textfiles-politics/regexConsp/theory1.xml

<xml><p>  WIRELESS TRANSMISSION OF POWER</p>

<p>  Resonating Planet Earth</p>

<p>  by</p>

<p>  Toby Grotz</p>

<p>  Theoretical Electromagnetic Studies and Learning Association, Inc.
  522 West Third Street
  Leadville, CO  80461
  (719) 486-0133</p>

<p>  Abstract</p>

<p>  Many  researchers have speculated on the meaning of the phrase  "non-
  Hertzian waves" as used by Dr. Nikola Tesla.  Dr. Tesla first began  to
  use this term in the mid 1890's in order to explain his proposed system
  for the wireless transmission of electrical power.  In fact, it was not
  until the distinction between the method that Heinrich Hertz was  using
  and  the  system  Dr. Tesla had designed, that Dr. Tesla  was  able  to
  receive the endorsement of the renowned physicist, Lord Kelvin.1</p>

<p>  To  this day, however, there exists a confusion  amongs  researchers,
  experimentalists, popular authors and laymen as to the meaning of  non-
  Hertzian waves and the method Dr. Tesla was promoting for the  wireless
  transmission of power.  In this paper, the terms pertinent to  wireless
  transmission  of power will be explained and the methods being used  by
  present  researchers  in  a recreation of  the  Tesla's  1899  Colorado
  Springs experiments will be defined.</p>

<p>  Early Theories of Electromagnetic Propagation</p>

<p>  In  pre-World  War  I  physics, scientists  postulated  a  number  of
  theories  to explain the propagation of electromagnetic energy  through
  the ether.  There were three popular theories present in the literature
  of the late 1800's and early 1900's.  They were:
   1. Transmission through or along the Earth,
   2. Propagation as a result of terrestrial resonances,
   3. Coupling to the ionosphere using propagation through
  electrified gases.</p>

<p>  We  shall  concern  our examination at this time to  the  latter  two
  theories  as  they  were both used by Dr. Tesla  at  various  times  to
  explain  his  system of wireless transmission of power.  It  should  be
  noted, however,  that  the  first  theory  was  supported  by Fritz
  Lowenstein,  the  first  vice-president  of  the  Institute  of Radio
  Engineers, a man who had the enviable experience of assisting Dr. Tesla
  during the Colorado Springs experiments of 1899.  Lowenstein  presented
  what  came to be known as the "gliding wave" theory of  electromagnetic
  radiation  and  propagation during a lecture before the  IRE  in  1915.
  (Fig. 1)</p>

<p>  Dr. Tesla delivered  lectures  to  the  Franklin Institute at
  Philadelphia,  in  February, 1983, and to the National  Electric  Light
  Association  in St. Louis, in March, 1983,  concerning  electromagnetic
  wave propagation.  The theory presented in those lectures proposed that
  the Earth could be considered as a conducting sphere and that it  could
  support  a large electrical charge.  Dr. Tesla proposed to disturb  the
  charge  distribution on the surface of the Earth and record the  period
  of  the resulting oscillations as the charge returned to its  state  of
  equilibrium.  The problem of a single charged sphere had been  analyzed
  at  that time by J.J. Thompson and A.G. Webster in a treatise  entitled
  "The  Spherical Oscillator."  This was the beginning of an  examination
  of what we may call the science of terrestrial resonances,  culminating
  in  the 1950's and 60's with the engineering of VLF radio  systems  and
   the research and discoveries of W.O. Schumann and J.R. Waite.</p>

<p>  The  second  method of energy propagation proposed by Dr.  Tesla  was
  that of the propagation of electrical energy through electrified gases.
  Dr.  Tesla experimented with the use of high frequency RF  currents  to
  examine the properties of gases over a wide range of pressures.  It was
  determined  by Dr. Tesla that air under a partial vacuum could  conduct
  high frequency electrical currents as well or better than copper wires.
  If  a transmitter could be elevated to a level where the  air  pressure
  was on the order of 75 to 130 millimeters in pressure and an excitation
  of megavolts was applied, it was theorized that;</p>

<p>   "...the  air will serve as a conductor for the current  produced,  and
  the  latter will be transmitted through the air with, it may  be,  even
  less resistance than through an ordinary copper wire".2 (Fig. 2)
  Resonating Planet Earth</p>

<p>  Dr. James T. Corum and Kenneth L. Corum, in chapter two of their soon
  to be published book, A Tesla Primer, point out a number of  statements
  made by Dr. Tesla which indicate that he was using resonator fields and
  transmission line modes.</p>

