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1581 lines
106 KiB
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<xml><p>Path: uuwest!control.spies.com!spies!sgiblab!sgigate!<ent type='GPE'>olivea</ent>!stratus!<ent type='GPE'>florida</ent>!<ent type='ORG'>lpb</ent>
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From: <ent type='ORG'>lpb</ent>@<ent type='GPE'>florida</ent>.swdc.stratus.com (<ent type='PERSON'>Len Bucuvalas</ent>)
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Newsgroups: alt.conspiracy
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Subject: Re: <ent type='ORG'>Executive</ent> Orders
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<info type="Message-ID"> 8523.29441@stratus.SWDC.Stratus.COM</info>
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Date: 11 Nov 92 18:58:32 GMT
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References: <special>BxGKI1.HDn@usenet.ucs.indiana.edu</special>
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Sender: news@SWDC.Stratus.COM
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Lines: 1615</p>
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<p>This is in reply to the original poster. What is is what
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can happen. What is not, has happened, and what may be will
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happen.</p>
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<p>My 2 cents worth of gobbledygook for the day! ;^)</p>
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<p>This file describes, <ent type='ORG'>FEMA</ent>, all <ent type='ORG'>EOs</ent>, and provides examples of
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their use.</p>
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<p><ent type='PERSON'>Len</ent>
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========================================================================</p>
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<p>SUBJECT: <ent type='ORG'>FEMA</ent> GULAG</p>
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<p>
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SECRET CONCENTRATION CAMPS
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The September issue of <ent type='ORG'>THE OSTRICH</ent> reprinted a story from the
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<ent type='ORG'>CBA</ent> BULLETIN which listed the following principal civilian concentration camps established in <ent type='ORG'>GULAG USA</ent> under the =<ent type='PERSON'>Rex</ent> '84= program:
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Ft. Chaffee, <ent type='GPE'>Arkansas</ent>; Ft. Drum, <ent type='ORG'>New York</ent>; Ft. <ent type='NORP'>Indian</ent> Gap, <ent type='GPE'>Pennsylvania</ent>; Camp A. P. Hill, <ent type='GPE'>Virginia</ent>; <ent type='GPE'>Oakdale</ent>, <ent type='GPE'>California</ent>; Eglin
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Air Force Base, <ent type='GPE'>Florida</ent>; Vendenberg AFB, <ent type='GPE'>California</ent>; Ft. Mc Coy,
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<ent type='GPE'>Wisconsin</ent>; Ft. Benning, <ent type='GPE'>Georgia</ent>; Ft. <ent type='GPE'>Huachuca</ent>, <ent type='GPE'>Arizona</ent>; Camp
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Krome, <ent type='GPE'>Florida</ent>. The February OSTRICH printed a map of the expanding
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<ent type='ORG'>Gulag</ent>. <ent type='GPE'>Alhough</ent> this listing and map stirred considerable interest,
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the report was not new. For at least 20 years, knowledgeable <ent type='ORG'>Patriots</ent>
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have been warning of these sinister plots to incarcerate dissidents
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opposing plans of the =Elitist Syndicate= for a totalitarian
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=<ent type='EVENT'>New World</ent> Order=. Indeed, the plot was recognized with the insidious
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encroachment of "regionalism" back in the 1960's. As early as 1968,
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the "greatest land steal in history" leading to global corporate
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socialism, was in a ="Master Land Plan"= for <ent type='GPE'>the United</ent> States
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by =<ent type='ORG'>Executive</ent> Orders= involving water resource regions,
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population movement and control, pollution control, zoning
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and land use, navigation and environmental bills, etc. Indeed,
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the real undercover aim of the so-called "Environmental Rennaissance"
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has been the abolition of private property.
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All prelude to the total grab of the =<ent type='ORG'>World Conservation Bank</ent>=,
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as <ent type='ORG'>THE OSTRICH</ent> has been reporting. The map on this page and
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the list of executive orders available for imposition of an "emergency"
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are from 1970s files of the late Gen. =P. A. <ent type='ORG'>Del Valle</ent>'s= <ent type='ORG'>ALERT</ent>,
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sent us by =<ent type='PERSON'>Merritt Newby</ent>=, editor of the now defunct AMERICAN
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CHALLENGE.
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=Wake up <ent type='NORP'>Americans</ent>!= The <ent type='PERSON'>Bushoviks</ent> have approved =Gorbachev's=
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imposition of "Emergency" to suppress unrest. =<ent type='PERSON'>Henry Kissinger</ent>=
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and his clients hardly missed a day's profits in their deals with
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the butchers of Tiananmen <ent type='PERSON'>Sqaure</ent>. Are you next?
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*************************************************************************
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SUBJECT: <ent type='ORG'>Executive</ent> Orders
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APPLICABLE EXECUTIVE ORDERS
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The following =<ent type='ORG'>Executive</ent> Orders=, now recorded in the Federal
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Register, and therefore accepted by <ent type='ORG'>Congress</ent> as the law of the
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land, can be put into effect at any time an emergency is declared:
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10995--All communications media seized by <ent type='ORG'>the Federal Government</ent>.
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10997--Seizure of all electrical power, fuels, including
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gasoline and minerals.
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10998--Seizure of all food resources, farms and farm equipment.
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10999--Seizure of all kinds of transportation, including your
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personal car, and control of all highways and seaports.
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11000--Seizure of all civilians for work under Federal supervision.
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11001--Federal takeover of all health, education and welfare.
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11002--Postmaster General empowered to register every man, woman
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and child in the U.S.A.
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11003--Seizure of all aircraft and airports by the Federal
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Government.
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11004--Housing and Finance authority may shift population from
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one locality to another. <ent type='ORG'>Complete</ent> integration.
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11005--Seizure of railroads, inland waterways, and storage facilities.
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11051--The Director of <ent type='ORG'>the Office</ent> of Emergency Planning authorized
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to put <ent type='ORG'>Executive</ent> Orders into effect in "times of increased
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international tension or financial crisis". He is also to
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perform such additional functions as the President
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may direct.</p>
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<p>--------------------------------------------------------------------------
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A Dangerous Fact Not Generally Known
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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THESE EXECUTIVE ORDERS GROSSLY AND FLAGRANTLY VIOLATE ARTICLE
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4 SECTION 4 OF THE CONSTITUTION OF <ent type='GPE'>THE UNITED STATES</ent>. "THE
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UNITED STATES SHALL GUARANTEE TO EVERY STATE IN THIS UNION A
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REPUBLICAN FORM OF GOVERNMENT, AND SHALL PROTECT EACH OF THEM
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AGA<ent type='ORG'>INS</ent>T INVASION; AND ON APPLICATION OF THE LEGISLATURE, OR OF THE
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EXECUTIVE (WHEN THE LEGISLATURE CANNOT BE CONVENED) AGA<ent type='ORG'>INS</ent>T
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DOMESTIC VIOLENCE." "REGIONAL GOVERNMENT IS NOT A REPRESENTATIVE
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REPUBLICAN FORM OF GOVERNMENT!"</p>
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<p> When Government gets out of hand and can no longer be controlled
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by the people, short of violent overthrow as in 1776, there are
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two sources of power which are used by the dictatorial government
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to keep the people in line: <ent type='ORG'>the Police Power</ent> and <ent type='ORG'>the Power</ent> of the
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Purse (through which the necessities of life can be withheld).
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And both of these powers are no longer balanced between the three
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Federal Branches, and between the Federal and the State and
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local Governments. These powers have been taken over, with the
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permission of <ent type='ORG'>the Federal Legislature</ent> and the State Governments,
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by <ent type='ORG'>the Executive Branch</ent> of <ent type='ORG'>the Federal Government</ent> and all attempts
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to reclaim that lost power have been defeated.</p>
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<p> Stated simply: the dictatorial power of the <ent type='ORG'>Executive</ent> rests primarily
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on three basis: <ent type='ORG'>Executive</ent> Order 11490, <ent type='ORG'>Executive</ent> Order 11647, and
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<ent type='ORG'>the Planning</ent>, Programming, Budgeting System which is operated
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through the new and all-powerful Office of Management and
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Budget.</p>
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<p> E. O. 11490 is a compilation of some 23 previous <ent type='ORG'>Executive</ent> Orders,
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signed by <ent type='PERSON'>Nixon</ent> on Oct. 28, 1969, and outlining emergency functions
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which are to be performed by some 28 <ent type='ORG'>Executive</ent> Departments and
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Agencies whenever the President of <ent type='GPE'>the United</ent> States declares
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a national emergency (as in defiance of an impeachment edict,
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for example). Under the terms of E. O. 11490, the President
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can declare that a national emergency exists and the <ent type='ORG'>Executive</ent>
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Branch can:
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* Take over all communications media
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* Seize all sources of power
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* Take charge of all food resources
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* Control all highways and seaports
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* Seize all railroads, inland waterways, airports, storage facilities
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* Commandeer all civilians to work under federal supervision
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* Control all activities relating to health, education, and welfare
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* Shift any segment of the population from one locality to another
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* Take over farms, ranches, timberized properties
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* Regulate the amount of your own money you may withdraw from
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your bank, or savings and loan institution</p>
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<p> All of these and many more items are listed in 32 pages incorporating
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nearly 200000 words, providing and absolute bureaucratic
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dictatorship whenever the President gives the word.</p>
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<p>--> <ent type='ORG'>Executive</ent> Order 11647 provides the regional and local mechanisms
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--> and manpower for carrying out the provisions of E. O. 11490.
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--> Signed by Richard <ent type='PERSON'>Nixon</ent> on Feb. 10, 1972, this Order sets up Ten
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--> <ent type='ORG'>Federal Regional Councils</ent> to govern <ent type='ORG'>Ten Federal Regions</ent> made up
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--> of the fifty still existing States of the Union.
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++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
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<ent type='PERSON'>Don sez</ent>: </p>
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<p>*Check out this book for the inside scoop on the "<ent type='ORG'>sec</ent>ret" Constitution.*
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SUBJECT: - "The Proposed Constitutional Model" Pages 595-621
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Book Title - The Emerging Constitution
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Author - <ent type='PERSON'>Rex</ent>ford G. Tugwell
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Publisher - <ent type='ORG'>Harpers Magazine</ent> Press,<ent type='PERSON'>Harper</ent> and Row
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Dewey Decimal - 342.73 T915E
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ISBN - 0-06-128225-10
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Note Chapter 14
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++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++</p>
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<p> The 10 <ent type='ORG'>Federal Regions</ent>
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~</p>
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<p> REGION I: Connecticut, <ent type='GPE'>Massachusetts</ent>, <ent type='GPE'>New Hampshire</ent>, Rhode
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Island, <ent type='GPE'>Vermont</ent>.
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Regional Capitol: <ent type='GPE'>Boston</ent>
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REGION II: <ent type='ORG'>New York</ent>, <ent type='GPE'>New Jersey</ent>, <ent type='GPE'>Puerto Rico</ent>, Virgin Island.
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Regional Capitol: <ent type='GPE'>New York City</ent>
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REGION III: <ent type='GPE'>Delaware</ent>, <ent type='GPE'>Maryland</ent>, <ent type='GPE'>Pennsylvania</ent>, <ent type='GPE'>Virginia</ent>, West
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<ent type='GPE'>Virginia</ent>, District of <ent type='GPE'>Columbia</ent>.
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Regional Capitol: <ent type='GPE'>Philadelphia</ent>
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REGION IV: <ent type='GPE'>Alabama</ent>, <ent type='GPE'>Florida</ent>, <ent type='GPE'>Georgia</ent>, <ent type='GPE'>Kentucky</ent>, <ent type='GPE'>Mississippi</ent>,
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<ent type='PERSON'>North</ent> Carolina, <ent type='GPE'>Tennessee</ent>.
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Regional Capitol: <ent type='GPE'>Atlanta</ent>
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REGION V: <ent type='GPE'>Illinois</ent>, <ent type='NORP'>Indian</ent>a, <ent type='GPE'>Michigan</ent>, <ent type='GPE'>Minnesota</ent>, <ent type='GPE'>Ohio</ent>, <ent type='GPE'>Wisconsin</ent>.
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Regional Capitol: <ent type='GPE'>Chicago</ent>
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REGION VI: <ent type='GPE'>Arkansas</ent>, <ent type='GPE'>Louisiana</ent>, <ent type='GPE'>New Mexico</ent>, <ent type='GPE'>Oklahoma</ent>, <ent type='GPE'>Texas</ent>.
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Regional Capitol: <ent type='GPE'>Dallas</ent>-<ent type='GPE'>Fort Worth</ent>
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REGION VII: <ent type='GPE'>Iowa</ent>, <ent type='GPE'>Kansas</ent>, <ent type='GPE'>Missouri</ent>, <ent type='GPE'>Nebraska</ent>.
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Regional Capitol: <ent type='GPE'>Kansas</ent> City
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REGION VIII: <ent type='GPE'>Colorado</ent>, <ent type='GPE'>Montana</ent>, <ent type='PERSON'>North</ent> Dakota, <ent type='GPE'>South Dakota</ent>,
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<ent type='GPE'>Utah</ent>, <ent type='GPE'>Wyoming</ent>.
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Regional Capitol: <ent type='GPE'>Denver</ent>
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REGION IX: <ent type='GPE'>Arizona</ent>, <ent type='GPE'>California</ent>, <ent type='GPE'>Hawaii</ent>, <ent type='GPE'>Nevada</ent>.
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Regional Capitol: <ent type='GPE'>San Fransisco</ent>
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REGION X: <ent type='GPE'>Alaska</ent>, <ent type='GPE'>Oregon</ent>, <ent type='GPE'>Washington</ent>, <ent type='GPE'>Idaho</ent>.
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Regional Capitol: Seattle</p>
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<p> Supplementing these Then Regions, each of the States is, or is to
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be, divided into subregions, so that Federal <ent type='ORG'>Executive</ent> control
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is provided over every community.</p>
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<p> Then, controlling the bedgeting and the programming at every
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level is that politico-economic system known as <ent type='ORG'>PPBS</ent>.</p>
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<p> The President need not wait for some emergency such as an impeachment
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ouster. He can declare a National Emergency at any time, and freeze
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everything, just as he has already frozen wages and prices. And
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the <ent type='ORG'>Congress</ent>, and the States, are powerless to prevent such an
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<ent type='ORG'>Executive</ent> Dictatorship, unless <ent type='ORG'>Congress</ent> moves to revoke these
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extraordinary powers before the Chief <ent type='ORG'>Executive</ent> moves to invoke
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them.</p>
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<p> THESE EXECUTIVE ORDERS GROSSLY AND FLAGRANTLY VIOLATE THE INTENT AND
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PURPOSE OF ARTICLE 4 SECTION 3. THERE IS NO PROVISION IN THIS
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SECTION OR THE CONSTITUTION OF <ent type='GPE'>THE UNITED STATES</ent> FOR FORMING A
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REGIONAL STATE OUT OF A GROUP OF STATES! FURTHER, THESE EXECUTIVE
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ORDERS GROSSLY AND FLAGRANTLY VIOLATE THE 9TH AND 10TH
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AMENDMENTS TO THE CONSTITUTION!</p>
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<p> By Proclaiming and Putting Into Effect <ent type='ORG'>Executive</ent> Order No. 11490,
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the President would put <ent type='GPE'>the United</ent> States under TOTAL MARTIAL LAW
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AND MILITARY <ent type='ORG'>DICTATORSHIP</ent>! The Guns Of The <ent type='GPE'>America</ent>n People Would
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Be Forcibly Taken!</p>
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<p>--------------------------------END:<ent type='ORG'>REF</ent>1----------------------------------------
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################################################################################
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--------------------------------<ent type='ORG'>REF</ent>2:<ent type='ORG'>FEMA</ent>---------------------------------------</p>
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<p>Newsgroups: misc.activism.progressive
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Subject: 1988 National Emergencies Act--> Consolidating the Imperial <ent type='ORG'>Executive</ent>
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Followup-To: alt.activism.d
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Lines: 691</p>
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<p>>Sender: Activists Mailing List <special>ACTIV-L@<ent type='ORG'>UMCVMB</ent>.BITNET</special>
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>From: dave 'who can do? ratmandu!' ratcliffe
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> <special>dave@ratmandu.corp.sgi.com</special></p>
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<p>Keywords: "To preserve, protect, and defend the Constitution, so help me God."
