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<p> Reproducible <ent type='ORG'>Electronic Publishing</ent> can defeat censorship.</p>

<p> This file, its printout, or copies of either
are to be copied and given away, but NOT sold.</p>

<p> <ent type='ORG'>Bank</ent> of Wisdom, Box 926, <ent type='GPE'>Louisville</ent>, KY 40201
**** ****</p>

<p>Edited by E. Haldeman-Julius</p>

<p>THE BLACK INTERNATIONAL No. 14</p>

<p> THE CHURCH THE ENEMY OF THE WORKERS</p>

<p> ROME IS THE NATURAL ALLY OF ALL EXPLOITERS</p>

<p> by Joseph McCabe</p>

<p> HALDEMAN-JULIUS PUBLICATIONS
GIRARD -- : -- KANSAS</p>

<div> **** ****</div>

<p> CHAPTER
I A Picture of Life in a <ent type='NORP'>Catholic</ent> Country ....... 1</p>

<p> II Those Beautiful Papal <ent type='ORG'>Encyclical</ent>s ....... 7</p>

<p> III The Action Record of <ent type='ORG'>the Black International</ent> ....... 14</p>

<p> IV The Comedy of <ent type='NORP'>Christian</ent> Socialism ...... 20</p>

<p> V The <ent type='ORG'>Churches</ent> and <ent type='ORG'>Radical</ent> Injustice ........... 26</p>

<div> **** ****</div>

<p> Chapter I</p>

<p> A PICTURE OF LIFE IN A CATHOLIC COUNTRY</p>

<p> A few weeks ago there came to me, by a subterranean route, a
poignant letter from a man who has lived, in intimacy with the
people, for many years in a <ent type='NORP'>Catholic</ent> country of <ent type='LOC'>Europe</ent>. The press
always refers to this country as a happy little land of <ent type='NORP'>democratic</ent>
sympathies and entirely <ent type='NORP'>Roman</ent> <ent type='NORP'>Catholic</ent>. Its virtual ruler is
described as a particularly enlightened, upright, and humane
statesman. You have probably seen films of groups of its workers
singing, laughing, and dancing merrily in a sunny world; though if
you had not been misled by press-references you would have detected
signs of extreme poverty and would have seen that the gaiety is
that of illiterate, densely ignorant men and women at, culturally,
the lowest level of civilized life. In spite of disease,
exploitation, and poverty they are "happy," in a sub-human way --
until they begin to question the justice of the joint tyranny of
<ent type='ORG'>Church and Dictator</ent>. But the bold bad man is quickly removed to a
jail in which the vilest medieval torture is used today -- one
<ent type='NORP'>American</ent> writer who is not anti-<ent type='NORP'>Catholic</ent> has described these
tortures -- or to the purgatory of a penal colony.</p>

<p> <ent type='ORG'>Bank</ent> of Wisdom
Box 926, <ent type='GPE'>Louisville</ent>, KY 40201
1
.
THE CHURCH THE ENEMY OF THE WORKERS</p>

<p> The first letter I received told me that the land is entirely
<ent type='NORP'>Fascist</ent>, which I knew; that all the priests belong to the <ent type='NORP'>Fascist</ent>
party, which is also called <ent type='NORP'>Catholic</ent> Action and holds its meetings
in the <ent type='ORG'>Churches</ent>, and that every boy or youth works in it. The local
newspapers praise the <ent type='NORP'>Germans</ent> every day as well as the <ent type='NORP'>Italians</ent>. In
the course of a recent editorial one said: "If God so wills it we
must substitute the cross of the <ent type='PERSON'>Swastika</ent> for the cross of Christ."
The <ent type='NORP'>British</ent> and <ent type='NORP'>American</ent> papers which were then assuring us that
"the brave little people" would resist the <ent type='NORP'>German</ent> pressure which
was being exerted on them did not quote this. A priest, praising
<ent type='PERSON'>Hitler</ent> in a sermon said that he was "appointed by God to punish the
world for its irreligion." But my informant added a concrete little
picture which stimulated my appetite for further news.</p>