<p>  1.  When  he speaks of tuning his apparatus until  Hertzian  radiations
  have been eliminated, he is referring to using ELF vibrations:  "...the
  Hertzian  effect  has gradually been reduced through  the  lowering  of
  frequency."3</p>

<p>  2.  "...the  energy received does not diminish with the square  of  the
  distance,  as it should, since the Hertzian radiation propagates  in  a
  hemisphere."3</p>

<p>  3.  He  apparently detected resonator or standing  wave  modes:  "...my
  discovery  of the wonderful law governing the movement  of  electricity
  through  the globe...the projection of the wavelengths (measured  along
  the  surface)  on the earth's diameter or axis  of  symmetry...are  all
  equal."3</p>

<p>  4.  "We are living on a conducting globe surrounded by a thin layer  of
  insulating air, above which  is a rarefied and conducting
  atmosphere...The  Hertz  waves represent energy which is  radiated  and
  unrecoverable.  The current energy, on the other hand, is preserved and
  can be recovered, theoretically at least, in its entirety."4</p>

<p>  As  Dr. Corum points out, "The last sentence seems to  indicate  that
  Tesla's  Colorado Springs experiments could be properly interpreted  as
  characteristic of a wave-guide probe in a cavity resonator."5  This was
  in fact what led Dr. Tesla to report a measurement which to this day is
  not  understood  and  has led many to erroneously assume  that  he  was
  dealing with faster than light velocities.</p>

<p>  The Controversial Measurement;</p>

<p>  It does not indicate faster than light velocity</p>

<p>  The  mathematical models and experimental data used by  Schumann  and
  Waite  to  describe ELF transmission and propagation  are  complex  and
  beyond  the scope of this paper.  Dr. James F. Corum, Kenneth L.  Corum
  and  Dr.  A-Hamid  Aidinejad  have, however,  in  a  series  of  papers
  presented  at  the  1984  Tesla  Centennial  Symposium  and  the 1986
  International Tesla Symposium, applied the experimental values obtained
  by Dr. Tesla during his Colorado Springs experiments to the models  and
  equations  used  by Schumann and Waite.  The results of  this  exercise
  have  proved that the Earth and the surrounding atmosphere can be  used
  as  a  cavity  resonator for the wireless  transmission  of  electrical
  power. (Fig. 3)</p>

<p>  Dr.  Tesla  reported that .08484 seconds was the time  that  a  pulse
  emitted  from his laboratory took to propagate to the opposite side  of
  the  planet and to return.  From this statement many have assumed  that
   his  transmissions  exceeded the speed of light and many  esoteric  and
  fallacious theories and publications have been generated.  As Corum and
  Aidinejad point out, in their 1986 paper, "The Transient Propagation of
  ELF Pulses in the Earth Ionosphere Cavity", this measurement represents
  the coherence time of the Earth cavity resonator system.  This is  also
  known  to  students of radar systems as a determination  of  the  range
  dependent  parameter. The  accompanying  diagrams  from  Corum's  and
  Aidinejad's paper graphically illustrate the point. (Fig. 3 &amp; Fig. 4)</p>

<p>  We  now turn to a description of the methods to be used to build,  as
  Dr. Tesla did in 1899, a cavity resonator for the wireless transmission
  of electrical power.</p>

<p>  PROJECT TESLA:</p>

<p>  The Wireless Transmission of Electrical Energy Using Schumann Resonance</p>

<p>  It  has been proven that electrical energy can be  propagated  around
  the  world  between  the surface of the Earth  and  the  ionosphere  at
  extreme  low frequencies in what is known as the Schumann Cavity. The
  Schumann  cavity surrounds the Earth between ground level  and  extends
  upward to a maximum 80 kilometers.  Experiments to date have shown that
  electromagnetic waves of extreme low frequencies in the range of 8  Hz,
  the  fundamental  Schumann Resonance frequency, propagate  with  little
  attenuation around the planet within the Schumann Cavity.</p>

<p>  Knowing  that a resonant cavity can be excited and that power can  be
  delivered to that cavity similar to the methods used in microwave ovens
  for  home use, it should be possible to resonate and deliver power  via
  the  Schumann  Cavity  to  any point on Earth. This  will  result  in
  practical wireless transmission of electrical power.</p>