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Lines: 696</p>
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<p> <ent type='ORG'>Bushie</ent>-Tail used <ent type='EVENT'>the Gulf War Show</ent> to greatly expand the powers of the
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presidency. During this shell game event, the <ent type='ORG'>Executive</ent> Orders signed
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into "law" continued Bushie's methodical and detailed program to bury
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any residual traces of the constitutional rights and protections of U.S.
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citizens. The Bill of Rights--[almost too late to] use 'em or lose 'em:</p>
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<p> || The record of Bush's fast and loose approach to ||
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|| constitutionally guaranteed civil rights is a history of ||
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|| the erosion of liberty and the consolidation of an imperial ||
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|| executive. ||</p>
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<p> -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
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From "Covert Action Information Bulletin," Number 37, Summer, 1991 (see
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bottom 2 pages for subscription & back issues info on this quarterly):</p>
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<p> <ent type='ORG'>Domestic Consequences</ent> of <ent type='EVENT'>the Gulf War</ent>
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<ent type='PERSON'>Diana</ent> <ent type='PERSON'>Reynolds</ent>
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Reprinted with permission of <ent type='ORG'>CAIB</ent>. Copyright 1991</p>
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<p> <ent type='PERSON'>Diana</ent> <ent type='PERSON'>Reynolds</ent> is a Research Associate at the Edward R. <ent type='ORG'>Murrow Center</ent>,
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<ent type='ORG'>Fletcher School for Public Policy</ent>, <ent type='ORG'>Tufts University</ent>. She is also an
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Assistant Professor of Politics at <ent type='ORG'>Broadford College</ent> and a Lecturer at
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<ent type='ORG'>Merrimack College</ent>.</p>
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<p> A war, even the most victorious, is a national misfortune.
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--<ent type='PERSON'>Helmuth Von Moltke</ent>, <ent type='NORP'>Prussian</ent> field marshall</p>
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<p> George <ent type='PERSON'>Bush</ent> put <ent type='GPE'>the United</ent> States on the road to its <ent type='ORG'>sec</ent>ond war in
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two years by declaring a national emergency on August 21990. In
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response to Iraq's invasion of <ent type='GPE'>Kuwait</ent>, <ent type='PERSON'>Bush</ent> issued two <ent type='ORG'>Executive</ent>
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Orders (12722 and 12723) which restricted trade and travel with <ent type='GPE'>Iraq</ent>
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and froze <ent type='GPE'>Iraq</ent>i and <ent type='GPE'>Kuwait</ent>i assets within the U.S. and those in the
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possession of U.S. persons abroad. At least 15 other executive orders
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followed these initial restrictions and enabled the President to
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mobilize the country's human and productive resources for war. Under
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the national emergency, <ent type='PERSON'>Bush</ent> was able unilaterally to break his 1991
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budget agreement with <ent type='ORG'>Congress</ent> which had frozen defense spending, to
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entrench further the U.S. economy in the mire of the military-industrial complex, to override environmental protection regulations,
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and to make free enterprise and civil liberties conditional upon an
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executive determination of national <ent type='ORG'>sec</ent>urity interests.</p>
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<p> The State of Emergency
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In time of war a president's power derives from both constitutional
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and statutory sources. Under Article II, Section 2 of the
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Constitution, he is Commander-in-Chief of the armed forces. Although
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<ent type='ORG'>Congress</ent> alone retains the right to declare war, this power has become
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increasingly meaningless in the face of a succession of unilateral
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decisions by the executive to mount invasions.
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The president's statutory authority, granted by <ent type='ORG'>Congress</ent> and
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expanded by it under the 1988 National Emergencies Act (50 <ent type='ORG'>USC</ent> <ent type='ORG'>sec</ent>.
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1601), confers special powers in time of war or national emergency.
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He can invoke those special powers simply by declaring a national
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emergency. First, however, he must specify the legal provisions under
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which he proposes that he, or other officers, will act. <ent type='ORG'>Congress</ent> may
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end a national emergency by enacting a joint resolution. Once invoked
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by the president, emergency powers are directed by <ent type='ORG'>the National</ent>
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Security Council and administered, where appropriate, under the
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general umbrella of <ent type='ORG'>the Federal Emergency Management Agency</ent> (<ent type='ORG'>FEMA</ent>).[1]
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There is no requirement that <ent type='ORG'>Congress</ent> be consulted before an emergency
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is declared or findings signed. The only restriction on <ent type='PERSON'>Bush</ent> is that
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he must inform <ent type='ORG'>Congress</ent> in a "timely" fashion--he being the sole
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arbiter of timeliness.
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Ultimately, the president's perception of the severity of a
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particular threat to national <ent type='ORG'>sec</ent>urity and the integrity of his
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appointed officers determine the nature of any state of emergency.
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|
For this reason, those who were aware of the modern development of
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presidential emergency powers were apprehensive about the domestic
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ramifications of any national emergency declared by George <ent type='PERSON'>Bush</ent>. In
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light of Bush's record (see "<ent type='PERSON'>Bush</ent> Chips Away at Constitution" Box
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below) and present performance, their fears appear well-founded.</p>
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<p> <ent type='EVENT'>The War</ent> at Home
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It is too early to know all of the emergency powers, executive
|
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orders and findings issued under classified National Security
|
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Directives[2] implemented by <ent type='PERSON'>Bush</ent> in the name of <ent type='EVENT'>the Gulf War</ent>. In
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addition to the emergency powers necessary to the direct mobilization
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of active and reserve armed forces of <ent type='GPE'>the United</ent> States, there are
|
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some 120 additional emergency powers that can be used in a national
|
|
emergency or state of war (declared or undeclared by <ent type='ORG'>Congress</ent>). The
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"<ent type='ORG'>Federal Register</ent>" records some 15 <ent type='ORG'>Executive</ent> Orders (EO) signed by
|
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<ent type='PERSON'>Bush</ent> from August 21990 to February 141991. (See "Bush's <ent type='ORG'>Executive</ent>
|
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Orders" box, below)
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|
It may take many years before most of the executive findings and
|
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use of powers come to light, if indeed they ever do. But evidence is
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emerging that at least some of Bush's emergency powers were activated
|
|
in <ent type='ORG'>sec</ent>ret. Although only five of the 15 <ent type='ORG'>EOs</ent> that were published were
|
|
directed at non-military personnel, the costs directly attributable to
|
|
the exercise of the authorities conferred by the declaration of
|
|
national emergency from August 2, 1990 to February 1, 1991 for non-military activities are estimated at approximately $1.3 billion.
|
|
According to a February 11, 1991 letter from <ent type='PERSON'>Bush</ent> to congressional
|
|
leaders reporting on the "<ent type='ORG'>National Emergency With Respect</ent> to <ent type='GPE'>Iraq</ent>,"
|
|
these costs represent wage and salary costs for <ent type='ORG'>the Departments</ent> of
|
|
<ent type='ORG'>Treasury</ent>, State, Agriculture, and Transportation, U.S. Customs,
|
|
<ent type='ORG'>Federal Reserve Board</ent>, and <ent type='ORG'>the National Security Council</ent>.[3]
|
|
The fact that $1.3 billion was spent in non-military salaries alone
|
|
in this six month period suggests an unusual amount of government
|
|
resources utilized to direct the national emergency state. In
|
|
contrast, government salaries for one year of the state of emergency
|
|
with <ent type='GPE'>Iran</ent>[4] cost only $430000.</p>
|
|
|
|
<p> ____________________________________________________________________
|
|
| <ent type='PERSON'>Bush</ent> Chips Away at Constitution
|
|
| George <ent type='PERSON'>Bush</ent>, perhaps more than any other individual in
|
|
U.S. history, has expanded the emergency powers of
|
|
presidency. In 1976, as Director of <ent type='ORG'>Central Intelligence</ent>,
|
|
he convened Team B, a group of rabidly anti-communist
|
|
intellectuals and former government officials to reevaluate
|
|
<ent type='ORG'>CIA</ent> inhouse intelligence estimates on <ent type='NORP'>Soviet</ent> military
|
|
strength. The resulting report recommended draconian civil
|
|
defense measures which led to President Ford's <ent type='ORG'>Executive</ent>
|
|
Order 11921 authorizing plans to establish government
|
|
control of the means of production, distribution, energy
|
|
sources, wages and salaries, credit and the flow of money
|
|
in U.S. financial institutions in a national emergency.[1]
|
|
As Vice President, <ent type='PERSON'>Bush</ent> headed <ent type='ORG'>the Task Force</ent> on
|
|
Combatting Terrorism, that recommended: extended and
|
|
flexible emergency presidential powers to combat terrorism;
|
|
restrictions on congressional oversight in counter-terrorist planning; and curbing press coverage of
|
|
terrorist incidents.[2] The report gave rise to <ent type='ORG'>the Anti</ent>-Terrorism Act of 1986, that granted the President clear-cut
|
|
authority to respond to terrorism with all appropriate
|
|
means including deadly force. It authorized the
|
|
<ent type='ORG'>Immigration and Naturalization Service</ent> to control and
|
|
remove not only alien terrorists but potential terrorist
|
|
aliens and those "who are likely to be supportive of
|
|
terrorist activity within the U.S."[3] The bill superceded
|
|
the War Powers Act by imposing no time limit on the
|
|
President's use of force in a terrorist situation, and
|
|
lifted the requirement that the President consult <ent type='ORG'>Congress</ent>
|
|
before sanctioning deadly force.
|
|
From 1982 to 1988, <ent type='PERSON'>Bush</ent> led the <ent type='ORG'>Defense</ent> Mobilization
|
|
Planning Systems <ent type='ORG'>Agency</ent> (<ent type='ORG'>DMPSA</ent>), a <ent type='ORG'>sec</ent>ret government
|
|
organization, and spent more than $3 billion upgrading
|
|
command, control, and communications in FEMA's continuity
|
|
of government infrastructures. Continuity of Government
|
|
(<ent type='ORG'>COG</ent>) was ostensibly created to assure government
|
|
functioning during war, especially nuclear war. The <ent type='ORG'>Agency</ent>
|
|
was so <ent type='ORG'>sec</ent>ret that even many members of the <ent type='ORG'>Pentagon</ent> were
|
|
unaware of its existence and most of its work was done
|
|
without congressional oversight.
|
|
Project 908, as the <ent type='ORG'>DMPSA</ent> was sometimes called, was
|
|
similar to its parent agency <ent type='ORG'>FEMA</ent> in that it came under
|
|
investigation for mismanagement and contract
|
|
irregularities.[4] During this same period, <ent type='ORG'>FEMA</ent> had been
|
|
fraught with scandals including emergency planning with a
|
|
distinctly anti-constitutional flavor. The agency would
|
|
have sidestepped <ent type='ORG'>Congress</ent> and other federal agencies and
|
|
put the President and <ent type='ORG'>FEMA</ent> directly in charge of the U.S.
|
|
planning for martial rule. Under this state, the executive
|
|
would take upon itself powers far beyond those necessary to
|
|
address national emergency contingencies.[5]
|
|
Bush's "anything goes" anti-drug strategy, announced
|
|
on September 6, 1989, suggested that executive emergency
|
|
powers be used: to oust those suspected of associating
|
|
with drug users or sellers from public and private housing;
|
|
to mobilize <ent type='ORG'>the National Guard</ent> and U.S. military to fight
|
|
drugs in the continental U.S.; to confiscate private
|
|
property belonging to drug users, and to incarcerate first
|
|
time offenders in work camps.[6]
|
|
The record of Bush's fast and loose approach to
|
|
constitutionally guaranteed civil rights is a history of
|
|
the erosion of liberty and the consolidation of an imperial
|
|
executive.
|
|
| 1. <ent type='ORG'>Executive</ent> Order 11921, "Emergency preparedness Functions,
|
|
June 11, 1976. <ent type='ORG'>Federal Register</ent>, vol. 41, no. 116. The
|
|
report was attacked by such notables as <ent type='PERSON'>Ray Cline</ent>, the
|
|
CIA's former Deputy Director, retired <ent type='ORG'>CIA</ent> intelligence
|
|
analyst <ent type='PERSON'>Arthur Macy Cox</ent>, and the former head of the U.S.
|
|
Arms Control and Disarmament <ent type='ORG'>Agency</ent>, <ent type='PERSON'>Paul Warnke</ent> for
|
|
blatantly manipulating <ent type='ORG'>CIA</ent> intelligence to achieve the
|
|
political ends of Team B's rightwing members. See <ent type='PERSON'>Cline</ent>,
|
|
quoted in "<ent type='PERSON'>Carter</ent> to Inherit Intense Dispute on <ent type='NORP'>Soviet</ent>
|
|
Intentions," <ent type='PERSON'>Mary Marder</ent>, "<ent type='GPE'>Washington</ent> Post," January 2,
|
|
1977; <ent type='PERSON'>Arthur Macy Cox</ent>, "Why the U.S. Since 1977 Has
|
|
Been Mis-perceiving <ent type='NORP'>Soviet</ent> Military Strength," "<ent type='ORG'>New York</ent>
|
|
Times," October 20, 1980; <ent type='PERSON'>Paul Warnke</ent>, "George <ent type='PERSON'>Bush</ent> and
|
|
Team B," "<ent type='ORG'>New York</ent> Times," September 24, 1988.
|
|
| 2. George <ent type='PERSON'>Bush</ent>, "Public Report of the Vice President's Task
|
|
Force On Combatting Terrorism" (<ent type='GPE'>Washington</ent>, D.C.: U.S.
|
|
Government Printing Office), February 1986.
|
|
| 3. Robert J. Walsh, Assistant Commissioner, Investigations
|
|
Division, <ent type='ORG'>Immigration and Naturalization Service</ent>, "Alien
|
|
Border Control Committee" (<ent type='GPE'>Washington</ent>, DC), October 1,
|
|
1988.
|
|
| 4. <ent type='PERSON'>Steven Emerson</ent>, "America's Doomsday Project," "U.S. News
|
|
& World Report," August 7, 1989.
|
|
| 5. See: <ent type='PERSON'>Diana</ent> <ent type='PERSON'>Reynolds</ent>, "<ent type='ORG'>FEMA</ent> and the <ent type='ORG'>NSC</ent>: <ent type='ORG'>The Rise</ent> of the
|
|
National Security State," "<ent type='ORG'>CAIB</ent>," Number 33 (Winter 1990);
|
|
<ent type='PERSON'>Keenan Peck</ent>, "The Take-Charge Gang," "The Progressive,"
|
|
May 1985; <ent type='PERSON'>Jack Anderson</ent>, "<ent type='ORG'>FEMA</ent> Wants to Lead Economic
|
|
War," "<ent type='GPE'>Washington</ent> Post," January 10, 1985.
