Use the v2 Identity Service API for lookups (MSC2134 + MSC2140) (#5976)

This is a redo of https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/pull/5897 but with `id_access_token` accepted.

Implements [MSC2134](https://github.com/matrix-org/matrix-doc/pull/2134) plus Identity Service v2 authentication ala [MSC2140](https://github.com/matrix-org/matrix-doc/pull/2140).

Identity lookup-related functions were also moved from `RoomMemberHandler` to `IdentityHandler`.

synapse/util/hash.py

@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+
+# Copyright 2019 The Matrix.org Foundation C.I.C.
+#
+# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+# You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+#     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+# limitations under the License.
+
+import hashlib
+
+import unpaddedbase64
+
+
+def sha256_and_url_safe_base64(input_text):
+    """SHA256 hash an input string, encode the digest as url-safe base64, and
+    return
+
+    :param input_text: string to hash
+    :type input_text: str
+
+    :returns a sha256 hashed and url-safe base64 encoded digest
+    :rtype: str
+    """
+    digest = hashlib.sha256(input_text.encode()).digest()
+    return unpaddedbase64.encode_base64(digest, urlsafe=True)