<p>  Background</p>

<p>  Although  it was not until 1954-1959 when  experimental  measurements
  were  made of the frequency that is propagated in the  resonant  cavity
  surrounding  the Earth, recent analysis shows that it was Nikola  Tesla
  who,  in 1899, first noticed the existence of stationary waves  in  the
  Schumann cavity.  Tesla's experimental measurements of the wave  length
  and frequency involved closely match Schumann's theoretical
  calculations.  Some of these observations were made in 1899 while Tesla
  was monitoring  the  electromagnetic  radiations  due  to lightning
  discharges  in  a thunderstorm which passed over his  Colorado  Springs
  laboratory  and  then  moved more than 200 miles  eastward  across  the
  plains. In  his  Colorado  Springs  Notes,  Tesla  noted  that  these
  stationary waves "... can be produced with an oscillator," and added in
  parenthesis,  "This is of immense importance."6  The importance of  his
  observations is due to the support they lend to the prime objective  of
  the Colorado Springs laboratory.  The intent of the experiments and the
  laboratory Tesla had  constructed  was  to  prove that wireless
  transmission of electrical power was possible.</p>

<p>  Schumann Resonance is analogous to pushing a pendulum.  The intent of
  Project Tesla is to create pulses or electrical disturbances that would
  travel in all directions around the Earth in the thin membrane of  non-
  conductive  air between the ground and the ionosphere.  The  pulses  or
  waves would follow the surface of the Earth in all directions expanding
  outward  to  the  maximum circumference of the  Earth  and  contracting
  inward  until meeting at a point opposite to that of  the  transmitter.
  This  point  is  called the anti-pode.  The traveling  waves  would  be
  reflected  back from the anti-pode to the transmitter to be  reinforced
  and sent out again.
 
  At  the  time of his measurements Tesla was  experimenting  with  and
  researching  methods  for "...power transmission  and  transmission  of
  intelligible  messages to any point on the globe."  Although Tesla  was
  not  able to commercially market a system to transmit power around  the
  globe,  modern scientific theory and mathematical calculations  support
  his  contention  that the wireless propagation of electrical  power  is
  possible and a feasible alternative to the extensive and costly grid of
  electrical transmission  lines  used  today  for electrical power
  distribution.</p>

<p>  The Need for a Wireless System of Energy Transmission</p>

<p>  A  great concern has been voiced in recent years over  the  extensive
  use  of energy, the limited supply of resources, and the  pollution  of
  the  environment  from the use of present  energy  conversion  systems.
  Electrical power accounts for much of the energy consumed. Much of this
  power is wasted during transmission from power plant generators to  the
  consumer. The  resistance  of the wire used in  the  electrical  grid
  distribution  system causes a loss of 26-30% of the  energy  generated.
  This loss implies that our present system of electrical distribution is
  only 70-74% efficient.</p>

<p>  A system of power distribution with little or no loss would  conserve
  energy. It would reduce pollution and expenses resulting from the  need
  to generate power to overcome and compensate for losses in the  present
  grid system.</p>

<p>  The proposed project  would  demonstrate  a  method of energy
  distribution calculated  to  be  90-94%  efficient. An electrical
  distribution system, based on this method would eliminate the need  for
  an  inefficient, costly, and capital intensive grid of cables,  towers,
  and substations.  The system would reduce the cost of electrical energy
  used  by  the  consumer and rid the landscape  of  wires,  cables,  and
  transmission towers.</p>

<p>  There  are  areas of the world where the need  for  electrical  power
  exists, yet there is no method for delivering power.  Africa is in need
  of power to run pumps to tap into the vast resources of water under the
  Sahara  Desert. Rural  areas, such as those  in  China,  require  the
  electrical  power necessary to bring them into the 20th century and  to
  equal standing with western nations.</p>

<p>  As  first  proposed by Buckminster Fuller, wireless  transmission  of
  power would enable world wide distribution of off peak demand capacity.
  This  concept  is based on the fact that some nations,  especially  the
  United  States, have the capacity to generate much more power  than  is
  needed. This situation is accentuated at night.  The greatest  amount
  of  power  used, the peak demand, is during the day.  The  extra  power
  available  during  the night could be sold to the side  of  the  planet
  where it is day time.  Considering the huge capacity of power plants in
  the  United States, this system would provide a saleable product  which
  could do much to aid our balance of payments.</p>

<p>  MARKET ANALYSIS</p>

<p>  Of  the  56  billion  dollars  spent for  research  by  the  the  U.S
  government in 1987, 64% was for military purposes, only 8% was spent on
  energy  related research.  More efficient energy  distribution  systems
  and  sources are needed by both developed and under developed  nations.
  In regards to Project Tesla, the market for wireless power transmission
  systems  is enormous.  It has the potential to become  a  multi-billion
  dollar per year market.
 </p>