|
|
| 6. These Presidential powers were authorized by <ent type='ORG'>the Anti</ent>-Drug Abuse Act of 1988, Public Law 100-690: 100th
|
|
<ent type='ORG'>Congress</ent>. See also: <ent type='PERSON'>Diana</ent> <ent type='PERSON'>Reynolds</ent>, "The Golden Lie,"
|
|
"The Humanist," September/October 1990; <ent type='PERSON'>Michael Isikoff</ent>,
|
|
"Is This Determination or Using a <ent type='PERSON'>Howitzer</ent> to Kill a
|
|
Fly?" "<ent type='GPE'>Washington</ent> Post National Weekly," August 27-,
|
|
September 2, 1990; <ent type='PERSON'>Bernard Weintraub</ent>, "<ent type='PERSON'>Bush</ent> Considers
|
|
Calling Guard To Fight Drug Violence in Capital," "New
|
|
York Times," March 21, 1989.
|
|
--------------------------------------------------------------------</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>---Continued in <ent type='ORG'>FEMA</ent> pt 2 ------------------------------------------------
|
|
Newsgroups: alt.activism,alt.conspiracy
|
|
Subject: <ent type='ORG'>FEMA</ent> Summary Pt 2
|
|
Lines: 467</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>----<ent type='ORG'>FEMA</ent> pt 2 continued ----------------------------------------------</p>
|
|
|
|
<p> Even those <ent type='ORG'>Executive</ent> Orders which have been made public tend to
|
|
raise as many questions as they answer about what actions were
|
|
considered and actually implemented. On January 8, 1991, <ent type='PERSON'>Bush</ent> signed
|
|
<ent type='ORG'>Executive</ent> Order 12742, National Security Industrial Responsiveness,
|
|
which ordered the rapid mobilization of resources such as food,
|
|
energy, construction materials and civil transportation to meet
|
|
national <ent type='ORG'>sec</ent>urity requirements. There was, however, no mention in
|
|
this or any other EO of <ent type='ORG'>the National</ent> <ent type='ORG'>Defense</ent> <ent type='ORG'>Executive</ent> Reserve (<ent type='ORG'>NDER</ent>)
|
|
plan administered under <ent type='ORG'>FEMA</ent>. This plan, which had been activated
|
|
during <ent type='EVENT'>World War</ent> II and <ent type='EVENT'>the Korean War</ent>, permits the federal government
|
|
during a state of emergency to bring into government certain
|
|
unidentified individuals. On January 7, 1991 the "<ent type='ORG'>Wall Street Journal</ent>
|
|
Europe" reported that industry and government officials were studying
|
|
a plan which would permit the federal government to "borrow" as many
|
|
as 50 oil company executives and put them to work streamlining the
|
|
flow of energy in case of a prolonged engagement or disruption of
|
|
supply. <ent type='ORG'>Antitrust</ent> waivers were also being pursued and oil companies
|
|
were engaged in emergency preparedness exercises with <ent type='ORG'>the Department</ent>
|
|
of Energy.[5]</p>
|
|
|
|
<p> Wasting the Environment
|
|
In one case the use of <ent type='ORG'>sec</ent>ret powers was discovered by a watchdog
|
|
group and revealed in the press. In August 1990, correspondence
|
|
passed between <ent type='PERSON'>Colin</ent> McMillan, Assistant Secretary of <ent type='ORG'>Defense for</ent>
|
|
Production and Logistics and <ent type='PERSON'>Michael Deland</ent>, Chair of the White <ent type='ORG'>House</ent>
|
|
Council on Environmental Quality. The letters responded to
|
|
presidential and <ent type='ORG'>National Security Council</ent> directives to deal with
|
|
increased industrial production and logistics arising from the
|
|
situation in <ent type='LOC'>the Middle East</ent>. The communications revealed that the
|
|
<ent type='ORG'>Pentagon</ent> had found it necessary to request emergency waivers to U.S.
|
|
environmental restrictions.[6]
|
|
The agreement to waive <ent type='ORG'>the National Environmental Policy Act</ent> (1970)
|
|
came in August. Because of it, the <ent type='ORG'>Pentagon</ent> was allowed to test new
|
|
weapons in the western U.S., increase production of materiel and
|
|
launch new activities at military bases without the complex public
|
|
review normally required. The information on the waiver was
|
|
eventually released by the <ent type='GPE'>Boston</ent>-based <ent type='ORG'>National Toxic Campaign Fund</ent>
|
|
(<ent type='ORG'>NTCF</ent>), an environmental group which investigates pollution on the
|
|
nation's military bases. It was not until January 30, 1991, five
|
|
months after it went into effect, that the "<ent type='ORG'>New York</ent> Times," acting
|
|
on the <ent type='ORG'>NTCF</ent> information, reported that the White <ent type='ORG'>House</ent> had bypassed
|
|
the usual legal requirement for environmental impact statements on
|
|
<ent type='ORG'>Pentagon</ent> projects.[7] So far, no specific executive order or
|
|
presidential finding authorizing this waiver has been discovered.
|
|
Other environmental waivers could also have been enacted without
|
|
the public being informed. Under a state of national emergency, U.S.
|
|
warships can be exempted from international conventions on
|
|
pollution[8] and public vessels can be allowed to dispose of
|
|
potentially infectious medical wastes into the oceans.[9] The
|
|
President can also suspend any of the statutory provisions regarding
|
|
the production, testing, transportation, deployment, and disposal of
|
|
chemical and biological warfare agents (50 <ent type='ORG'>USC</ent> <ent type='ORG'>sec</ent>. 1515). He could
|
|
also defer destruction of up to 10 percent of lethal chemical agents
|
|
and munitions that existed on November 8, 1985.[10]
|
|
One <ent type='ORG'>Executive</ent> Order which was made public dealt with "<ent type='ORG'>Chemical</ent> and
|
|
Biological Weapons Proliferation." Signed by <ent type='PERSON'>Bush</ent> on November 16,
|
|
1990, EO 12735 leaves the impression that <ent type='PERSON'>Bush</ent> is ordering an
|
|
increased effort to end the proliferation of chemical and biological
|
|
weapons. The order states that these weapons "constitute a threat to
|
|
national <ent type='ORG'>sec</ent>urity and foreign policy" and declares a national
|
|
emergency to deal with the threat. To confront this threat, <ent type='PERSON'>Bush</ent>
|
|
ordered international negotiations, the imposition of controls,
|
|
licenses, and sanctions against foreign persons and countries for
|
|
proliferation. Conveniently, the order grants <ent type='ORG'>the Secretaries</ent> of
|
|
State and the <ent type='ORG'>Treasury</ent> the power to exempt the U.S. military.
|
|
In February of 1991, the <ent type='ORG'>Omni</ent>bus Export Amendments Act was passed
|
|
by <ent type='ORG'>Congress</ent> compatible with EO 12735. It imposed sanctions on
|
|
countries and companies developing or using chemical or biological
|
|
weapons. <ent type='PERSON'>Bush</ent> signed the law, although he had rejected the identical
|
|
measure the year before because it did not give him the executive
|
|
power to waive all sanctions if he thought the national interest
|
|
required it.[11] The new bill, however, met Bush's requirements.</p>
|
|
|
|
<p> ____________________________________________________________________
|
|
| BUSH'S EXECUTIVE ORDERS
|
|
| * EO 12722 "Blocking <ent type='GPE'>Iraq</ent>i Government Property and
|
|
Prohibiting Transactions With <ent type='GPE'>Iraq</ent>," Aug. 2, 1990.
|
|
| * EO 12723 "Blocking <ent type='GPE'>Kuwait</ent>i Government Property," Aug. 2,
|
|
1990.
|
|
| * EO 12724 "Blocking <ent type='GPE'>Iraq</ent>i Government Property and
|
|
Prohibiting Transactions With <ent type='GPE'>Iraq</ent>," Aug. 9, 1990.
|
|
| * EO 12725 "Blocking <ent type='GPE'>Kuwait</ent>i Government Property and
|
|
Prohibiting Transactions With <ent type='GPE'>Kuwait</ent>," Aug. 9, 1990.
|
|
| * EO 12727 "Ordering <ent type='ORG'>the Selected Reserve</ent> of the Armed
|
|
Forces to Active Duty," Aug. 22, 1990.
|
|
| * EO 12728 "Delegating the President's Authority To
|
|
Suspend Any Provision of Law Relating to the Promotion,
|
|
Retirement, or Separation of Members of <ent type='ORG'>the Armed Forces</ent>,"
|
|
Aug. 22, 1990.
|
|
| * EO 12733 "Authorizing the Extension of the Period of
|
|
Active Duty of Personnel of <ent type='ORG'>the Selected Reserve</ent> of the
|
|
Armed Forces," Nov. 13, 1990.
|
|
| * EO 12734 "National Emergency Construction Authority," Nov.
|
|
14, 1990.
|
|
| * EO 12735 "<ent type='ORG'>Chemical</ent> and Biological Weapons Proliferation,"
|
|
Nov. 16, 1990.
|
|
| * EO 12738 "Administration of Foreign Assistance and Related
|
|
Functions and Arms Export Control," Dec. 14, 1990.
|
|
| * EO 12742 "National Security Industrial Responsiveness,"
|
|
Jan. 8, 1991.
|
|
| * EO 12743 "Ordering the Ready Reserve of <ent type='ORG'>the Armed Forces</ent>
|
|
to Active Duty," Jan. 18, 1991.
|
|
| * EO 12744 "Designation of Arabian Peninsula Areas, Airspace
|
|
and Adjacent Waters as a Combat Zone," Jan. 21, 1991.
|
|
| * EO 12750 "Designation of Arabian Peninsula Areas, Airspace
|
|
and Adjacent Waters as the Persian <ent type='LOC'>Gulf</ent> Desert Shield
|
|
Area," Feb. 14, 1991.
|
|
| * EO 12751 "Health Care Services for Operation Desert
|
|
Storm," Feb. 14, 1991.
|
|
--------------------------------------------------------------------</p>
|
|
|
|
<p> Going Off Budget
|
|
Although some of the powers which <ent type='PERSON'>Bush</ent> assumed in order to conduct
|
|
<ent type='EVENT'>the Gulf War</ent> were taken openly, they received little public discussion
|
|
or reporting by the media.
|
|
In October, when the winds of <ent type='EVENT'>the Gulf War</ent> were merely a breeze,
|
|
<ent type='PERSON'>Bush</ent> used his executive emergency powers to extend his budget
|
|
authority. This action made the 1991 fiscal budget agreement between
|
|
<ent type='ORG'>Congress</ent> and the President one of the first U.S. casualties of the
|
|
war. While on one hand the deal froze arms spending through 1996, it
|
|
also allowed <ent type='PERSON'>Bush</ent> to put the cost of <ent type='EVENT'>the Gulf War</ent> "off budget." Thus,
|
|
using its emergency powers, the <ent type='PERSON'>Bush</ent> administration could:</p>
|
|
|
|
<p> * incur a deficit which exceeds congressional budget authority;</p>
|
|
|
|
<p> * prevent <ent type='ORG'>Congress</ent> from raising a point of order over the
|
|
excessive spending;[12]</p>
|
|
|
|
<p> * waive the requirement that the Secretary of <ent type='ORG'>Defense</ent> submit
|
|
estimates to <ent type='ORG'>Congress</ent> prior to deployment of a major defense
|
|
acquisition system;</p>
|
|
|
|
<p> * and exempt the <ent type='ORG'>Pentagon</ent> from congressional restrictions on
|
|
hiring private contractors.[13]</p>
|
|
|
|
<p> While there is no published evidence on which powers <ent type='PERSON'>Bush</ent> actually
|
|
invoked, the administration was able to push through the 1990 <ent type='ORG'>Omni</ent>bus
|
|
Reconciliation Act. This legislation put a cap on domestic spending,
|
|
created a record $300 billion deficit, and undermined the <ent type='PERSON'>Gramm</ent>-Rudman-Hollings Act intended to reduce the federal deficit. Although
|
|
<ent type='ORG'>Congress</ent> agreed to pay for the war through supplemental appropriations
|
|
and approved a $42.2 billion supplemental bill and a $4.8 billion
|
|
companion "dire emergency supplemental appropriation,"[14] it
|
|
specified that the supplemental budget should not be used to finance
|
|
costs the <ent type='ORG'>Pentagon</ent> would normally experience.[15]
|
|
Lawrence <ent type='PERSON'>Korb</ent>, a <ent type='ORG'>Pentagon</ent> official in the Reagan administration,
|
|
believes that the <ent type='ORG'>Pentagon</ent> has already violated the spirit of the 1990
|
|
<ent type='ORG'>Omni</ent>bus Reconciliation Act. It switched funding for the <ent type='ORG'>Patriot</ent>,
|
|
Tomahawk, Hellfire and <ent type='ORG'>HARM</ent> missiles from its regular budget to the
|
|
supplemental budget; added normal wear and tear of equipment to
|
|
supplemental appropriations; and made supplemental requests which
|
|
ignore a planned 25% reduction in the armed forces by 1995.[16]</p>
|
|
|
|
<p> The Cost In Liberty Lost
|
|
Under emergency circumstances, using 50 <ent type='ORG'>USC</ent> <ent type='ORG'>sec</ent>. 1811, the
|
|
President could direct the Attorney General to authorize electronic
|
|
surveillance of aliens and <ent type='GPE'>America</ent>n citizens in order to obtain
|
|
foreign intelligence information without a court order.[17] No
|
|
<ent type='ORG'>Executive</ent> Order has been published which activates emergency powers to
|
|
wiretap or to engage in counter-terrorist activity. Nonetheless,
|
|
there is substantial evidence that such activities have taken place.
|
|
According to the <ent type='ORG'>New York</ent>-based <ent type='ORG'>Center for</ent> Constitutional Rights, the
|
|
<ent type='ORG'>FBI</ent> launched an anti-terrorist campaign which included a broad sweep
|
|
of Arab-<ent type='NORP'>Americans</ent>. Starting in August, the <ent type='ORG'>FBI</ent> questioned, detained,
|
|
and harassed Arab-<ent type='NORP'>Americans</ent> in <ent type='GPE'>California</ent>, <ent type='ORG'>New York</ent>, <ent type='GPE'>Ohio</ent>,
|
|
<ent type='GPE'>Pennsylvania</ent>, <ent type='GPE'>Virginia</ent>, <ent type='GPE'>Maryland</ent>, and <ent type='GPE'>Colorado</ent>.[18]
|
|
A <ent type='ORG'>CIA</ent> agent asked <ent type='ORG'>the University</ent> of Connecticut for a list of all
|
|
foreign students at the institution, along with their country of
|
|
origin, major field of study, and the names of their academic
|
|
advisers. He was particularly interested in students from the Middle
|
|
East and explained that the <ent type='ORG'>Agency</ent> intended to open a file on each of
|
|
the students. Anti-war groups have also reported several break-ins of
|
|
their offices and many suspected electronic surveillance of their
|
|
telephones.[19]</p>
|
|
|
|
<p> Pool of Disinformation
|
|
Emergency powers to control the means of communications in the U.S.