<p> On the outskirts of the city a man -- not a poor working man
but an educated and comfortable man -- had a farm. His most
valuable pig fell ill, and my friend suggested sending for a vet.
Oh, no, what could a vet do against the Evil Eye? Next morning a
solemn procession made its way from the church to the sty. The
priest wore over his cassock and surplice a richly embroidered
shawl that is used in dealing with the devil. Altar-boys, one
swinging a censer, walked on either side of him, and the people,
mumbling on their beads, walked behind. They fell on their knees
round the sty while the priest waved the fumes of incense at the
pig and recited his incantations. The pungent smoke got up the
pig's nose, and it staggered to its feet; and the people cried "A
miracle." The priest received his 100 eggs and 2 hens, but the pig
died next day. Seeing that it was going to die, the owner had sold
it to the local butcher to be turned into food for the people. He
then quietly substituted another pig for it, and this wallowed in
the same poisonous filth as its predecessor; but there was now a
bottle of holy water hanging from the roof of the sty to protect
it.</p>

<p> I naturally wanted more of this for my readers, and I got it.
Before I quote it let me explain. My informant would be ruined and
punished if he were traced, so I make certain details not as
convenient as they might be for the <ent type='NORP'>Catholic</ent> detective. He is not
a working man but a well-educated middle-class man of high
character. The place from which he writes is not a rural district
but an old city of 30000 people, well known to thousands of
<ent type='NORP'>American</ent>s and <ent type='NORP'>Britons</ent>, but they are either <ent type='NORP'>Catholic</ent>s or they prefer
to keep their mouths closed. The country will doubtless be
identified by some of my reader's, but I will say only that it is
not at all considered the most backward in <ent type='LOC'>Europe</ent>, though the great
majority of the workers are illiterate. It is solidly <ent type='NORP'>Catholic</ent>. The
writer is absolutely reliable both in regard to first-hand
knowledge and on conscientiousness, and I omit from the long
account only a few passages that are relevant to my purpose:</p>

<p> "A few year's ago this country made a Pact with <ent type='GPE'>the Vatican</ent>,
and one notices more and more the growing power of the <ent type='ORG'>Church</ent>. At
government ceremonies, which are often held out of doors here, the
bishop (who by the way has eight illegitimate children) leads the
procession in full regalia and gives the <ent type='NORP'>Fascist</ent> salute. A new law
has been passed by which all schools must be of one sex, with the
subtle idea of putting the secular schools out of action. This law
applies even to infants' schools.</p>

<p> <ent type='ORG'>Bank</ent> of Wisdom
Box 926, <ent type='GPE'>Louisville</ent>, KY 40201
2
.
THE CHURCH THE ENEMY OF THE WORKERS</p>

<p> "I know the wife of a chemist whose husband is being
threatened by the priests with boycott as she refuses to attend
mass. A man can have as many mistresses as he likes but it is a
crime for a couple to set up home together unless they are married.
It is forbidden to let them a house. Civil marriage is done away
with, and one can only marry in the church. There is much
emigration to <ent type='LOC'>South America</ent>, and if a person takes a letter from a
priest Saying that he is a good <ent type='NORP'>Catholic</ent> he can get a good job. Of
courage, an offering for masses will always secure a good letter
though one never goes to mass. ... A <ent type='NORP'>Spanish</ent> friend of mine
described the national system in a nutshell. He said it was as if
the head of a family had a large box of gold heavily guarded and
refused to part with a penny of it though all the family were dying
of hunger. A writer described this country as a huge prison kept
down by force. There is a state of misery here that you never could
imagine. I happened to know well a skilled workman who has two
weeks off work and two weeks on, and he earns 85 cents a day when
working. But when he has paid his dues to the <ent type='ORG'>Syndicate</ent> [the form
of <ent type='ORG'>Trade Union</ent> imposed on <ent type='NORP'>Catholic</ent>s by <ent type='ORG'>the Papal Encyclical</ent> and
counts his two weeks idle his pay works out at 35 cents a day, and
on this seven people must live. ... The cruel joke is that there is
a law that no man must get less than 50 cents a day but the
government themselves pay 20 cents. The usual wage of a workman is
25 cents. So, being unable to live on that as he invariably has a
big family he must send his children on the streets to beg. The
streets are thronged with starving whining beggars, with little
children with their stomachs swollen, and dropping blood in the
streets in the last stages of starvation.</p>