<p>  Market Size</p>

<p> The increasing demand for electrical energy in industrial nations is
  well  documented. If we include the demand of  third  world  nations,
  pushed  by  their increasing rate of growth, we could  expect  an  even
  faster rise in the demand for electrical power in the near future.</p>

<p>  In 1971, nine industrialized nations, (with 25 percent of the world's
  population),  used  690  million kilowatts, 76  percent  of  all  power
  generated.  The rest of the world used only 218 million kilowatts. By
  comparison,  China  generated  only  17  million  kilowatts  and  India
  generated only 15 million kilowatts (less than two percent each).7 If
  a conservative assumption was made that the three-quarters of the world
  which is only using one-quarter of the current power production were to
  eventually consume as much as the first quarter, then an additional 908
  million kilowatts will be needed.  The demand for electrical power will
  continue to increase with the industrialization of the world.</p>

<p>  Market Projections</p>

<p>  The  Energy  Information  Agency  (EIA),  based  in  Washington,  D.C.,
  reported the 1985 net generation of electric power to be 2,489  billion
  kilowatt hours.  At a conservative sale price of $.04 per kilowatt hour
  that  results in a yearly income of 100 billion dollars.  The EIA  also
  reported  that the 1985 capacity according to generator name plates  to
  be  656,118  million watts.  This would result in a  yearly  output  of
  5,740  billion kilowatt hours at 100% utilization.  What this means  is
  that  we  use only about 40% of the power we can  generate  (an  excess
  capability of 3,251 billion kilowatt hours).</p>

<p>  Allowing for down time and maintenance and the fact that the night time
  off  peak  load is available, it is possible that half  of  the  excess
  power  generation  capability  could be  utilized. If  1,625  billion
  kilowatt  hours were sold yearly at $.06/kilowatt, income  would  total
  9.7 billion dollars.</p>

<p>  Project Tesla: Objectives</p>

<p>  The  objectives  of  Project Tesla are divided into  three  areas  of
  investigation.
  1. Demonstration that the Schumann Cavity can be resonated with an
   open air, vertical dipole antenna;
  2. Measurement of power insertion losses;
  3. Measurement of power retrieval losses, locally and at a distance.</p>

<p>  Methods</p>

<p>  A  full size, 51 foot diameter, air core, radio frequency  resonating
  coil and a unique 130 foot tower, insulated 30 feet above ground,  have
  been  constructed and are operational at an elevation of  approximately
  11,000 feet.  This system was originally built by Robert Golka in 1973-
  1974 and used until 1982 by the United States Air Force at Wendover AFB
  in  Wendover,  Utah. The USAF used the coil  for  simulating  natural
  lightning for testing and hardening fighter aircraft.  The system has a
  capacity  of over 600  kilowatts.  The coil, which is the largest  part
  of the system, has already been built, tested, and is operational.</p>

<p>  A location at a high altitude is initially advantageous for  reducing
  atmospheric  losses  which work against an efficient  coupling  to  the
  Schumann  Cavity.  The high frequency, high voltage output of the  coil
  will be half wave rectified using a uniquely designed single  electrode
  X-ray  tube. The X-ray tube will be used to charge a  130  ft.  tall,
   vertical  tower  which  will function to  provide  a  vertical  current
  moment. The mast is topped by a metal sphere 30 inches  in  diameter.
  X-rays  emitted  from the tube will ionize the atmosphere  between  the
  Tesla  coil and the tower.  This will result in a low  resistance  path
  causing  all  discharges  to  flow  from the  coil  to  the  tower. A
  circulating  current  of  1,000 amperes in the system  will  create  an
  ionization and corona causing a large virtual electrical capacitance in
  the  medium surrounding the sphere.  The total charge around the  tower
  will  be  in the range of between 200-600  coulombs. Discharging  the
  tower  7-8  times per second through a fixed or rotary spark  gap  will
  create  electrical  disturbances,  which  will  resonantly  excite  the
  Schumann Cavity, and propagate around the entire Earth.</p>