|
|
in the name of national <ent type='ORG'>sec</ent>urity were never formally declared. There
|
|
was no need for <ent type='PERSON'>Bush</ent> to do so since most of the media voluntarily and
|
|
even eagerly cooperated in their own censorship. Reporters covering
|
|
the Coalition forces in the <ent type='LOC'>Gulf</ent> region operated under restrictions
|
|
imposed by the U.S. military. They were, among other things, barred
|
|
from traveling without a military escort, limited in their forays into
|
|
the field to small escorted groups called "pools," and required to
|
|
submit all reports and film to military censors for clearance. Some
|
|
reporters complained that the rules limited their ability to gather
|
|
information independently, thereby obstructing informed and objective
|
|
reporting.[20]
|
|
Three <ent type='ORG'>Pentagon</ent> press officials in the <ent type='LOC'>Gulf</ent> region admitted to James
|
|
LeMoyne of the "<ent type='ORG'>New York</ent> Times" that they spent significant time
|
|
analyzing reporters' stories in order to shape the coverage in the
|
|
Pentagon's favor. In the early days of the deployment, <ent type='ORG'>Pentagon</ent> press
|
|
officers warned reporters who asked hard questions that they were seen
|
|
as "anti-military" and that their requests for interviews with senior
|
|
commanders and visits to the field were in jeopardy. The military
|
|
often staged events solely for the cameras and would stop televised
|
|
interviews in progress when it did not like what was being portrayed.
|
|
Although filed soon after the beginning of the war, a lawsuit
|
|
challenging the constitutionality of press restrictions was not heard
|
|
until after the war ended. It was then dismissed when the judge ruled
|
|
that since the war had ended, the issues raised had become moot. The
|
|
legal status of the restrictions--initially tested during the U.S.
|
|
invasions of <ent type='GPE'>Grenada</ent> and <ent type='GPE'>Panama</ent>--remains unsettled.</p>
|
|
|
|
<p> A National Misfortune
|
|
It will be years before researchers and journalists are able to
|
|
ferret through the maze of government documents and give a full
|
|
appraisal of the impact of the President's emergency powers on
|
|
domestic affairs. It is likely, however, that with a post-war
|
|
presidential approval rating exceeding 75 percent, the domestic
|
|
casualties will continue to mount with few objections. Paradoxically,
|
|
even though the U.S. public put pressure on <ent type='PERSON'>Bush</ent> to send relief for
|
|
the 500000 <ent type='GPE'>Iraq</ent>i Kurdish refugees, it is unlikely the same outcry
|
|
will be heard for the 37 million <ent type='NORP'>Americans</ent> without health insurance,
|
|
the 32 million living in poverty, or the country's five million hungry
|
|
children. The U.S. may even help rebuild <ent type='GPE'>Kuwait</ent>i and <ent type='GPE'>Iraq</ent>i civilian
|
|
infrastructures it destroyed during the war while leaving its own
|
|
education system in decay, domestic transportation infrastructures
|
|
crumbling, and inner city war zones uninhabitable. And, while the
|
|
U.S. assists <ent type='GPE'>Kuwait</ent> in cleaning up its environmental disaster, it will
|
|
increase pollution at home. Indeed, as the long-dead <ent type='NORP'>Prussian</ent> field
|
|
marshal prophesied, "a war, even the most victorious, is a national
|
|
misfortune."</p>
|
|
|
|
<p> FOOTNOTES:</p>
|
|
|
|
<p> 1. The administrative guideline was established under Reagan in <ent type='ORG'>Executive</ent>
|
|
Order 12656, November 181988, "<ent type='ORG'>Federal Register</ent>," vol. 23, no. 266.</p>
|
|
|
|
<p> 2. For instance, <ent type='ORG'>National Security Council</ent> policy papers or National
|
|
Security Directives (<ent type='ORG'>NSD</ent>) or <ent type='ORG'>National Security Decision Directives</ent>
|
|
(<ent type='ORG'>NSD</ent>D) have today evolved into a network of shadowy, wide-ranging and
|
|
potent executive powers. These are <ent type='ORG'>sec</ent>ret instruments, maintained in
|
|
a top <ent type='ORG'>sec</ent>urity classified state and are not shared with <ent type='ORG'>Congress</ent>. For
|
|
an excellent discussion see: Harold C. <ent type='ORG'>Relyea</ent>, The Coming of Secret
|
|
Law, "Government Information Quarterly," Vol. 5, November 1988; see
|
|
also: <ent type='PERSON'>Eve Pell</ent>, "The Backbone of Hidden Government," "The Nation,"
|
|
June 191990.</p>
|
|
|
|
<p> 3. "Letter to <ent type='ORG'>Congress</ent>ional Leaders Reporting on <ent type='ORG'>the National</ent> Emergency
|
|
With Respect to <ent type='GPE'>Iraq</ent>," February, 11, 1991, "Weekly Compilation of
|
|
Presidential Documents: Administration of George <ent type='PERSON'>Bush</ent>," (<ent type='GPE'>Washington</ent>,
|
|
DC: U.S. Government Printing Office), pp. 158-61.</p>
|
|
|
|
<p> 4. The U.S. now has states of emergency with <ent type='GPE'>Iran</ent>, <ent type='GPE'>Iraq</ent> and <ent type='GPE'>Syria</ent>.</p>
|
|
|
|
<p> 5. <ent type='PERSON'>Allanna Sullivan</ent>, "U.S. Oil Concerns Confident Of Riding Out Short <ent type='LOC'>Gulf</ent>
|
|
War," "<ent type='ORG'>Wall Street Journal</ent> Europe," January 7, 1991.</p>
|
|
|
|
<p> 6. <ent type='PERSON'>Colin</ent> McMillan, Letter to <ent type='PERSON'>Michael Deland</ent>, Chairman, Council on
|
|
Environmental Quality (<ent type='GPE'>Washington</ent>, DC: <ent type='ORG'>Executive</ent> Office of the
|
|
President), August 24, 1990; <ent type='PERSON'>Michael</ent> R. Deland, Letter to <ent type='PERSON'>Colin</ent>
|
|
McMillan, Assistant Secretary of <ent type='ORG'>Defense for</ent> Production and Logistics
|
|
(<ent type='GPE'>Washington</ent>, DC: Department of <ent type='ORG'>Defense</ent>), August 291990.</p>
|
|
|
|
<p> 7. <ent type='PERSON'>Keith Schneider</ent>, "<ent type='ORG'>Pentagon</ent> Wins Waiver Of Environmental Rule," "<ent type='ORG'>New York</ent>
|
|
Times," January 30, 1991.</p>
|
|
|
|
<p> 8. 33 U.S. Code (<ent type='ORG'>USC</ent>) <ent type='ORG'>sec</ent>. 1902 9(b).</p>
|
|
|
|
<p> 9. 33 <ent type='ORG'>USC</ent> <ent type='ORG'>sec</ent>. 2503 l(b).</p>
|
|
|
|
<p> 10. 50 <ent type='ORG'>USC</ent> <ent type='ORG'>sec</ent>. 1521(b) (3)(A).</p>
|
|
|
|
<p> ll. <ent type='PERSON'>Adam Clymer</ent>, "<ent type='ORG'>New Bill Mandates Sanctions</ent> On Makers of <ent type='ORG'>Chemical</ent> Arms,"
|
|
"<ent type='ORG'>New York</ent> Times," February 22, 1991.</p>
|
|
|
|
<p> 12. 31 <ent type='ORG'>USC</ent> O10005 (f); 2 <ent type='ORG'>USC</ent> O632 (i), 6419 (d), 907a (b); and Public
|
|
Law 101-508, Title X999, <ent type='ORG'>sec</ent>. 13101.</p>
|
|
|
|
<p> 13. 10 <ent type='ORG'>USC</ent> <ent type='ORG'>sec</ent>. 2434/2461 9F.</p>
|
|
|
|
<p> 14. When the <ent type='ORG'>Pentagon</ent> expected the war to last months and oil prices to
|
|
skyrocket, it projected the incremental cost of deploying and
|
|
redeploying the forces and waging war at about $70 billion. The
|
|
administration sought and received $56 billion in pledges from allies
|
|
such as <ent type='GPE'>Germany</ent>, <ent type='GPE'>Japan</ent> and Saudi Arabia. Although the military's
|
|
estimates of casualties and the war's duration were highly inflated,
|
|
today their budget estimates remain at around $70 billion even though
|
|
the <ent type='ORG'>Congress</ent>ional Budget office estimates that cost at only $40
|
|
billion, $16 billion less than allied pledges.</p>
|
|
|
|
<p> 15. <ent type='PERSON'>Michael</ent> Kamish, "After <ent type='EVENT'>The War</ent>: At Home, An Unconquered Recession,"
|
|
"<ent type='GPE'>Boston</ent> Globe," March 6, 1991; <ent type='PERSON'>Peter Passell</ent>, "<ent type='ORG'>The Big Spoils</ent> From a
|
|
Bargain War," "<ent type='ORG'>New York</ent> Times," March 3, 1991; and <ent type='PERSON'>Alan Abelson</ent>, "A
|
|
War Dividend For The <ent type='ORG'>Defense</ent> Industry?" "Barron's," March 18, 1991.</p>
|
|
|
|
<p> 16. Lawrence <ent type='PERSON'>Korb</ent>, "The Pentagon's Creative Budgetry Is Out of Line,"
|
|
"<ent type='ORG'>International Herald Tribune</ent>," April 5, 199l.</p>
|
|
|
|
<p> 17. Many of the powers against aliens are automatically invoked during a
|
|
national emergency or state of war. Under the Alien Enemies Act (50
|
|
<ent type='ORG'>USC</ent> <ent type='ORG'>sec</ent>. 21), the President can issue an order to apprehend, restrain,
|
|
<ent type='ORG'>sec</ent>ure and remove all subjects of a hostile nation over 13 years old.
|
|
Other statutes conferring special powers on the President with regard
|
|
to aliens that may be exercised in times of war or emergencies but are
|
|
not confined to such circumstances, are: exclusion of all or certain
|
|
classes of aliens from entry into the U.S. when their entry may be
|
|
"detrimental to the interests of <ent type='GPE'>the United</ent> States" (8 <ent type='ORG'>USC</ent> <ent type='ORG'>sec</ent>. 1182(f));
|
|
imposition of travel restrictions on aliens within the U.S. (8 <ent type='ORG'>USC</ent> <ent type='ORG'>sec</ent>.
|
|
1185); and requiring aliens to be fingerprinted (8 <ent type='ORG'>USC</ent> <ent type='ORG'>sec</ent>. 1302).</p>
|
|
|
|
<p> 18. <ent type='PERSON'>Ann Talamas</ent>, "<ent type='ORG'>FBI</ent> Targets Arab-<ent type='NORP'>Americans</ent>," "<ent type='ORG'>CAIB</ent>," Spring 1991, p. 4.</p>
|
|
|
|
<p> 19. "Anti-Repression Project Bulletin" (<ent type='ORG'>New York</ent>: <ent type='ORG'>Center for</ent>
|
|
Constitutional Rights), January 23, 1991.</p>
|
|
|
|
<p> 20. James DeParle, "Long Series of Military Decisions Led to <ent type='LOC'>Gulf</ent> War News
|
|
Censorship," "<ent type='ORG'>New York</ent> Times," May 5, 1991.</p>
|
|
|
|
<p> 21. James LeMoyne, "A Correspondent's Tale: Pentagon's Strategy for the
|
|
Press: Good News or No News," "<ent type='ORG'>New York</ent> Times," February 17, 1991.</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>______________________________________________________________________________
|
|
Covert Action INFORMATION BULLETIN</p>
|
|
|
|
<p> Back Issues</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>No. 1 (July 1978): <ent type='PERSON'>Agee</ent> on <ent type='ORG'>CIA</ent>; <ent type='NORP'>Cuban</ent> exile trial; consumer research-<ent type='GPE'>Jamaica</ent>.*
|
|
No. 2 (Oct. 1978): How <ent type='ORG'>CIA</ent> recruits diplomats; researching undercover
|
|
officers; double agent in <ent type='ORG'>CIA</ent>.*
|
|
No. 3 (Jan. 1979): <ent type='ORG'>CIA</ent> attacks <ent type='ORG'>CAIB</ent>; <ent type='ORG'>sec</ent>ret supp. to <ent type='ORG'>Army</ent> field manual;
|
|
spying on host countries.*
|
|
No. 4 (Apr.-May 1979): U.S. spies in <ent type='NORP'>Italian</ent> services; <ent type='ORG'>CIA</ent> in <ent type='GPE'>Spain</ent>; <ent type='ORG'>CIA</ent>
|
|
recruiting for <ent type='LOC'>Africa</ent>; subversive academics; <ent type='GPE'>Angola</ent>.*
|
|
No. 5 (July-Aug. 1979): U.S. intelligence in <ent type='LOC'><ent type='NORP'>South</ent>east <ent type='LOC'>Asia</ent></ent>; <ent type='ORG'>CIA</ent> in
|
|
<ent type='GPE'>Denmark</ent>, <ent type='GPE'>Sweden</ent>, <ent type='GPE'>Grenada</ent>.*
|
|
No. 6 (Oct. 1979): U.S. in <ent type='LOC'>Caribbean</ent>; <ent type='NORP'>Cuban</ent> exile terrorists; <ent type='ORG'>CIA</ent> plans
|
|
for <ent type='GPE'>Nicaragua</ent>; CIA's <ent type='ORG'>sec</ent>ret "Perspectives for Intelligence."*
|
|
No. 7 (Dec. 1979-Jan. 1980): Media destabilization in <ent type='GPE'>Jamaica</ent>; Robert
|
|
<ent type='ORG'>Moss</ent>; <ent type='ORG'>CIA</ent> budget; media operations; <ent type='ORG'>UNITA</ent>; <ent type='GPE'>Iran</ent>.*
|
|
No. 8 (Mar.-Apr. 1980): Attacks on <ent type='PERSON'>Agee</ent>; U.S. intelligence legislation;
|
|
<ent type='ORG'>CAIB</ent> statement to <ent type='ORG'>Congress</ent>; <ent type='GPE'>Zimbabwe</ent>; <ent type='PERSON'>North</ent>ern Ireland.
|
|
No. 9 (June 1980): <ent type='ORG'>NSA</ent> in <ent type='GPE'>Norway</ent>; <ent type='PERSON'>Glomar Explorer</ent>; mind control; <ent type='ORG'>NSA</ent>.
|
|
No. 10 (Aug.-Sept. 1980): <ent type='LOC'>Caribbean</ent>; destabilization in <ent type='GPE'>Jamaica</ent>; <ent type='GPE'>Guyana</ent>;
|
|
<ent type='GPE'>Grenada</ent> bombing; "The <ent type='PERSON'>Spike</ent>"; deep cover manual.
|
|
No. 11 (Dec. 1980): Rightwing terrorism; <ent type='GPE'>South Korea</ent>; K<ent type='ORG'>CIA</ent>; <ent type='GPE'>Portugal</ent>;
|
|
<ent type='GPE'>Guyana</ent>; <ent type='LOC'>Caribbean</ent>; AFIO; <ent type='ORG'>NSA</ent> interview.