<p> "Property rights are very severe, and a man may 'Shoot on
sight any who enters his property. Lately on the property of the
richest Englishman here two men were found speared to death. One
was a poor old man of 72 who was collecting a few sticks for his
fire, and one a young fellow who had the audacity to use the
property as a short cut. No one took any notice. I just happened to
hear of the incident as I lived near. All relations between the
people are vicious, and there is none of that kindly feeling or
sympathy that one gets among the poor in <ent type='GPE'>England</ent>. The rich have
their houses barred and bolted and scarcely ever help. Their
surplus money goes to building private chapels or at least
enriching them; as there is one in every rich or middle-class
house, or else the money goes directly to the <ent type='ORG'>Church</ent>. ... For every
one who finds comfort there are 99 who only find terror and worry.
My life as a R.C. was a horror. I lived in terror of sin, terror of
confession, terror of sex, and the supreme terror was of death and
hell. How often I lay shivering in bed thinking that this night I
would surely die and be weighed in the scales of God, so
graphically described to me by the <ent type='NORP'>Catholic</ent> teachers. Other nights
I lay listening, listening for the devil's cart, driven by headless
horsemen and horses and conveying the children who did not say
their prayers, and I pictured with what glee the devil would throw
them into hell. As a farmer's cart passed rattling over the cobble
stone's in my imagination I could hear the devil's chains rattling
and thought it would stop at our door and collect me. When day came
I was braver and followed all the funerals to the cemetery to make
the sign of the <ent type='ORG'>Cross</ent> over the <ent type='NORP'>Catholic</ent> graves and spit on the
<ent type='NORP'>Protestant</ent> ones. I waited, trembling, for the serpent to jump out
of my mouth after making what I thought was a bad communion.</p>

<p> <ent type='ORG'>Bank</ent> of Wisdom
Box 926, <ent type='GPE'>Louisville</ent>, KY 40201
3
.
THE CHURCH THE ENEMY OF THE WORKERS</p>

<p> "All hospitals are in the hands of religious [monks and nuns]
with no qualifications whatever and more often than not illiterate.
I had occasion to go to the Red <ent type='ORG'>Cross</ent> the other day. The doctor was
absent, and not one of the three nuns in charge could write a note
for him. A trained nurse offered her services free to the hospital
but they refused as she was not a nun. A young girl whom I know,
living with a man, was forced to have an operation without an
anaesthetic in punishment for her sin. She has been a nervous wreck
ever since. I saw a sweet little girl of four die the other day.
The priest had advised them not to have a doctor as God had need of
another little angel in heaven. A man was dying with T.B. and a
foreign nurse begged to be allowed to give him a drug but the
priest forbade it, as it would be against the will of God. Man must
suffer.</p>

<p> "To me child labor is the most terrible crime here. They have
little children from the age of seven onward as servants, and they
sometimes pay them nothing. The parents are glad to get rid of them
for their keep. They usually sleep on the floor in the coal-bin and
are often beaten. Someone once recommended to me a woman to do
washing, and a well-dressed woman, armed with a stick, came along
with a little boy of about ten. She was going to superintend while
he did the washing. One never sees a child playing on the streets,
nor are there any parks or playgrounds for them. The schools are
free, but the parents must provide books, etc. and children without
books are not allowed to enter: an order which excludes. all the
poor. The teachers are unqualified. The soldiers get about half a
cent a day and two meals of meat, but one can get exemption by
paying, so the army is composed of the poor and under-nourished.</p>