<p>  The propagated wave front will be reflected from the antipode back to
  the transmitter site.  The reflected wave will be reinforced and  again
  radiated  when  it  returns  to  the  transmitter. As  a  result,  an
  oscillation will be established and maintained in the Schumann  Cavity.
  The  loss of power in the cavity has been estimated to be about 6%  per
  round trip.  If the same amount of  power is delivered to the cavity on
  each  cycle  of  oscillation of the transmitter, there will  be  a  net
  energy gain which will result in a net voltage, or amplitude  increase.
  This will result in reactive energy storage in the cavity.  As long  as
  energy is delivered to the cavity, the process will continue until  the
  energy  is removed by heating, lightning discharges, or as is  proposed
  by  this  project, loading by tuned circuits at distant  locations  for
  power distribution.</p>

<p>  The resonating cavity field will be detected by stations both in  the
  United  States  and overseas. These will be staffed  by  engineers  and
  scientists who have agreed to participate in the experiment.</p>

<p>  Measurement  of power insertion and retrieval losses will be made  at
  the  transmitter  site and at distant receiving  locations. Equipment
  constructed especially for measurement of low frequency electromagnetic
  waves  will  be  employed to measure the  effectiveness  of  using  the
  Schumann  Cavity  as  a means of electrical  power  distribution. The
  detection equipment used by project personnel will consist of a pick up
  coil and industry standard low noise, high gain operational  amplifiers
  and active band pass filters.</p>

<p>  In  addition  to  project detection there will be  a  record  of  the
  experiment recorded by a network of monitoring stations that have  been
  set up specifically to monitor electromagnetic activity in the Schumann
  Cavity.  </p>

<p>  Evaluation Procedure</p>

<p>  The project will be evaluated by an analysis of the data provided  by
  local and distant measurement stations.  The output of the  transmitter
  will produce a 7-8 Hz sine wave as a result of the discharges from  the
  antenna. The  recordings  made  by  distant  stations  will  be  time
  synchronized  to  ensure  that the data received is  a  result  of  the
  operation of the transmitter.</p>

<p>  Power  insertion  and  retrieval losses will be  analyzed  after  the
  measurements taken during the transmission are recorded. Attenuation,
  field  strength,  and cavity Q will be calculated using  the  equations
  presented  in  Dr.  Corum's  papers.  These papers  are  noted  in  the
  references. If  recorded results indicate power  can  be  efficiently
  coupled  into or transmitted in the Schumann Cavity, a second phase  of
  research involving power reception will be initiated.</p>

<p>  Environmental Considerations</p>

<p>  The  extreme low frequencies (ELF), present in the  environment  have
  several origins.  The time varying magnetic fields produced as a result
  of solar and lunar influences on ionospheric currents are on the  order
  of 30 nanoteslas.  The largest time varying fields are those  generated
  by  solar  activity and thunderstorms.  These magnetic fields  reach  a
  maximum  of  0.5 microteslas (uT)  The magnetic fields  produced  as  a
  result of lightning discharges in the Schumann Cavity peak at 7, 14, 20
  and 26 Hz.  The magnetic flux densities associated with these  resonant
  frequencies vary  from  0.25  to  3.6  picoteslas.  per  root hertz
  (pT/Hz1/2).</p>

<p>  Exposure  to  man made sources of ELF can be up to  1  billion  (1000
  million  or  1 x 109) times stronger than that of  naturally  occurring
  fields. Household appliances operated at 60 Hz can produce fields  as
  high as 2.5 mT.  The field under a 765 kV, 60 Hz power line carrying  1
  amp  per  phase  is  15 uT.  ELF antennae systems  that  are  used  for
  submarine  communication  produce  fields  of  20  uT. Video  display
  terminals  produce fields of 2 uT, 1,000,000 times the strength of  the
  Schumann Resonance frequencies.9</p>

<p>  Project  Tesla  will use a 150 kw generator to  excite  the  Schumann
  cavity. Calculations  predict  that the field strength  due  to  this
  excitation at 7.8 Hz will be on the order of 46 picoteslas.</p>

<p>  Future Objectives</p>

<p>  The  successful  resonating  of  the  Schumann  Cavity  and  wireless
  transmission of power on a small scale resulting in proof of  principle
  will  require  a second phase of engineering, the design  of  receiving
  stations. On  completion of the second phase, the  third  and  fourth
  phases  of the project involving further tests and improvements  and  a
  large  scale demonstration project will be pursued to prove  commercial
  feasibility. Total  cost  from  proof  of  principle  to commercial
  prototype  is expected to total $3 million.  Interest in  participation
  in this project may be directed to the author.</p>

<p>  REFERENCES</p>

<p>  The following four papers were presented at the 1984 Tesla Centennial
  Symposium and the 1986 International Tesla Symposium.</p>

