textfiles-politics/pythonCode/personTestingOutput/carter.xml

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CARTER'S TRUE LEGACY SHOCKING</p>

<p> By Mike Blair
Exclusive to The SPOTLIGHT</p>

<p><ent type='GPE'>Washington</ent>, DC -- While many frown when they think of the high interest
rates, U.S. hostages held abroad and foreign policy giveaways associated
with the <ent type='PERSON'>Carter</ent> administration, former President Jimmy Carter's true legacy
may be even more shocking than imagined.</p>

<p> <ent type='PERSON'>Carter</ent> seemingly ran an end run around a law passed in the wake of
<ent type='EVENT'>Watergate</ent> and signed before <ent type='PERSON'>Carter</ent> took office, which limited <ent type='ORG'>White House</ent>
powers, when he formed <ent type='ORG'>the Federal Emergency Management Agency</ent> (FEMA).</p>

<p> FEMA was based on <ent type='PERSON'>Richard Nixon</ent>'s Executive Order (EO) 11490.</p>

<p> The legislation contained nearly 200000 words on 32 pages. It
pertained to every executive order ever issued unless specifically revoked.</p>

<p> When <ent type='PERSON'>Carter</ent> took office, EO 11490 was incorporated into a new order
allowing a president to assume dictatorial powers during any self-proclaimed "emergency" situation; these powers will remain with a president
until specifically revoked by <ent type='ORG'>Congress</ent>.</p>

<p> Some senators thought they had successfully squashed the chief
executive's "national emergency" powers more than 10 years ago, after a
bipartisan congressional committee pushed the National Emergencies Act into
law.</p>

<p> Until September 14, 1976, the nation's chief executive officer was
empowered by more than 470 special statues to "seize property, organize and
control the means of production, seize commodities, institute martial law,
seize and control all transportation and communication, regulate the
operation of private enterprise, restrict travel and, in a host of other
ways, control the lives of <ent type='NORP'>Americans</ent>," then-Sen. Frank <ent type='ORG'>Church</ent> (D-<ent type='GPE'>Idaho</ent>)
said in the _<ent type='ORG'>Congress</ent>ional Record_.</p>

<p> <ent type='ORG'>The National Emergencies Act</ent>, which took effect in 1978, was supposed
to prevent the nation from turning into a potential dictatorship.
Presidents had used their "emergency" powers at least four times in the
previous 45 years.</p>

<p> The president held this little-known sway over citizens through
executive orders, which he could write into law in a moment's notice. No
group, neither elected officials, business leaders, nor private citizens,
had the power to void these laws.</p>

<p> <ent type='PERSON'>Franklin Roosevelt</ent> invoked a national emergency in 1933 to deal with
the banking crisis, and <ent type='PERSON'>Harry Truman</ent> responded to <ent type='EVENT'>the Korean War</ent> with an
emergency act in 1950.</p>

<p> <ent type='PERSON'>Richard Nixon</ent> declared a pair of crises. In March 1970 he declared a
national emergency to deal with the post office strike. The <ent type='PERSON'>Nixon</ent> White
House was at it again 16 months later when it implemented currency
restriction in August of 1971 in order to control foreign trade.</p>

<p> Then, in 1976, after two years of public hearings and committee
meetings, a bipartisan special congressional Committee on Emergency Powers
pushed legislation to wrestle power from the <ent type='ORG'>White House</ent>.</p>

<p> <ent type='ORG'>The National Emergencies Act</ent> became law on September 14, 1978,.
Senators used the second anniversary of their law to pat each other on the
back -- through the _<ent type='ORG'>Congress</ent>ional Record_ -- and to attempt to establish
Congress's role in national security.</p>

<p> "The <ent type='ORG'>Congress</ent> must never again trade away its responsibilities in the
name of national emergency," <ent type='ORG'>Church</ent> said. "Let that be one of the lessons
learned from the investigation completed, the passage of the National
Emergencies Act and the termination today of emergency powers."</p>

<p> Church's warning fell on deaf ears. Less than one year later,
President Jimmy <ent type='PERSON'>Carter</ent> ordered into being an entire apparatus --
unprecedented in <ent type='NORP'>American</ent> history -- designed to seize and exercise all
political, economic and military power in <ent type='GPE'>the United</ent> States.</p>

<p> <ent type='PERSON'>Carter</ent>, Ronald Reagan, <ent type='PERSON'>George Bush</ent> or any future president could
establish himself as total dictator.</p>

<p> <ent type='PERSON'>Carter</ent> did this with an executive order -- EO 12148.</p>

<p> An executive order has never been defined by <ent type='ORG'>Congress</ent>. The validity
of such directives has been questioned many times, but there has never been
a decision made by the courts or <ent type='ORG'>Congress</ent> on how far-reaching executive
orders may be.</p>

<p> Through existing executive orders it is possible for one person to
ignore the Constitution, <ent type='ORG'>Congress</ent> and the will of the <ent type='NORP'>American</ent> people. A
complete dictatorship can be imposed under the veil of law.</p>

<p> A declaration by the president of the existence of a "national
emergency" has always stopped short of martial law, although the president
has that prerogative. Undoubtedly it would be exercised in the event of an
attack on <ent type='GPE'>the United</ent> States.</p>

<p> An attempt was made to incorporate all the "national emergency" powers
into one law under <ent type='PERSON'>Nixon</ent>. However, in the wake of the <ent type='EVENT'>Watergate</ent> scandal,
he was unable to pull off the presidential coup.</p>

<p> <ent type='PERSON'>Carter</ent>, a <ent type='ORG'>Trilateralist</ent>, did.</p>

<div>-----------------</div>

<p>Reproduced with permission from a special supplement to _The Spotlight_,
May 25, 1992. This text may be freely reproduced provided acknowledgement
to The Spotlight appears, including this address:</p>

<p> The SPOTLIGHT
300 Independence Avenue, SE
<ent type='GPE'>Washington</ent>, DC 20003

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