<p> "I expect you read in the papers how our government was
unanimously elected. It was such a farce. A notice appeared in the
papers saying: "Go and vote. Your vote won't count, but go and vote
and show the world you are all with the government." They forgot to
add: "If you don't vote you will lose your job." The government is
putting up a lot of show buildings while there is a terrible dearth
of houses for the people. Rents are high in comparison with wages.
The houses at $8 a month are one or two-roomed and usually without
windows. I have seen a Seven-roomed house without windows. The
houses are close together and no sun enters. It is usual after a
rainy day -- and it often rains here -- to see all the bedding out
on the street drying."</p>

<p> The rest of the letter is too personal and might give more
away than the writer supposes. I will note only that revolt against
this brutal system flickers up here and there but the spread of the
fire is truculently prevented. There is actually a small
Freethought Society in the town, but it meets in such secrecy that
my informant has never been able to get in touch with it. The eyes,
and ears of the priests are everywhere, and if the economic weapon
does not intimidate the incipient rebel there is always the jail or
the penal settlement. Ironically, some fled there from the triumph
of clerical Fascism elsewhere, and now they writhe in the shadow of
an equal tyranny.</p>

<p> <ent type='ORG'>Bank</ent> of Wisdom
Box 926, <ent type='GPE'>Louisville</ent>, KY 40201
4
.
THE CHURCH THE ENEMY OF THE WORKERS</p>

<p> But the above extracts, referring to many sides of life in a
strictly <ent type='NORP'>Catholic</ent> city, will suffice for my purpose. I do not
suppose that in <ent type='GPE'>America</ent> the apologist explains the defects of his
church, as he does in <ent type='GPE'>Britain</ent>, as due entirely to its <ent type='NORP'>Protestant</ent>
environment. You should see <ent type='NORP'>Catholic</ent> life in a <ent type='NORP'>Catholic</ent> country, he
is fond of saying. It must be difficult to use that piece of pious
deception in <ent type='GPE'>the United States</ent>. Folk down south are too near to
<ent type='GPE'>Mexico</ent> and up north too near to <ent type='GPE'>Quebec</ent>; while engineers and others
who have lived in <ent type='GPE'>Columbia</ent>, <ent type='GPE'>Bolivia</ent>, or <ent type='GPE'>Brazil</ent> tell funny stories.
Most people, however, know these foreign lands only from films
which conceal more than they show, and this little sketch of life
in a really <ent type='NORP'>Catholic</ent> city -- it is 90 percent <ent type='NORP'>Catholic</ent> and 70
percent illiterate -- heavily rebukes the apologist.</p>

<p> I should like to follow it up with a sketch of life in <ent type='GPE'>Russia</ent>
before the Beasts of <ent type='GPE'>Berlin</ent> broke unto it. Sociologists generally
agree that one of the best tests of a civilization is the way it
treats its children; one ought to say, how it treats the children
of workers. Whatever faults some find in <ent type='GPE'>Russia</ent> or the <ent type='GPE'>Soviet Union</ent>
it is agreed by all experts on this side of its life that it gives
a better time to the children than any other country in the world.
Before the <ent type='EVENT'>Revolution</ent> or the last war the children had as miserable
a time as in this <ent type='NORP'>Catholic</ent> country. One of the toughest problems
the <ent type='NORP'>Soviet</ent> authorities had to solve was the reduction of juvenile
crime, and travelers in <ent type='NORP'>Tsarist</ent> <ent type='GPE'>Russia</ent> used to tell of child
prostitutes of 13 soliciting openly near the baths. Now <ent type='GPE'>Russia</ent>, and
especially <ent type='GPE'>Moscow</ent>, treat children as honored guests. They neither
beg nor work and they are poles removed from the cruelly-treated
<ent type='ORG'>starvelings</ent>, dripping blood on the streets, of this <ent type='NORP'>Catholic</ent> city.
Instead of being excluded from schools because they have no shoes
-- which in <ent type='GPE'>Russia</ent> happens only in summer in the country -- the
poorest have the same teaching and the same holidays and
entertainments as the children of the best paid.</p>

