improvements and refactor of Ratelimiter (#7595)

While working on https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/5665 I found myself digging into the `Ratelimiter` class and seeing that it was both:

* Rather undocumented, and
* causing a *lot* of config checks

This PR attempts to refactor and comment the `Ratelimiter` class, as well as encourage config file accesses to only be done at instantiation. 

Best to be reviewed commit-by-commit.

synapse/rest/client/v1/login.py

@@ -87,11 +87,22 @@ class LoginRestServlet(RestServlet):
         self.auth_handler = self.hs.get_auth_handler()
         self.registration_handler = hs.get_registration_handler()
         self.handlers = hs.get_handlers()
-        self._clock = hs.get_clock()
         self._well_known_builder = WellKnownBuilder(hs)
-        self._address_ratelimiter = Ratelimiter()
-        self._account_ratelimiter = Ratelimiter()
-        self._failed_attempts_ratelimiter = Ratelimiter()
+        self._address_ratelimiter = Ratelimiter(
+            clock=hs.get_clock(),
+            rate_hz=self.hs.config.rc_login_address.per_second,
+            burst_count=self.hs.config.rc_login_address.burst_count,
+        )
+        self._account_ratelimiter = Ratelimiter(
+            clock=hs.get_clock(),
+            rate_hz=self.hs.config.rc_login_account.per_second,
+            burst_count=self.hs.config.rc_login_account.burst_count,
+        )
+        self._failed_attempts_ratelimiter = Ratelimiter(
+            clock=hs.get_clock(),
+            rate_hz=self.hs.config.rc_login_failed_attempts.per_second,
+            burst_count=self.hs.config.rc_login_failed_attempts.burst_count,
+        )
 
     def on_GET(self, request):
         flows = []
@@ -124,13 +135,7 @@ class LoginRestServlet(RestServlet):
         return 200, {}
 
     async def on_POST(self, request):
-        self._address_ratelimiter.ratelimit(
-            request.getClientIP(),
-            time_now_s=self.hs.clock.time(),
-            rate_hz=self.hs.config.rc_login_address.per_second,
-            burst_count=self.hs.config.rc_login_address.burst_count,
-            update=True,
-        )
+        self._address_ratelimiter.ratelimit(request.getClientIP())
 
         login_submission = parse_json_object_from_request(request)
         try:
@@ -198,13 +203,7 @@ class LoginRestServlet(RestServlet):
 
             # We also apply account rate limiting using the 3PID as a key, as
             # otherwise using 3PID bypasses the ratelimiting based on user ID.
-            self._failed_attempts_ratelimiter.ratelimit(
-                (medium, address),
-                time_now_s=self._clock.time(),
-                rate_hz=self.hs.config.rc_login_failed_attempts.per_second,
-                burst_count=self.hs.config.rc_login_failed_attempts.burst_count,
-                update=False,
-            )
+            self._failed_attempts_ratelimiter.ratelimit((medium, address), update=False)
 
             # Check for login providers that support 3pid login types
             (
@@ -238,13 +237,7 @@ class LoginRestServlet(RestServlet):
                 # If it returned None but the 3PID was bound then we won't hit
                 # this code path, which is fine as then the per-user ratelimit
                 # will kick in below.
-                self._failed_attempts_ratelimiter.can_do_action(
-                    (medium, address),
-                    time_now_s=self._clock.time(),
-                    rate_hz=self.hs.config.rc_login_failed_attempts.per_second,
-                    burst_count=self.hs.config.rc_login_failed_attempts.burst_count,
-                    update=True,
-                )
+                self._failed_attempts_ratelimiter.can_do_action((medium, address))
                 raise LoginError(403, "", errcode=Codes.FORBIDDEN)
 
             identifier = {"type": "m.id.user", "user": user_id}
@@ -263,11 +256,7 @@ class LoginRestServlet(RestServlet):
 
         # Check if we've hit the failed ratelimit (but don't update it)
         self._failed_attempts_ratelimiter.ratelimit(
-            qualified_user_id.lower(),
-            time_now_s=self._clock.time(),
-            rate_hz=self.hs.config.rc_login_failed_attempts.per_second,
-            burst_count=self.hs.config.rc_login_failed_attempts.burst_count,
-            update=False,
+            qualified_user_id.lower(), update=False
         )
 
         try:
@@ -279,13 +268,7 @@ class LoginRestServlet(RestServlet):
             # limiter. Using `can_do_action` avoids us raising a ratelimit
             # exception and masking the LoginError. The actual ratelimiting
             # should have happened above.
-            self._failed_attempts_ratelimiter.can_do_action(
-                qualified_user_id.lower(),
-                time_now_s=self._clock.time(),
-                rate_hz=self.hs.config.rc_login_failed_attempts.per_second,
-                burst_count=self.hs.config.rc_login_failed_attempts.burst_count,
-                update=True,
-            )
+            self._failed_attempts_ratelimiter.can_do_action(qualified_user_id.lower())
             raise
 
         result = await self._complete_login(
@@ -318,13 +301,7 @@ class LoginRestServlet(RestServlet):
         # Before we actually log them in we check if they've already logged in
         # too often. This happens here rather than before as we don't
         # necessarily know the user before now.
-        self._account_ratelimiter.ratelimit(
-            user_id.lower(),
-            time_now_s=self._clock.time(),
-            rate_hz=self.hs.config.rc_login_account.per_second,
-            burst_count=self.hs.config.rc_login_account.burst_count,
-            update=True,
-        )
+        self._account_ratelimiter.ratelimit(user_id.lower())
 
         if create_non_existent_users:
             canonical_uid = await self.auth_handler.check_user_exists(user_id)