|
|
No. 12 (Apr. 1981): U.S. in <ent type='GPE'>Salvador</ent> and <ent type='GPE'>Guatemala</ent>; New Right; William
|
|
Casey; <ent type='ORG'>CIA</ent> in <ent type='GPE'>Mozambique</ent>; mail surveillance.*
|
|
No. 13 (July-Aug. 1981): <ent type='NORP'>South</ent> <ent type='LOC'>Africa</ent> documents; <ent type='GPE'>Namibia</ent>; mercenaries;
|
|
the <ent type='ORG'>Klan</ent>; Globe Aero; <ent type='GPE'>Angola</ent>; <ent type='GPE'>Mozambique</ent>; <ent type='ORG'>BOSS</ent>; Central <ent type='GPE'>America</ent>;
|
|
<ent type='PERSON'>Max Hugel</ent>; mail surveillance.
|
|
No. 14-15 (Oct. 1981): <ent type='ORG'>Complete</ent> index to nos. 1-12; review of intelligence
|
|
legislation; <ent type='ORG'>CAIB</ent> plans; extended Naming Names.
|
|
No. 16 (Mar. 1982): <ent type='ORG'>Green Beret</ent> torture in <ent type='GPE'>Salvador</ent>; <ent type='NORP'>Argentine</ent> death squads;
|
|
<ent type='ORG'>CIA</ent> media ops; <ent type='GPE'>Seychelles</ent>; <ent type='GPE'>Angola</ent>; <ent type='GPE'>Mozambique</ent>; the <ent type='ORG'>Klan</ent>; Nugan Hand.*
|
|
No. 17 (Summer 1982): CBW History; <ent type='NORP'>Cuban</ent> dengue epidemic; <ent type='PERSON'>Scott Barnes</ent>
|
|
and yellow rain lies; mystery death in <ent type='GPE'>Bangkok</ent>.*
|
|
No. 18 (Winter 1983): <ent type='ORG'>CIA</ent> & religion; "<ent type='ORG'>sec</ent>ret" war in <ent type='GPE'>Nicaragua</ent>; Opus Dei;
|
|
<ent type='GPE'>Miskitos</ent>; evangelicals-<ent type='GPE'>Guatemala</ent>; <ent type='ORG'>Summer Inst</ent>. of Linguistics; World
|
|
Medical Relief; <ent type='ORG'>CIA</ent> & <ent type='ORG'>BOSS</ent>; torture S. <ent type='LOC'>Africa</ent>; <ent type='GPE'>Vietnam</ent> defoliation.*
|
|
No. 19 (Spring-Summer 1983): <ent type='ORG'>CIA</ent> & media; history of disinformation;
|
|
"plot" against <ent type='PERSON'>Pope</ent>; <ent type='GPE'>Grenada</ent> airport; <ent type='PERSON'>Georgie Anne Geyer</ent>.
|
|
No. 20 (Winter 1984): Invasion of <ent type='GPE'>Grenada</ent>; war in <ent type='GPE'>Nicaragua</ent>; Ft. <ent type='GPE'>Huachuca</ent>;
|
|
<ent type='GPE'>Israel</ent> and <ent type='GPE'>South Korea</ent> in Central <ent type='GPE'>America</ent>; <ent type='ORG'>KAL</ent> flight 007.
|
|
No. 21 (Spring 1984): N.Y. Times and the <ent type='GPE'>Salvador</ent> election; Time and
|
|
Newsweek in distortions; Accuracy in Media; <ent type='GPE'>Nicaragua</ent>.
|
|
No. 22 (Fall 1984): Mercenaries & terrorism; Soldier of Fortune; "privatizing"
|
|
the war in <ent type='GPE'>Nicaragua</ent>; U.S.-<ent type='NORP'>South</ent> <ent type='LOC'>Africa</ent>n terrorism; <ent type='NORP'>Italian</ent> fascists.
|
|
No. 23 (Spring 1985): Special issue on "plot" to kill the <ent type='PERSON'>Pope</ent> and the
|
|
"<ent type='NORP'>Bulgarian</ent> Connection"; <ent type='ORG'>CIA</ent> ties to <ent type='NORP'>Turkish</ent> and <ent type='NORP'>Italian</ent> <ent type='ORG'>neofascists</ent>.
|
|
No. 24 (Summer 1985): State repression, infiltrators, provocateurs;
|
|
sanctuary movement; <ent type='GPE'>America</ent>n <ent type='NORP'>Indian</ent> Movement; <ent type='PERSON'>Leonard Peltier</ent>;
|
|
<ent type='ORG'>NASSCO</ent> strike; Arnaud de Borchgrave, <ent type='LOC'>Moon</ent>, and <ent type='ORG'>Moss</ent>; Tetra Tech.
|
|
No. 25 (Winter 1986): U.S., <ent type='NORP'>Nazis</ent>, and the <ent type='ORG'>Vatican</ent>; Knights of Malta;
|
|
Greek civil war and <ent type='NORP'>Eleni</ent>; <ent type='ORG'>WACL</ent> and <ent type='GPE'>Nicaragua</ent>; torture.
|
|
No. 26 (Summer 1986): U.S. state terrorism; <ent type='PERSON'>Vernon Walters</ent>; <ent type='GPE'>Libya</ent> bombing;
|
|
contra agents; <ent type='GPE'>Israel</ent> and <ent type='NORP'>South</ent> <ent type='LOC'>Africa</ent>; Duarte; media in Costa
|
|
Rica; democracy in <ent type='GPE'>Nicaragua</ent>; plus complete index to nos. 13-25.*
|
|
No. 27 (Spring 1987): Special: Religious Right; <ent type='ORG'>New York</ent> Times and <ent type='PERSON'>Pope</ent>
|
|
Plot; Carlucci; <ent type='NORP'>South</ent>ern Air Transport; <ent type='PERSON'>Michael</ent> Ledeen.*
|
|
No. 28 (Summer 1987): Special: <ent type='ORG'>CIA</ent> and drugs: S.E. <ent type='LOC'>Asia</ent>, <ent type='GPE'>Afghanistan</ent>,
|
|
Central <ent type='GPE'>America</ent>; Nugan Hand; <ent type='ORG'>MKULTRA</ent> in <ent type='GPE'>Canada</ent>; <ent type='ORG'>Delta Force</ent>;
|
|
special <ent type='ORG'>sec</ent>tion on AIDS theories and CBW.*
|
|
No. 29 (Winter 1988): Special issue on <ent type='NORP'>Pacific</ent>: <ent type='NORP'>Philippine</ent>s, <ent type='GPE'>Fiji</ent>, New
|
|
Zealand, <ent type='GPE'>Belau</ent>, <ent type='NORP'>Kanaky</ent>, <ent type='GPE'>Vanuatu</ent>; atom testing; media on <ent type='GPE'>Nicaragua</ent>;
|
|
Reader's Digest; <ent type='ORG'>CIA</ent> in <ent type='GPE'>Cuba</ent>, <ent type='GPE'>Tibet</ent>; <ent type='PERSON'>Agee</ent> on "Veil;" more on AIDS.*
|
|
No. 30 (Summer 1989): Special: <ent type='LOC'>Middle East</ent>: The intifada, <ent type='GPE'>Israel</ent>i arms
|
|
sales; <ent type='GPE'>Israel</ent> in <ent type='LOC'>Africa</ent>; disinformation and <ent type='GPE'>Libya</ent>; CIA's William
|
|
Buckley; the <ent type='NORP'>Afghan</ent> arms pipeline and contra lobby.
|
|
No. 31 (Winter 1989): Special issue on domestic surveillance. The <ent type='ORG'>FBI</ent>; <ent type='ORG'>CIA</ent>
|
|
on campus; Office of Public Diplomacy; Lexington Prison; <ent type='GPE'>Puerto Rico</ent>.
|
|
No. 32 (Summer 1989): Tenth Year Anniversary Issue: The Best of <ent type='ORG'>CAIB</ent>.
|
|
Includes articles from our earliest issues, Naming Names, <ent type='ORG'>CIA</ent> at home,
|
|
abroad, and in the media. Ten-year perspective by Philip <ent type='PERSON'>Agee</ent>.
|
|
No. 33 (Winter 1990): The <ent type='PERSON'>Bush</ent> Issue: <ent type='ORG'>CIA</ent> agents for <ent type='PERSON'>Bush</ent>; Terrorism Task
|
|
Force; El <ent type='GPE'>Salvador</ent> and <ent type='GPE'>Nicaragua</ent> intervention; <ent type='NORP'>Republicans</ent> and <ent type='NORP'>Nazis</ent>.
|
|
No. 34 (Summer 1990): Assassination of <ent type='PERSON'>Martin Luther King</ent> Jr; <ent type='GPE'>Nicaragua</ent>n
|
|
elections; <ent type='NORP'>South</ent> <ent type='LOC'>Africa</ent>n death squads; U.S. and <ent type='PERSON'>Pol Pot</ent>; Pan Am
|
|
Flight 103; <ent type='PERSON'>Noriega</ent> and the <ent type='ORG'>CIA</ent>; <ent type='ORG'>Council for National Policy</ent>.
|
|
No. 35 (Fall 1990): Special: Eastern Europe; Analysis-Persian <ent type='LOC'>Gulf</ent> and
|
|
<ent type='GPE'>Cuba</ent>; massacres in <ent type='GPE'>Indonesia</ent>; <ent type='ORG'>CIA</ent> and <ent type='ORG'>Banks</ent>; <ent type='GPE'>Iran</ent>-contra
|
|
No. 36 (Spring 1991): Racism & Nat. Security: <ent type='ORG'>FBI</ent> v. Arab-<ent type='NORP'>Americans</ent> & Black
|
|
Officials; Special: Destabilizing <ent type='LOC'>Africa</ent>: <ent type='GPE'>Chad</ent>, <ent type='GPE'>Uganda</ent>, S. <ent type='LOC'>Africa</ent>,
|
|
<ent type='GPE'>Angola</ent>, <ent type='GPE'>Mozambique</ent>, Zaire; <ent type='GPE'>Haiti</ent>; <ent type='GPE'>Panama</ent>; <ent type='LOC'>Gulf</ent> War; COINTELPRO "art."
|
|
No. 37 (Summer 1990): Special: <ent type='LOC'>Gulf</ent> War: Media; U.N.; <ent type='GPE'>Libya</ent>; <ent type='GPE'>Iran</ent>;
|
|
Domestic costs; <ent type='PERSON'>North</ent> Korea Next? Illegal Arms Deals.</p>
|
|
|
|
<p> * Available in Photocopy only</p>
|
|
|
|
<p> Subscriptions (4 issues/year) (check one)</p>
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|
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|
<p> ___$17 one year ___$32 two years U.S.
|
|
___$22 one year ___$42 two years <ent type='GPE'>Canada</ent>/Mexico
|
|
___$27 one year ___$52 two years Latin <ent type='GPE'>America</ent>/Europe
|
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___$29 one year ___$56 two years Other
|
|
$5 per year addition charge for institutions</p>
|
|
|
|
<p> Books, etc.
|
|
$25 "Dirty Work II: The <ent type='ORG'>CIA</ent> in <ent type='LOC'>Africa</ent>," Ray, et al.
|
|
$10 "Deadly Deceits: 25 Years in <ent type='ORG'>CIA</ent>," McGehee
|
|
$8 "Secret Contenders: <ent type='ORG'>CIA</ent> and <ent type='EVENT'>Cold War</ent>," Beck
|
|
$6.50 "White Paper/Whitewash," <ent type='PERSON'>Agee</ent>/Poelchau
|
|
$10 "On The Run," <ent type='PERSON'>Agee</ent>
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$1 "No <ent type='ORG'>CIA</ent>" buttons (additionals $.50)</p>
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<p> BACK ISSUES: <ent type='ORG'>Circle</ent> above, or list below. $6 per copy in U.S.
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Airmail: <ent type='GPE'>Canada</ent>/Mexico add $2; other countries add $4.</p>
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<p> <ent type='ORG'>CAIB</ent>, P.O. Box 34583, <ent type='GPE'>Washington</ent>, DC 20043</p>
|
|
|
|
<p> KOYAANISQATSI</p>
|
|
|
|
<p> ko.yan.nis.qatsi (from <ent type='EVENT'>the Hopi Language</ent>) n. 1. crazy life. 2. life
|
|
in turmoil. 3. life out of balance. 4. life disintegrating.
|
|
5. a state of life that calls for another way of living.</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>---------------------------------END:<ent type='ORG'>REF</ent>2---------------------------------</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>---------------------------------<ent type='ORG'>REF</ent>3:<ent type='ORG'>FEMA</ent>--------------------------------</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>Article 2132 of alt.activism:
|
|
Newsgroups: alt.activism
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Subject: Plan to suspend the Constitution (1984; maybe 1991?)
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Distribution: usa
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Organization: Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH
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Lines: 72</p>
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<p>[PeaceNet forward from <ent type='ORG'>AML</ent> (ACTIV-L) -- see bottom for more info]
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------------------------------------------------------------------
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/** mideast.forum: 216.5 **/
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** Written 8:11 pm Jan 17, 1991 by nlgclc in cdp:mideast.forum **
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An excellent book which deals with the <ent type='ORG'>REX</ent> 84 detention plan is:
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- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
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"Guts and Glory: <ent type='ORG'>The Rise</ent> and Fall of Oliver <ent type='PERSON'>North</ent>,'' by Ben
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<ent type='PERSON'>Bradlee</ent> Jr.(<ent type='PERSON'>Donald</ent> I. fine, $21.95. 573 pp.)