<p> But I am concerned here with the workers not with the
children, though the fact that vast numbers of them cannot feed the
large families which the priests compel them to have is a
significant detail. A <ent type='NORP'>Catholic</ent> writer will tell you only, and
proudly, that there is a minimum wage fixed by law. Here, from one
who has moved intimately among them for years -- I can vouch for
that -- is the truth. They are "the stinkers" as the <ent type='NORP'>Tsarist</ent>
aristocrats used to call the workers, the "clods" as rich folk
called them in medieval <ent type='GPE'>England</ent>. They may be killed for gathering
a little fallen wood on or taking a short cut through your estate.
It is a picture of comprehensive injustice and exploitation.</p>

<p> But how far is this representative of the condition of the
workers in <ent type='NORP'>Catholic</ent> countries generally? Let us try to ascertain
this on strict sociological lines. In which countries of the world
have the great majority of the workers, by general agreement, the
highest standard of living? I confine the comparison to the great
majority, the regular worker's, because the poorest are at much the
same level of life in all countries. If there is any difference
their condition is exceptionally bad in such <ent type='NORP'>Catholic</ent> countries as
<ent type='GPE'>Poland</ent> (before the war), <ent type='GPE'>Spain</ent>, <ent type='GPE'>Portugal</ent>, and <ent type='GPE'>Brazil</ent>. In any case
we reach a sound verdict only if we compare the great mass of the
people in different countries.</p>

<p> <ent type='ORG'>Bank</ent> of Wisdom
Box 926, <ent type='GPE'>Louisville</ent>, KY 40201
5
.
THE CHURCH THE ENEMY OF THE WORKERS</p>

<p> It will surely be admitted that the highest standard of living
for the largest majority of the workers is enjoyed in the United
<ent type='GPE'>States</ent>, <ent type='NORP'>Soviet</ent> <ent type='GPE'>Russia</ent>, Great <ent type='GPE'>Britain</ent>, <ent type='GPE'>Denmark</ent>, <ent type='GPE'>Norway</ent>, <ent type='GPE'>Sweden</ent>,
<ent type='GPE'>Switzerland</ent>, prewar <ent type='NORP'>German</ent>y, and prewar <ent type='GPE'>France</ent>. I would put them in
that order but there is no need to go into that question. The point
is that these are all countries in which the <ent type='ORG'>Church</ent> of <ent type='GPE'>Rome</ent> has no
influence on the status of the workers. The one-eighth <ent type='NORP'>Catholic</ent>
minority in <ent type='GPE'>America</ent> and <ent type='GPE'>France</ent> and the one-twenty-fifth minority in
<ent type='GPE'>Britain</ent> may help to sour certain aspects of public life by Sunday
Laws, Blue Laws, Marriage Laws, etc., but we should smile if they,
claimed to have any responsibility for the economic basis of the
standard of life of the workers. If this were the place to go more
fully into the question we might make a stronger case. While for
instance, the workers of <ent type='GPE'>the United States</ent> will be put by most
students -- some, who know the vast range of free services in
<ent type='GPE'>Russia</ent> might prefer the <ent type='NORP'>Soviet</ent> workers -- at the head of the list
it is very doubtful if we should find as high a proportion of
<ent type='NORP'>Catholic</ent> workers -- <ent type='NORP'>Poles</ent>, <ent type='NORP'>Irish</ent>, <ent type='NORP'>Italians</ent>, <ent type='NORP'>Mexicans</ent>, etc. -- in
the higher as in the lower class of workers.</p>