<p>  "The  Transient  Propagation of ELF Pulses  in  the  Earth-Ionosphere
  Cavity", by A-Ahamid Aidinejad and James F. Corum.</p>

<p>  "Disclosures Concerning the Operation of an ELF Oscillator", by James
  F. Corum and Kenneth L. Corum.</p>

<p>  "A Physical Interpretation of the Colorado Springs Data", by James F.
  Corum and Kenneth L. Corum.</p>

<p>  "Critical Speculations Concerning Tesla's Invention and  Applications
  of  Single  Electrode X-Ray Directed Discharges for  Power  Processing,
  Terrestrial Resonances and Particle Beam Weapons" by James F. Corum and
  Kenneth L. Corum.</p>

<p>  FOOTNOTES</p>

<p>  1.  Tesla  Said,  Compiled by John T.  Ratzlaff,  Tesla  Book  Company,
  Millbrae, CA, 1984.</p>

<p>  2.  Dr.  Nikola Tesla: Selected Patent Wrappers, compiled  by  John  T.
  Ratzlaff, Tesla Book Company, 1980, Vol. I, Pg. 128.</p>

<p>  3.  "The  Disturbing  Influence  of Solar  Radiation  on  the  Wireless
  Transmission  of  Energy", by Nikola Tesla, Electrical Review, July  6,
  1912, PP. 34, 35.</p>

<p>  4.  "The Effect of Static on Wireless Transmission", by  Nikola  Tesla,
  Electrical Experimenter, January 1919, PP. 627, 658.</p>

<p>  5. Tesla Primer and Handbook, Dr. James T. Corum and Kenneth L.  Corum,
  unpublished.  Corum and Associates, 8551 ST Rt 534, Windsor, Ohio 44099</p>

<p>  6.  Colorado  Springs Notes, 1899 - 1900, Nikola  Tesla,  Nikola  Tesla
  Museum, Beograd, Yugoslavia, 1978, Pg. 62.</p>

<p>  7. Van Nostrands Scientific Encylopedia, Fith Edition, Pg. 899.</p>

<p>  8.  "PC Monitors Lightning Worldwide", Davis D. Sentman,  Computers  in
  Science, Premiere Issue, 1987.</p>

<p>  9.  "Artificially Stimulated Resonance of the Earth's  Schumann  Cavity
  Waveguide",  Toby  Grotz, Proceedings of the  Third  International  New
  Energy  Technology  Symposium/Exhibition, June 25th-28th,  1988,  Hull,
  Quebec,  Planetary  Association  for Clean  Energy,  191  Promenade  du
  Portage/600, Hull, Quebec  J8X 2K6 Canada</p>

<p>  FURTHER INFORMATION ABOUT TESLA</p>

<p>  The Tesla Memorial Society  The Tesla Coil Builders Association
  % Nicholas Kosanovich   % Harry Goldman
  453 Martin Road     RD #6 Box 181
  Lackawanna, NY 14218  Glenns Falls, NY 12801\
  (716) 822-0281    (518 792-1003</p>

<p>  The Tesla Book Company    High Voltage Press
  PO Box 1649     PO Box 532
  Greenville, TX 75401  Claremont, CA 91711</p>

<p>  ABOUT THE AUTHOR</p>

<p>  Mr.  Grotz, is an electrical engineer and has 15 years experience  in
  the field of geophysics, aerospace and industrial research and  design.
  While working  for  the  Geophysical  Services  Division of Texas
  Instruments  and  at the University of Texas at Dallas, Mr.  Grotz  was
  introduced  to  and worked with the geophysical concepts which  are  of
  importance  to  the proposed project.  As a Senior Engineer  at  Martin
  Marietta,  Mr.  Grotz  designed  and  supervised  the  construction  of
  industrial  process control systems and designed and built devices  and
  equipment  for  use in research and development and for  testing  space
  flight  hardware. Mr.  Grotz organized and  chaired  the  1984  Tesla
  Centennial Symposium and the 1986 International Tesla Symposium and was
  President  of  the  International  Tesla  Society,  a  not  for  profit
  corporation formed as a result the first symposium.  As Project Manager
  for Project Tesla, Mr. Grotz aided in the design and construction of  a
  recreation of the equipment Nikola Tesla used for wireless transmission
  of  power experiments in 1899 in Colorado Springs.  Mr. Grotz  received
  his B.S.E.E. from the University of Connecticut in 1973.

                                                                       </p></xml>