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------------------------------------------------------------------
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Reviewed by Dennis M. Culnan Copyright 1990, Gannett News Service All
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Rights Reserved Short excerpt posted here under applicable copyright
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laws</p>
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<p>[Oliver] <ent type='PERSON'>North</ent> managed to network himself into the highest levels of
|
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the <ent type='ORG'>CIA</ent> and power centers around the world. There he lied and
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boastfully ignored the constitutional process, <ent type='PERSON'>Bradlee</ent> writes.</p>
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<p>Yet more terrifying is the plan hatched by <ent type='PERSON'>North</ent> and other Reagan
|
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people in the Federal Emergency Manpower <ent type='ORG'>Agency</ent> (<ent type='ORG'>FEMA</ent>): A blueprint
|
|
for the military takeover of <ent type='GPE'>the United</ent> States. The plan called for
|
|
<ent type='ORG'>FEMA</ent> to become "emergency czar'' in the event of a national emergency
|
|
such as nuclear war or an <ent type='GPE'>America</ent>n invasion of a foreign nation. <ent type='ORG'>FEMA</ent>
|
|
would also be a buffer between the president and his cabinet and other
|
|
civilian agencies, and would have broad powers to appoint military
|
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commanders and run state and local governments. Finally, it would
|
|
have the authority to order suspect aliens into concentration camps
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and seize their property.</p>
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<p>When then-Attorney General <ent type='PERSON'>William <ent type='NORP'>French</ent> <ent type='PERSON'>Smith</ent></ent> got wind of the plan,
|
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he killed it. After <ent type='PERSON'>Smith</ent> left the administration, <ent type='PERSON'>North</ent> and his <ent type='ORG'>FEMA</ent>
|
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cronies came up with the <ent type='ORG'>Defense</ent> Resource Act, designed to suspendend
|
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the First Amendment by imposing censorship and banning strikes.</p>
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<p>Where was it all heading? The book's answer: "<ent type='ORG'>REX</ent>-84 Bravo, a
|
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<ent type='ORG'>National Security Decision Directive</ent> 52 that would become operative
|
|
with the president's declaration of a state of national emergency
|
|
concurrent with a mythical U.S. military invasion of an unspecified
|
|
Central <ent type='GPE'>America</ent>n country, presumably <ent type='GPE'>Nicaragua</ent>.''</p>
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<p><ent type='PERSON'>Bradlee</ent> writes that the <ent type='PERSON'>Rex</ent> exercise was designed to test FEMA's
|
|
readiness to assume authority over <ent type='ORG'>the Department</ent> of <ent type='ORG'>Defense</ent>, the
|
|
<ent type='ORG'>National Guard</ent> in all 50 states, and "a number of state defense
|
|
forces to be established by state legislatures.'' The military would
|
|
then be "deputized,'' thus making an end run around federal law
|
|
forbidding military involvement in domestic law enforcement.</p>
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|
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<p><ent type='PERSON'>Rex</ent>, which ran concurrently with the first annual U.S. show of force
|
|
in <ent type='GPE'>Honduras</ent> in April 1984, was also designed to test FEMA's ability to
|
|
round up 400000 undocumented Central <ent type='GPE'>America</ent>n aliens in <ent type='GPE'>the United</ent>
|
|
States and its ability to distribute hundreds of tons of small arms to
|
|
"state defense forces.''</p>
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|
|
|
<p>Incredibly, <ent type='ORG'>REX</ent> 84 was similar to a plan <ent type='ORG'>sec</ent>retly adopted by Reagan
|
|
while governor of <ent type='GPE'>California</ent>. His two top henchmen then were Edwin
|
|
<ent type='PERSON'>Meese</ent>, who recently resigned as U.S. attorney general, and Louis
|
|
Guiffrida, the <ent type='ORG'>FEMA</ent> director in 1984.</p>
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|
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<p>If the review makes you nervous, you should read the book!</p>
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<p>--<ent type='PERSON'>Chip Berlet</ent> ** End of text from cdp:mideast.forum **</p>
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<p>--------------------------------END:<ent type='ORG'>REF</ent>3-----------------------------------
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###########################################################################
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--------------------------------<ent type='ORG'>REF</ent>4:<ent type='ORG'>FEMA</ent>----------------------------------
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Article 2231 of alt.activism:
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Newsgroups: alt.activism,alt.conspiracy
|
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Subject: WILL GULF WAR LEAD TO REPRESSION AT HOME? (_Guardian_ article)
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Organization: Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH
|
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Lines: 188</p>
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<p>[PeaceNet forward from <ent type='ORG'>AML</ent> (ACTIV-L) -- see bottom for more info]
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------------------------------------------------------------------
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This is the front-page article of the Jan. 16 issue of "The
|
|
Guardian," which describes some of the U.S. government's planning
|
|
for martial law in the event of the <ent type='LOC'>Gulf</ent> war. This is truly a
|
|
scary scenario that should concern all civil libertarians and
|
|
patriots.
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------------------------------------------------------------------</p>
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<p> WILL GULF WAR LEAD TO REPRESSION AT HOME?
|
|
by Paul DeRienzo and Bill Weinberg</p>
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|
<p>On August 2, 1990, as <ent type='PERSON'>Saddam Hussein</ent>'s army was consolidating control
|
|
over <ent type='GPE'>Kuwait</ent>, President George <ent type='PERSON'>Bush</ent> responded by signing two executive
|
|
orders that were the first step toward martial law in <ent type='GPE'>the United</ent>
|
|
States and suspending the Constitution.</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>On the surface, <ent type='ORG'>Executive</ent> Orders 12722 and 12723, declaring a
|
|
"national emergency," merely invoked laws that allowed <ent type='PERSON'>Bush</ent> to freeze
|
|
<ent type='GPE'>Iraq</ent>i assets in <ent type='GPE'>the United</ent> States.</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>The International Emergency <ent type='ORG'>Executive</ent> Powers Act permits the president
|
|
to freeze foreign assets after declaring a "national emergency," a
|
|
move that has been made three times before -- against <ent type='GPE'>Panama</ent> in 1987,
|
|
<ent type='GPE'>Nicaragua</ent> in 1985 and <ent type='GPE'>Iran</ent> in 1979.</p>
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|
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|
<p>According to Professor <ent type='PERSON'>Diana</ent> <ent type='PERSON'>Reynolds</ent>, of <ent type='ORG'>the Fletcher School</ent> of
|
|
Diplomacy at Boston's <ent type='ORG'>Tufts University</ent>, when <ent type='PERSON'>Bush</ent> declared a national
|
|
emergency he "activated one part of a contingency national <ent type='ORG'>sec</ent>urity
|
|
emergency plan." That plan is made up of a series of laws passed since
|
|
the presidency of Richard <ent type='PERSON'>Nixon</ent>, which <ent type='PERSON'>Reynolds</ent> says give the
|
|
president "boundless" powers.</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>According to <ent type='PERSON'>Reynolds</ent>, such laws as the <ent type='ORG'>Defense</ent> Industrial
|
|
Revitalization and Disaster Relief Acts of 1983 "would permit the
|
|
president to do anything from seizing the means of production, to
|
|
conscripting a labor force, to relocating groups of citizens."</p>
|
|
|
|
<p><ent type='PERSON'>Reynolds</ent> says the net effect of invoking these laws would be the
|
|
suspension of the Constitution.</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>She adds that national emergency powers "permit the stationing of the
|
|
military in cities and towns, closing off the U.S. borders, freezing
|
|
all imports and exports, allocating all resources on a national
|
|
<ent type='ORG'>sec</ent>urity priority, monitoring and censoring the press, and warrantless
|
|
searches and seizures."</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>The measures would allow military authorities to proclaim martial law
|
|
in <ent type='GPE'>the United</ent> States, asserts <ent type='PERSON'>Reynolds</ent>. She defines martial law as the
|
|
"federal authority taking over for local authority when they are
|
|
unable to maintain law and order or to assure a <ent type='NORP'>republican</ent> form of
|
|
government."</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>A report called "<ent type='ORG'>Post Attack Recovery Strategies</ent>," about rebuilding
|
|
the country after a nuclear war, prepared by the right-wing Hudson
|
|
Institute in 1980, defines martial law as dealing "with the control of
|
|
civilians by their own military forces in time of emergency."</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>The federal agency with the authority to organize and command the
|
|
government's response to a national emergency is the Federal Emergency
|
|
Management <ent type='ORG'>Agency</ent> (<ent type='ORG'>FEMA</ent>). This super-<ent type='ORG'>sec</ent>ret and elite agency was
|
|
formed in 1979 under congressional measures that merged all federal
|
|
powers dealing with civilian and military emergencies under one
|
|
agency.</p>
|
|
|
|
<p><ent type='ORG'>FEMA</ent> has its roots in the <ent type='EVENT'>World War</ent> I partnership between government
|
|
and corporate leaders who helped mobilize the nation's industries to
|
|
support the war effort. The idea of a central national response to
|
|
large-scale emergencies was reintroduced in the early 1970s by Louis
|
|
<ent type='PERSON'>Giuffrida</ent>, a close associate of then-<ent type='GPE'>California</ent> Gov. Ronald Reagan and
|
|
his chief aide <ent type='PERSON'>Edwin Meese</ent>.</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>Reagan appointed <ent type='PERSON'>Giuffrida</ent> head of the <ent type='GPE'>California</ent> <ent type='ORG'>National Guard</ent> in
|
|
1969. With <ent type='PERSON'>Meese</ent>, <ent type='PERSON'>Giuffrida</ent> organized "war-games" to prepare for
|
|
"statewide martial law" in the event that Black nationalists and
|
|
anti-war protesters "challenged the authority of the state." In 1981,
|
|
Reagan as president moved <ent type='PERSON'>Giuffrida</ent> up to the big leagues, appointing
|
|
him director of <ent type='ORG'>FEMA</ent>.</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>According to <ent type='PERSON'>Reynolds</ent>, however, it was the actions of George <ent type='PERSON'>Bush</ent> in
|
|
1976, while he was the director of the <ent type='ORG'>Central Intelligence</ent> <ent type='ORG'>Agency</ent>
|
|
(<ent type='ORG'>CIA</ent>), that provided the stimulus for centralization of vast powers in
|
|
<ent type='ORG'>FEMA</ent>.</p>
|
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|
|
<p><ent type='PERSON'>Bush</ent> assembled a group of hawkish outsiders, called Team B, that
|
|
released a report claiming the <ent type='ORG'>CIA</ent> ("Team A") had underestimated the
|
|
dangers of <ent type='NORP'>Soviet</ent> nuclear attack. The report advised the development
|
|
of elaborate plans for "civil defense" and post-nuclear government.
|
|
Three years later, in 1979, <ent type='ORG'>FEMA</ent> was given ultimate responsibility for
|
|
developing these plans.</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>Aware of the bad publicity <ent type='ORG'>FEMA</ent> was getting because of its role in
|
|
organizing for a post-nuclear world, Reagan's <ent type='ORG'>FEMA</ent> chief <ent type='PERSON'>Giuffrida</ent>
|
|
publicly argued that the 1865 Posse Comitatus Act prohibited the
|
|
military from arresting civilians.</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>However, <ent type='PERSON'>Reynolds</ent> says that <ent type='ORG'>Congress</ent> eroded the act by giving the
|
|
military reserves an exemption from Posse Comitatus and allowing them
|
|
to arrest civilians. <ent type='ORG'>The National Guard</ent>, under the control of state
|
|
governors in peace time, is also exempt from the act and can arrest
|
|
civilians.</p>
|
|
|
|
<p><ent type='ORG'>FEMA</ent> Inspector General <ent type='PERSON'>John Brinkerhoff</ent> has written a memo contending
|
|
that the government doesn't need to suspend the Constitution to use
|
|
the full range of powers <ent type='ORG'>Congress</ent> has given the agency. <ent type='ORG'>FEMA</ent> has
|
|
prepared legislation to be introduced in <ent type='ORG'>Congress</ent> in the event of a
|
|
national emergency that would give the agency sweeping powers. The
|
|
right to "deputize" <ent type='ORG'>National Guard</ent> and police forces is included in
|
|
the package. But <ent type='PERSON'>Reynolds</ent> believes that actual martial law need not be
|
|
declared publicly.</p>
|
|
|
|
<p><ent type='PERSON'>Giuffrida</ent> has written that "Martial Rule comes into existence upon a
|
|
determination (not a declaration) by the senior military commander
|
|
that the civil government must be replaced because it is no longer
|
|
functioning anyway." He adds that "Martial Rule is limited only by the
|
|
principle of necessary force."</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>According to <ent type='PERSON'>Reynolds</ent>, it is possible for the president to make
|
|
declarations concerning a national emergency <ent type='ORG'>sec</ent>retly in the form of a
|
|
Natioanl Security Decision Directive. Most such directives are
|
|
classified as so <ent type='ORG'>sec</ent>ret that <ent type='PERSON'>Reynolds</ent> says "researchers don't even
|
|
know how many are enacted."</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>DOMESTIC SPYING</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>Throughout the 1980s, <ent type='ORG'>FEMA</ent> was prohibited from engaging in
|
|
intelligence gathering. But on July 6, 1989, <ent type='PERSON'>Bush</ent> signed <ent type='ORG'>Executive</ent>
|
|
Order 12681, pronouncing that FEMA's <ent type='ORG'>National Preparedness Directorate</ent>
|
|
would "have as a primary function intelligence, counterintelligence,
|
|
investigative, or national <ent type='ORG'>sec</ent>urity work." Recent events indicate that
|
|
domestic spying in response to the looming <ent type='LOC'>Middle East</ent> war is now
|
|
under way.</p>
|
|
|
|
<p><ent type='PERSON'>Reynolds</ent> reports that "the <ent type='ORG'>CIA</ent> is going to various campuses asking for
|
|
information on <ent type='LOC'>Middle East</ent>ern students. I'm sure that there are
|
|
intelligence organizations monitoring peace demonstrations."
|
|
According to <ent type='ORG'>the University</ent> of Connecticut student paper, the Daily
|
|
Campus, <ent type='ORG'>CIA</ent> officials have recently met there to discuss talking with
|
|
<ent type='LOC'>Middle East</ent>ern students.</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>The <ent type='ORG'>New York</ent> Times reports that the <ent type='ORG'>FBI</ent> has ordered its agents around
|
|
the country to question Arab-<ent type='GPE'>America</ent>n leaders and business people in
|
|
search of information on potential <ent type='GPE'>Iraq</ent>i "terrorist" attacks in
|
|
response to a <ent type='LOC'>Gulf</ent> war.</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>A 1986 <ent type='ORG'>Immigration and Naturalization Service</ent> (<ent type='ORG'>INS</ent>) document entitled
|
|
"Alien Terrorists and Other Undesirables: A Contingency Plan" outlines
|
|
the potential round-up and incarceration in mass detainment camps of
|
|
U.S. residents who are citizens of "terrorist" countries, chiefly in
|
|
<ent type='LOC'>the Middle East</ent>. This plan echoed a 1984 <ent type='ORG'>FEMA</ent> nationwide "readiness
|
|
exercise code-named <ent type='ORG'>REX</ent>-84 ALPHA, which included the rehearsal of
|
|
joint operations with the <ent type='ORG'>INS</ent> to round up 40000 Central <ent type='GPE'>America</ent>n
|
|
refugees in the event of a U.S. invasion of the region. One of the 10
|
|
military bases established as detainment camps by <ent type='ORG'>REX</ent>-84 ALPHA, Camp
|
|
Krome, <ent type='GPE'>Fla</ent>., was designated a joint <ent type='ORG'>FEMA</ent>-Immigration service
|
|
interrogation center.</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>Recently, <ent type='ORG'>FEMA</ent> has been criticized in the media for inadequate
|
|
response to the October, 1989 <ent type='GPE'>San Francisco</ent> earthquake. What the
|
|
mainstream press has failed to cover is the agency's planned role in
|
|
repressing domestic dissent in the event of an invasion abroad.</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>Source: The Guardian, Jan 16 1991</p>
|
|
|
|
<p> The Guardian is an independent radical news weekly. Subscriptions are
|
|
available at $33.50 per year from The Guardian, 33 West 17th St., New
|
|
York, NY 10011</p>
|
|
|
|
<p> Origin:Socialism_On_Line 203-274-4639</p>
|
|
|
|
<p> from the Radical_Politics conference on
|
|
The NY Transfer BBS 718-448-2358 & 718-448-2683</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>** End of text from cdp:mideast.forum **</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>----------------------------END:<ent type='ORG'>REF</ent>4------------------------------------
|
|
########################################################################
|
|
----------------------------<ent type='ORG'>REF</ent>5:<ent type='ORG'>NSD</ent>D 145-------------------------------</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>DATE OF <ent type='ORG'>UPLOAD</ent>: November 17, 1989
|
|
ORIGIN OF <ent type='ORG'>UPLOAD</ent>: <ent type='ORG'>Omni Magazine</ent>
|
|
CONTRIBUTED BY: <ent type='PERSON'>Donald Goldberg</ent>
|
|
========================================================
|
|
PARANET INFORMATION SERVICE BBS
|
|
========================================================
|
|
Although this article does not deal directly with <ent type='EVENT'>UFOs</ent>,
|
|
ParaNet felt it important as an offering to our readers who
|
|
depend so much upon communications as a way to stay informed.