<p> But we must take it here on broad lines. The countries in
which the workers are best-off are those in which <ent type='NORP'>Catholic</ent>ism is
not among the factors which determine the standard of living. At
the next level we should, still looking only to economic and social
well-being, put <ent type='GPE'>Holland</ent> -- many might put this at the higher level
-- <ent type='GPE'>Belgium</ent>, <ent type='GPE'>Hungary</ent>, <ent type='GPE'>Austria</ent>, <ent type='GPE'>Italy</ent>, Jugo-<ent type='NORP'>Slavia</ent>, <ent type='GPE'>Rumania</ent>, and
<ent type='GPE'>Bulgaria</ent>. The proportion of <ent type='NORP'>Catholic</ent> influence rises and the
standard of living falls. And at the lowest of three levels few
would hesitate to put <ent type='GPE'>Spain</ent>, <ent type='GPE'>Portugal</ent>, <ent type='GPE'>Poland</ent>, and the Latin-<ent type='NORP'>American</ent> Republics generally. I have omitted <ent type='GPE'>Czecho</ent>-<ent type='GPE'>Slovakia</ent> only
because of its composite nature, but everybody knows that the
status of the workers was highest in <ent type='GPE'>Bohemia</ent>, lower in more
<ent type='NORP'>Catholic</ent> Moravia, and lowest in entirely <ent type='NORP'>Catholic</ent> <ent type='GPE'>Slovakia</ent>. <ent type='LOC'>Asia</ent> we
naturally leave out of comparison.</p>

<p> We might go further and cheek our conclusion by asking in
which countries and under what condition the status of the workers
has risen most rapidly in recent times and in which it has advanced
little or not at all. <ent type='GPE'>Russia</ent> takes first place, and the character
of the uplifting factors is well known. The least <ent type='NORP'>Catholic</ent> part of
<ent type='GPE'>Czecho</ent>-<ent type='GPE'>Slovakia</ent> and <ent type='GPE'>Denmark</ent> probably come next. If we distinguish
periods of betterment and periods of reaction we have to assign a
notable advance to the <ent type='NORP'>Spaniards</ent> and the <ent type='GPE'>Austria</ent>ns under Socialism
and a notable reaction to the <ent type='NORP'>Italian</ent> workers during the last
twelve years and to those of <ent type='GPE'>Austria</ent>, <ent type='GPE'>Spain</ent>, <ent type='GPE'>Portugal</ent>, and Latin
<ent type='GPE'>America</ent> generally since they passed under the Papal-<ent type='NORP'>Fascist</ent> flag.
If the present <ent type='NORP'>Fascist</ent>-<ent type='NORP'>Catholic</ent> rulers (under <ent type='NORP'>German</ent>y) of <ent type='GPE'>Belgium</ent>
and <ent type='GPE'>France</ent> were to survive and carry out their declared plans the
status of the workers there also would deteriorate.</p>

<p> In fact, we come in the end to a very interesting and
significant contrast. The democracies -- <ent type='GPE'>the United States</ent>,
<ent type='GPE'>Britain</ent>, <ent type='GPE'>Czecho</ent>-<ent type='GPE'>Slovakia</ent>, <ent type='GPE'>Holland</ent>, <ent type='GPE'>Switzerland</ent>, <ent type='GPE'>Denmark</ent>, <ent type='GPE'>Norway</ent>,
and <ent type='GPE'>Sweden</ent> (all non-<ent type='NORP'>Catholic</ent>) -- will, when <ent type='NORP'>Nazism</ent> is destroyed,
resume their character and progress. The Vatican, on the other hand
seeks, whatever the issue of the war is, to retain control of
<ent type='GPE'>Belgium</ent>, <ent type='GPE'>France</ent>, <ent type='GPE'>Slovakia</ent>, <ent type='GPE'>Croatia</ent>, <ent type='GPE'>Italy</ent>, <ent type='GPE'>Spain</ent>, <ent type='GPE'>Portugal</ent>, and the</p>