|
|
This article raises some interesting implications for the future
|
|
of communications.</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>THE NATIONAL GUARDS
|
|
(C) 1987 <ent type='ORG'>OMNI</ent> MAGAZINE MAY 1987
|
|
(Reprinted with permission and license to ParaNet Information
|
|
Service and its affiliates.)</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>By <ent type='PERSON'>Donald Goldberg</ent></p>
|
|
|
|
<p> The mountains bend as the fjord and the sea beyond stretch
|
|
out before the viewer's eyes. First over the water, then a sharp
|
|
left turn, then a bank to the right between the peaks, and the
|
|
<ent type='ORG'>sec</ent>ret naval base unfolds upon the screen.
|
|
The scene is of a <ent type='NORP'>Soviet</ent> military installation on the Kola
|
|
Peninsula in the icy <ent type='LOC'>Barents Sea</ent>, a place usually off-limits to
|
|
the gaze of the <ent type='NORP'>Western</ent> world. It was captured by a small <ent type='NORP'>French</ent>
|
|
satellite called SPOT Image, orbiting at an altitude of 517 miles
|
|
above the hidden <ent type='NORP'>Russian</ent> outpost. On each of several passes --
|
|
made over a two-week period last fall -- the satellite's high-resolution lens took its pictures at a different angle; the
|
|
images were then blended into a three-dimensional, computer-generated video. Buildings, docks, vessels, and details of the
|
|
Artic landscape are all clearly visible.
|
|
Half a world away and thousands of feet under the sea,
|
|
sparkling-clear images are being made of the ocean floor. Using
|
|
the latest bathymetric technology and state-of-the-art systems
|
|
known as <ent type='ORG'>Seam Beam</ent> and <ent type='NORP'>Hydrochart</ent>, researchers are for the first
|
|
time assembling detailed underwater maps of the continental
|
|
shelves and the depths of the world's oceans. These scenes of
|
|
the sea are as sophisticated as the photographs taken from the
|
|
satellite.
|
|
From the three-dimensional images taken far above the earth
|
|
to the charts of the bottom of the oceans, these photographic
|
|
systems have three things in common: They both rely on the
|
|
latest technology to create accurate pictures never dreamed of
|
|
even 25 years ago; they are being made widely available by
|
|
commerical, nongovernmental enterprises; and the <ent type='ORG'>Pentagon</ent> is
|
|
trying desperately to keep them from the general public.
|
|
In 1985 the <ent type='ORG'>Navy</ent> classified the underwater charts, making
|
|
them available only to approved researchers whose needs are
|
|
evaluated on a case-by-case basis. Under a 1984 law the military
|
|
has been given a say in what cameras can be licensed to be used
|
|
on <ent type='GPE'>America</ent>n satellites; and officials have already announced they
|
|
plan to limit the quality and resolution of photos made
|
|
available. <ent type='ORG'>The National</ent> Security <ent type='ORG'>Agency</ent> (<ent type='ORG'>NSA</ent>) -- the <ent type='ORG'>sec</ent>ret arm
|
|
of the <ent type='ORG'>Pentagon</ent> in charge of gathering electronic intelligence as
|
|
well as protecting sensitive U.S. communications -- has defeated
|
|
a move to keep it away from civilian and commercial computers and
|
|
databases.
|
|
That attitude has outraged those concerned with the
|
|
military's increasing efforts to keep information not only from
|
|
the public but from industry experts, scientists, and even other
|
|
government officials as well. "That's like classifying a road
|
|
map for fear of invasion," says <ent type='PERSON'>Paul Wolff</ent>, assistant
|
|
administrator for <ent type='ORG'>the National</ent> Oceanic and Atmospheric
|
|
Administration, of the attempted restrictions.
|
|
These attempts to keep unclassified data out of the hands of
|
|
scientists, researchers, the news media, and the public at large
|
|
are a part of an alarming trend that has seen the military take
|
|
an ever-increasing role in controlling the flow of information
|
|
and communications through <ent type='GPE'>America</ent>n society, a role traditionally
|
|
-- and almost exclusively -- left to civilians. Under the
|
|
approving gaze of the Reagan administration, Department of
|
|
<ent type='ORG'>Defense</ent> (DoD) officials have quietly implemented a number of
|
|
policies, decisions, and orders that give the military
|
|
unprecedented control over both the content and public use of
|
|
data and communications. For example:</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>**The <ent type='ORG'>Pentagon</ent> has created a new category of "sensitive" but
|
|
unclassified information that allows it to keep from public
|
|
access huge quantities of data that were once widely accessible.
|
|
**<ent type='ORG'>Defense</ent> Department officials have attempted to rewrite key laws
|
|
that spell out when the president can and cannot appropriate
|
|
private communications facilities.
|
|
**The <ent type='ORG'>Pentagon</ent> has installed a system that enables it to seize
|
|
control of the nation's entire communications network -- the
|
|
phone system, data transmissions, and satellite transmissions of
|
|
all kinds -- in the event of what it deems a "national
|
|
emergency." As yet there is no single, universally agreed-upon
|
|
definition of what constitutes such a state. Usually such an
|
|
emergency is restricted to times of natural disaster, war, or
|
|
when national <ent type='ORG'>sec</ent>urity is specifically threatened. Now the
|
|
military has attempted to redefine emergency.
|
|
The point man in the Pentagon's onslaught on communications
|
|
is Assistant <ent type='ORG'>Defense</ent> Secretary <ent type='PERSON'>Donald</ent> C. <ent type='PERSON'>Latham</ent>, a former <ent type='ORG'>NSA</ent>
|
|
deputy chief. <ent type='PERSON'>Latham</ent> now heads up an interagency committee in
|
|
charge of writing and implementing many of the policies that have
|
|
put the military in charge of the flow of civilian information
|
|
and communication. He is also the architect of National Security
|
|
Decision Directive 145 (<ent type='ORG'>NSD</ent>D 145), signed by <ent type='ORG'>Defense</ent> Secretary
|
|
<ent type='PERSON'>Caspar Weinberger</ent> in 1984, which sets out the national policy on
|
|
telecommunications and computer-systems <ent type='ORG'>sec</ent>urity.
|
|
First <ent type='ORG'>NSD</ent>D 145 set up a steering group of top-level
|
|
administration officials. Their job is to recommend ways to
|
|
protect information that is unclassified but has been designated
|
|
sensitive. Such information is held not only by government
|
|
agencies but by private companies as well. And last October the
|
|
steering group issued a memorandum that defined sensitive
|
|
information and gave federal agencies broad new powers to keep it
|
|
from the public.
|
|
According to <ent type='PERSON'>Latham</ent>, this new category includes such data as
|
|
all medical records on government databases -- from the files of
|
|
<ent type='ORG'>the National</ent> Cancer Institute to information on every veteran who
|
|
has ever applied for medical aid from <ent type='ORG'>the Veterans Administration</ent>
|
|
-- and all the information on corporate and personal taxpayers in
|
|
<ent type='ORG'>the Internal Revenue Service</ent>'s computers. Even agricultural
|
|
statistics, he argues, can be used by a foreign power against the
|
|
United States.
|
|
In his oversize yet Spartan <ent type='ORG'>Pentagon</ent> office, <ent type='PERSON'>Latham</ent> cuts
|
|
anything but an intimidating figure. <ent type='ORG'>Articulate</ent> and friendly, he
|
|
could pass for a network anchorman or a television game show
|
|
host. When asked how the government's new definition of
|
|
sensitive information will be used, he defends the necessity for
|
|
it and tries to put to rest concerns about a new restrictiveness.
|
|
"The debate that somehow the DoD and <ent type='ORG'>NSA</ent> are going to
|
|
monitor or get into private databases isn't the case at all,"
|
|
<ent type='PERSON'>Latham</ent> insists. "The definition is just a guideline, just an
|
|
advisory. It does not give the DoD the right to go into private
|
|
records."
|
|
Yet the <ent type='ORG'>Defense</ent> Department invoked the <ent type='ORG'>NSD</ent>D 145 guidelines
|
|
when it told the information industry it intends to restrict the
|
|
sale of data that are now unclassified and publicly available
|
|
from privately owned computer systems. The excuse if offered was
|
|
that these data often include technical information that might be
|
|
valuable to a foreign adversary like the <ent type='NORP'>Soviet</ent> Union.
|
|
<ent type='ORG'>Mead Data Central</ent> -- which runs some of the nation's largest
|
|
computer databases, such as <ent type='PERSON'>Lexis</ent> and <ent type='ORG'>Nexis</ent>, and has nearly
|
|
200000 users -- says it has already been approached by a team of
|
|
agents from <ent type='ORG'>the Air Force</ent> and officials from the <ent type='ORG'>CIA</ent> and the <ent type='ORG'>FBI</ent>
|
|
who asked for the names of subscribers and inquired what <ent type='PERSON'>Mead</ent>
|
|
officials might do if information restrictions were imposed. In
|
|
response to government pressure, <ent type='ORG'>Mead Data Central</ent> in effect
|
|
censured itself. It purged all unclassified government-supplied
|
|
technical data from its system and completely dropped the
|
|
National Technical Information System from its database rather
|
|
than risk a confrontation.
|
|
Representative <ent type='PERSON'>Jack Brooks</ent>, a <ent type='GPE'>Texas</ent> <ent type='NORP'>Democrat</ent> who chairs the
|
|
<ent type='ORG'>House</ent> Government Operations Committee, is an outspoken critic of
|
|
the NSA's role in restricting civilian information. He notes
|
|
that in 1985 the <ent type='ORG'>NSA</ent> -- under the authority granted by <ent type='ORG'>NSD</ent>D 145
|
|
-- investigated a computer program that was widely used in both
|
|
local and federal elections in 1984. The computer system was
|
|
used to count more than one third of all votes cast in <ent type='GPE'>the United</ent>
|
|
States. While probing the system's vulnerability to outside
|
|
manipulation, the <ent type='ORG'>NSA</ent> obtained a detailed knowledge of that
|
|
computer program. "In my view," <ent type='ORG'>Brooks</ent> says, "this is an
|
|
unprecedented and ill-advised expansion of the military's
|
|
influence in our society."
|
|
There are other <ent type='ORG'>NSA</ent> critics. "The computer systems used by
|
|
counties to collect and process votes have nothing to do with
|
|
national <ent type='ORG'>sec</ent>urity, and I'm really concerned about the NSA's
|
|
involvement," says <ent type='NORP'>Democrat</ent>ic congressman <ent type='PERSON'>Dan Glickman</ent> of <ent type='GPE'>Kansas</ent>,
|
|
chairman of the <ent type='ORG'>House</ent> science and technology subcommittee
|
|
concerned with computer <ent type='ORG'>sec</ent>urity.
|
|
Also, under <ent type='ORG'>NSD</ent>D 145 the <ent type='ORG'>Pentagon</ent> has issued an order,
|
|
virtually unknown to all but a few industry executives, that
|
|
affects commercial communications satellites. The policy was
|
|
made official by <ent type='ORG'>Defense</ent> Secretary <ent type='PERSON'>Weinberger</ent> in June of 1985 and
|
|
requires that all commercial satellite operators that carry such
|
|
unclassified government data traffic as routine <ent type='ORG'>Pentagon</ent> supply
|
|
information and payroll data (and that compete for lucrative
|
|
government contracts) install costly protective systems on all
|
|
satellites launched after 1990. The policy does not directly
|
|
affect the data over satellite channels, but it does make the <ent type='ORG'>NSA</ent>
|
|
privy to vital information about the essential signals needed to
|
|
operate a satellite. With this information it could take control
|
|
of any satellite it chooses.
|
|
<ent type='PERSON'>Latham</ent> insists this, too, is a voluntary policy and that
|
|
only companies that wish to install protection will have their
|
|
systems evaluated by the <ent type='ORG'>NSA</ent>. He also says industry officials
|
|
are wholly behind the move, and argues that the protective
|
|
systems are necessary. With just a few thousand dollars' worth
|
|
of equipment, a disgruntled employee could interfere with a
|
|
satellite's control signals and disable or even wipe out a
|
|
hundred-million-dollar satellite carrying government information.
|
|
At best, his comments are misleading. First, the policy is
|
|
not voluntary. The <ent type='ORG'>NSA</ent> can cut off lucrative government
|
|
contracts to companies that do not comply with the plan. The
|
|
<ent type='ORG'>Pentagon</ent> alone spent more than a billion dollars leasing
|
|
commercial satellite channels last year; that's a powerful
|
|
incentive for business to cooperate.
|
|
Second, the industry's support is anything but total.
|
|
According to the minutes of one closed-door meeting between <ent type='ORG'>NSA</ent>
|
|
officials -- along with representatives of other federal agencies
|
|
-- and executives from AT&T, <ent type='ORG'>Comsat</ent>, <ent type='ORG'>GTE Sprint</ent>, and <ent type='ORG'>MCI</ent>, the
|
|
executives neither supported the move nor believed it was
|
|
necessary. The <ent type='ORG'>NSA</ent> defended the policy by arguing that a
|
|
satellite could be held for ransom if the command and control
|
|
links weren't protected. But experts at the meeting were
|
|
skeptical.
|
|
"Why is the threat limited to accessing the satellite rather
|
|
than destroying it with lasers or high-powered signals?" one
|
|
industry executive wanted to know.
|
|
Most of the officials present objected to the high cost of
|
|
protecting the satellites. According to a 1983 study made at the
|
|
request of the <ent type='ORG'>Pentagon</ent>, the protection demanded by the <ent type='ORG'>NSA</ent> could
|
|
add as much as $3 million to the price of a satellite and $1
|
|
million more to annual operating costs. Costs like these, they
|
|
argue, could cripple a company competing against less expensive
|
|
communications networks.
|
|
<ent type='NORP'>Americans</ent> get much of their information through forms of
|
|
electronic communications, from the telephone, television and
|
|
radio, and information printed in many newspapers. <ent type='ORG'>Banks</ent> send
|
|
important financial data, businesses their spreadsheets, and
|
|
stockbrokers their investment portfolios, all over the same
|
|
channels, from satellite signals to computer hookups carried on
|
|
long distance telephone lines. To make sure that the federal
|
|
government helped to promote and protect the efficient use of
|
|
this advancing technology, <ent type='ORG'>Congress</ent> passed the massive
|
|
Communications Act of of 1934. It outlined the role and laws of
|
|
the communications structure in <ent type='GPE'>the United</ent> States.
|
|
The powers of the president are set out in Section 606 of
|
|
that law; basically it states that he has the authority to take
|
|
control of any communications facilities that he believes
|
|
"essential to the national defense." In the language of the
|
|
trade this is known as a 606 emergency.
|
|
There have been a number of attempts in recent years by
|
|
<ent type='ORG'>Defense</ent> Department officials to redefine what qualifies as a 606
|
|
emergency and make it easier for the military to take over
|
|
national communications.
|
|
In 1981 the Senate considered amendments to the 1934 act
|
|
that would allow the president, on <ent type='ORG'>Defense</ent> Department
|
|
recommendation, to require any communications company to provide
|
|
services, facilities, or equipment "to promote the national
|
|
defense and <ent type='ORG'>sec</ent>urity or the emergency preparedness of the
|
|
nation," even in peacetime and without a declared state of
|
|
emergency. The general language had been drafted by <ent type='ORG'>Defense</ent>
|
|
Department officials. (The bill failed to pass the <ent type='ORG'>House</ent> for
|
|
unrelated reasons.)
|
|
"I think it is quite clear that they have snuck in there
|
|
some powers that are dangerous for us as a company and for the
|
|
public at large," said <ent type='ORG'>MCI</ent> vice president <ent type='PERSON'>Kenneth Cox</ent> before the
|
|
Senate vote.
|
|
Since President Reagan took office, the <ent type='ORG'>Pentagon</ent> has stepped
|
|
up its efforts to rewrite the definition of national emergency
|
|
and give the military expanded powers in <ent type='GPE'>the United</ent> States. "The
|
|
declaration of 'emergency' has always been vague," says one
|
|
former administration official who left the government in 1982
|
|
after ten years in top policy posts. "Different presidents have
|
|
invoked it differently. This administration would declare a
|
|
convenient 'emergency.'" In other words, what is a nuisance to
|
|
one administration might qualify as a burgeoning crisis to
|
|
another. For example, the Reagan administration might decide
|
|
that a series of protests on or near military bases constituted a
|
|
national emergency.
|
|
Should the <ent type='ORG'>Pentagon</ent> ever be given the green light, its base
|
|
for taking over the nation's communications system would be a
|
|
nondescript yellow brick building within the maze of high rises,
|
|
government buildings, and apartment complexes that make up the
|
|
<ent type='GPE'>Washington</ent> suburb of <ent type='GPE'>Arlington</ent>, <ent type='GPE'>Virginia</ent>. Headquartered in a
|
|
dusty and aging structure surrounded by a barbed-wire fence is an
|
|
obscure branch of the military known as the <ent type='ORG'>Defense</ent>
|
|
Communications <ent type='ORG'>Agency</ent> (<ent type='ORG'>DCA</ent>). It does not have the spit and
|
|
polish of <ent type='ORG'>the National</ent> Security <ent type='ORG'>Agency</ent> or the dozens of other
|
|
government facilities that make up the nation's capital. But its
|
|
lack of shine belies its critical mission: to make sure all of
|
|
America's far-flung military units can communicate with one
|
|
another. It is in certain ways the nerve center of our nation's
|
|
defense system.
|
|
On the <ent type='ORG'>sec</ent>ond floor of the DCA's four-story headquarters is
|
|
a new addition called <ent type='ORG'>the National</ent> Coordinating Center (<ent type='ORG'>NCC</ent>).
|
|
Operated by the <ent type='ORG'>Pentagon</ent>, it is virtually unknown outside of a
|
|
handful of industry and government officials. The <ent type='ORG'>NCC</ent> is staffed
|
|
around the clock by representatives of a dozen of the nation's
|
|
largest commercial communications companies -- the so-called
|
|
"common carriers" -- including AT&T, <ent type='ORG'>MCI</ent>, <ent type='ORG'>GTE</ent>, <ent type='ORG'>Comsat</ent>, and <ent type='ORG'>ITT</ent>.
|
|
Also on hand are officials from the State Department, the <ent type='ORG'>CIA</ent>,
|
|
<ent type='ORG'>the Federal Aviation Administration</ent>, and a number of other
|
|
federal agencies. During a 606 emergency the <ent type='ORG'>Pentagon</ent> can order
|
|
the companies that make up <ent type='ORG'>the National</ent> Coordinating Center to
|
|
turn over their satellite, fiberoptic, and land-line facilities
|
|
to the government.
|
|
On a long corridor in the front of the building is a series
|
|
of offices, each outfitted with a private phone, a telex machine,
|
|
and a combination safe. It's known as "logo row" because each
|
|
office is occupied by an employee from one of the companies that
|
|
staff the <ent type='ORG'>NCC</ent> and because their corporate logos hand on the wall
|
|
outside. Each employee is on permanent standby, ready to
|
|
activate his company's system should the <ent type='ORG'>Pentagon</ent> require it.
|
|
<ent type='ORG'>The National</ent> Coordinating Center's mission is as grand as
|
|
its title is obscure: to make available to the <ent type='ORG'>Defense</ent>
|
|
Department all the facilities of the civilian communications
|
|
network in this country -- the phone lines, the long-distance
|
|
satellite hookups, the data transmission lines -- in times of
|
|
national emergency. If war breaks out and communications to a
|
|
key military base are cut, the <ent type='ORG'>Pentagon</ent> wants to make sure that
|
|
an alternate link can be set up as fast as possible. <ent type='ORG'>Company</ent>
|
|
employees assigned to the center are on call 24 hours a day; they
|
|
wear beepers outside the office, and when on vacation they must
|
|
be replaced by qualified colleagues.
|
|
The center formally opened on <ent type='EVENT'>New Year</ent>'s Day, 1984, the same
|
|
day Ma Bell's monopoly over the telephone network of the entire
|
|
United States was finally broken. The timing was no coincidence.
|
|
<ent type='ORG'>Pentagon</ent> officials had argued for years along with AT&T against
|
|
the divestiture of Ma Bell, on grounds of national <ent type='ORG'>sec</ent>urity.
|
|
<ent type='ORG'>Defense</ent> Secretary <ent type='PERSON'>Weinberger</ent> personally urged the attorney
|
|
general to block the lawsuit that resulted in the breakup, as had
|
|
his predecessor, <ent type='PERSON'>Harold Brown</ent>. The reason was that rather than
|
|
construct its own communications network, the <ent type='ORG'>Pentagon</ent> had come
|
|
to rely extensively on the phone company. After the breakup the
|
|
dependence continued. The <ent type='ORG'>Pentagon</ent> still used commercial
|
|
companies to carry more than 90 percent of its communications
|
|
within the continental United States.
|
|
The 1984 divestiture put an end to AT&T's monopoly over the
|
|
nation's telephone service and increased the Pentagon's obsession
|
|
with having its own nerve center. Now the brass had to contend
|
|
with several competing companies to acquire phone lines, and
|
|
communications was more than a matter of running a line from one
|
|
telephone to another. Satellites, microwave towers, fiberoptics,
|
|
and other technological breakthroughs never dreamed of by
|
|
<ent type='PERSON'>Alexander Graham Bell</ent> were in extensive use, and not just for
|
|
phone conversations. <ent type='ORG'>Digital</ent> data streams for computers flowed
|
|
on the same networks.
|
|
These facts were not lost on the <ent type='ORG'>Defense</ent> Department or the
|
|
White <ent type='ORG'>House</ent>. According to documents obtained by <ent type='ORG'>Omni</ent>, beginning
|
|
on December 14, 1982, a number of <ent type='ORG'>sec</ent>ret meetings were held
|
|
between high-level administration officials and executives of the
|
|
commercial communications companies whose employees would later
|
|
staff <ent type='ORG'>the National</ent> Coordinating Center. The meetings, which
|
|
continued over the next three years, were held at the White
|
|
<ent type='ORG'>House</ent>, the State Department, <ent type='ORG'>the Strategic Air</ent> Command (<ent type='ORG'>SAC</ent>)
|
|
headquarters at Offutt Air Force Base in <ent type='GPE'>Nebraska</ent>, and at the
|
|
<ent type='PERSON'>North</ent> <ent type='GPE'>America</ent>n Aerospace <ent type='ORG'>Defense</ent> Command (<ent type='ORG'>NORAD</ent>) in <ent type='GPE'>Colorado</ent>
|
|
Springs.
|
|
The industry officials attending constituted <ent type='ORG'>the National</ent>
|
|
Security Telecommunications Advisory Committee -- called <ent type='ORG'>NSTAC</ent>
|
|
(pronounced N-stack) -- set up by President Reagan to address
|
|
those same problems that worried the <ent type='ORG'>Pentagon</ent>. It was at these
|
|
<ent type='ORG'>sec</ent>ret meetings, according to the minutes, that the idea of a
|
|
communications watch center for national emergencies -- the <ent type='ORG'>NCC</ent>
|
|
-- was born. Along with it came a whole set of plans that would
|
|
allow the military to take over commercial communications
|
|
"assets" -- everything from ground stations and satellite dishes
|
|
to fiberoptic cables -- across the country.
|
|
At a 1983 <ent type='ORG'>Federal Communications Commission</ent> meeting, a
|
|
ranking <ent type='ORG'>Defense</ent> Department official offered the following
|
|
explanation for the founding of <ent type='ORG'>the National</ent> Coordinating Center:
|
|
"We are looking at trying to make communications endurable for a
|
|
protracted conflict." The phrase protracted conflict is a
|
|
military euphemism for nuclear war.
|
|
But could the <ent type='ORG'>NCC</ent> survive even the first volley in such a
|
|
conflict?
|
|
Not likely. It's located within a mile of the <ent type='ORG'>Pentagon</ent>,
|
|
itself an obvious early target of a <ent type='NORP'>Soviet</ent> nuclear barrage (or a
|
|
conventional strike, for that matter). And the <ent type='ORG'>Kremlin</ent>
|
|
undoubtedly knows its location and importance, and presumably has
|
|
included it on its priority target list. In sum, according to
|
|
one <ent type='ORG'>Pentagon</ent> official, "The <ent type='ORG'>NCC</ent> itself is not viewed as a
|
|
survivable facility."
|
|
Furthermore, the NCC's "Implementation Plan," obtained by
|
|
<ent type='ORG'>Omni</ent>, lists four phases of emergencies and how the center should
|
|
respond to each. The first, Phase 0, is Peacetime, for which
|
|
there would be little to do outside of a handful of routine tasks
|
|
and exercises. Phase 1 is Pre Attack, in which alternate <ent type='ORG'>NCC</ent>
|
|
sites are alerted. Phase 2 is Post Attack, in which other <ent type='ORG'>NCC</ent>
|
|
locations are instructed to take over the center's functions.
|
|
Phase 3 is known as Last Ditch, and in this phase whatever
|
|
facility survives becomes the de facto <ent type='ORG'>NCC</ent>.
|
|
So far there is no alternate National Coordinating Center to
|
|
which <ent type='ORG'>NCC</ent> officials could retreat to survive an attack.
|
|
According to <ent type='ORG'>NCC</ent> deputy director <ent type='PERSON'>William Belford</ent>, no physical
|
|
sites have yet been chosen for a substitute <ent type='ORG'>NCC</ent>, and even whether
|
|
the <ent type='ORG'>NCC</ent> itself will survive a nuclear attack is still under
|
|
study.
|
|
Of what use is a communications center that is not expected
|
|
to outlast even the first shots of a war and has no backup?
|
|
The answer appears to be that because of the Pentagon's
|
|
concerns about the AT&T divestiture and the disruptive effects it
|
|
might have on national <ent type='ORG'>sec</ent>urity, the <ent type='ORG'>NCC</ent> was to serve as the
|
|
military's peacetime communications center.
|
|
The center is a powerful and unprecedented tool to assume
|
|
control over the nation's vast communications and information
|
|
network. For years the <ent type='ORG'>Pentagon</ent> has been studying how to take
|
|
over the common carriers' facilities. That research was prepared
|
|
by <ent type='ORG'>NSTAC</ent> at the DoD's request and is contained in a series of
|
|
internal <ent type='ORG'>Pentagon</ent> documents obtained by <ent type='ORG'>Omni</ent>. Collectively this
|
|
series is known as <ent type='ORG'>the Satellite Survivability Report</ent>. <ent type='ORG'>Complete</ent>d
|
|
in 1984, it is the only detailed analysis to date of the
|
|
vulnerabilities of the commercial satellite network. It was
|
|
begun as a way of examining how to protect the network of
|
|
communications facilities from attack and how to keep it intact
|
|
for the DoD.
|
|
A major part of the report also contains an analysis of how
|
|
to make commercial satellites "interoperable" with <ent type='ORG'>Defense</ent>
|
|
Department systems. While the report notes that current
|
|
technical differences such as varying frequencies make it
|
|
difficult for the <ent type='ORG'>Pentagon</ent> to use commercial satellites, it
|
|
recommends ways to resolve those problems. Much of the report is
|
|
a veritable blueprint for the government on how to take over
|
|
satellites in orbit above <ent type='GPE'>the United</ent> States. This information,
|
|
plus <ent type='ORG'>NSD</ent>D 145's demand that satellite operators tell the <ent type='ORG'>NSA</ent> how
|
|
their satellites are controlled, guarantees the military ample
|
|
knowledge about operating commercial satellites.
|
|
The <ent type='ORG'>Pentagon</ent> now has an unprecedented access to the civilian
|
|
communications network: commercial databases, computer networks,
|
|
electronic links, telephone lines. All it needs is the legal
|
|
authority to use them. Then it could totally dominate the flow
|
|
of all information in <ent type='GPE'>the United</ent> States. As one high-ranking
|
|
White <ent type='ORG'>House</ent> communications official put it: "Whoever controls
|
|
communications, controls the country." His remark was made after
|
|
our State Department could not communicate directly with our
|
|
embassy in <ent type='GPE'>Manila</ent> during the anti-<ent type='PERSON'>Marcos</ent> revolution last year.
|
|
To get through, the State Department had to relay all its
|
|
messages through the <ent type='NORP'>Philippine</ent> government.
|
|
Government officials have offered all kinds of scenarios to
|
|
justify <ent type='ORG'>the National</ent> Coordinating Center, the Satellite
|
|
Survivability Report, new domains of authority for the <ent type='ORG'>Pentagon</ent>
|
|
and the <ent type='ORG'>NSA</ent>, and the creation of top-level government steering
|
|
groups to think of even more policies for the military. Most can
|
|
be reduced to the rationale that inspired <ent type='ORG'>NSD</ent>D 145: that our
|
|
enemies (presumably the <ent type='NORP'>Soviet</ent>s) have to be prevented from
|
|
getting too much information from unclassified sources. And the
|
|
only way to do that is to step in and take control of those
|
|
sources.
|
|
Remarkably, the communications industry as a whole has not
|
|
been concerned about the overall scope of the Pentagon's threat
|
|
to its freedom of operation. Most protests have been to
|
|
individual government actions. For example, a media coalition
|
|
that includes the Radio-Television Society of Newspaper Editors,
|
|
and <ent type='ORG'>the Turner Broadcasting System</ent> has been lobbying that before
|
|
the government can restrict the use of satellites, it must
|
|
demonstrate why such restrictions protect against a "threat to
|
|
distinct and compelling national <ent type='ORG'>sec</ent>urity and foreign policy
|
|
interests." But the whole policy of restrictiveness has not been
|
|
examined. That may change sometime this year, when <ent type='ORG'>the Office</ent> of
|
|
Technology Assessment issues a report on how the Pentagon's
|
|
policy will affect communications in <ent type='GPE'>the United</ent> States. In the
|
|
meantime the military keeps trying to encroach on national
|
|
communications.
|
|
While it may seem unlikely that the <ent type='ORG'>Pentagon</ent> will ever get
|
|
total control of our information and communications systems, the
|
|
truth is that it can happen all too easily. The official
|
|
mechanisms are already in place; and few barriers remain to
|
|
guarantee that what we hear, see, and read will come to us
|
|
courtesy of our being members of a free and open society and not
|
|
courtesy of the <ent type='ORG'>Pentagon</ent>.</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>---------------------------END <ent type='ORG'>FEMA</ent> SUMMARY----------------------
|
|
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--
|
|
*@*@*@*@*@*@*@*@*@*@*@*@*@*@*@*@*@*@*@*@*@*@*@*@*@*@*@*@*@*@*@*@*@*@*@*
|
|
The accountability of government has gone to the point where the very
|
|
use of the law is the instrument of illegality.
|
|
-- <ent type='PERSON'>Ralph Nader</ent> @ Harvard Law School, 1/15/92
|
|
</p></xml> |