<p> <ent type='ORG'>Bank</ent> of Wisdom
Box 926, <ent type='GPE'>Louisville</ent>, KY 40201
6
.
THE CHURCH THE ENEMY OF THE WORKERS</p>

<p><ent type='NORP'>Spanish</ent>-<ent type='NORP'>American</ent> Republics and combine them in a <ent type='NORP'>Catholic</ent> League,
and it has prescribed their economic form in the solemn language of
a Papal <ent type='ORG'>Encyclical</ent>. What will that mean for the workers? Well, the
country of which I have given a description in this chapter
declares that it has, in its loyalty to <ent type='GPE'>Rome</ent>. adopted precisely
this economic structure urged by the <ent type='PERSON'>Popes</ent>. This fact is so
flagrantly opposed to what <ent type='NORP'>Catholic</ent> apologists in <ent type='GPE'>America</ent> say about
the <ent type='PERSON'>Popes</ent> and the workers that we must examine the matter
carefully.</p>

<p> Chapter II</p>

<p> THOSE BEAUTIFUL PAPAL ENCYCLICALS</p>

<p> A learned professor of religious views scribbled a marginal
note on a page of one of my books in which I had summed up vile
social condition of <ent type='LOC'>Europe</ent> in the last century, after 1500 year of
Papal power. With the usual air of superiority he wrote: "But the
<ent type='ORG'>Churches</ent> only took up social work at the end of the 19th Century."
Which was precisely my complaint. For nearly 15 centuries the <ent type='NORP'>Roman</ent>
clergy had contemplated without any serious interference with it,
a social order in which, apart from it other vices, the great mass
of the people, the workers, were treated with grave injustice and,
during most of the time with contempt and cruelty.</p>

<p> If an apologist were to plead that the clergy had so much to
do in looking after the immortal souls of men that you could not
expect them to study social conditions you would smile, if you know
the moral history of <ent type='LOC'>Europe</ent>, but you might grant the plea a certain
amount of logic. But the <ent type='NORP'>Catholic</ent> apologist does not, and dare not,
put forward that very frail excuse. He says, on the contrary, that
the <ent type='ORG'>Church</ent> is, and always was, the friend, the very best friend, of
the workers. I hardly need to quote <ent type='NORP'>Catholic</ent> literature on that. It
is the supreme champion of justice and has always stood with its
flaming sword between the helpless workers and the greedy. In a
moment we shall find the <ent type='PERSON'>Pope</ent> saying that very emphatically.</p>

<p> As far as the past is concerned we will briefly run over the
record in the next chapter, but two reflection's at once occur to
us. Must not this championship of the cause of the workers have
been extraordinarily ineffective seeing that the workers themselves
had to ware a prodigious fight in the last century against
injustices which had lasted for centuries? And is it not a Singular
thing that the pronouncements of <ent type='PERSON'>Popes</ent> on the subject which
<ent type='NORP'>Catholic</ent> apologists quote all belong to the last 50 years? With
great audacity they quote, when they call the <ent type='ORG'>Church</ent> the friend of
freedom and democracy, writers of nearly seven centuries ago like
<ent type='PERSON'>Thomas Aquinas</ent> (who defended slavery), but they do not seem to get
further back than <ent type='PERSON'>Pope</ent> <ent type='PERSON'>Leo XIII</ent> when they seek proof of the
<ent type='ORG'>Church</ent>'s interest in the workers. Everybody who knows anything
about socio-economic history knows that the great fight, the heroic
and bloody fight, the fight in which you hazarded your life or
liberty, for justice to the workers was, broadly, from about 1780
to 1880, yet the first favorable Papal declaration they quote is of
the year 1891.</p>

<p> <ent type='ORG'>Bank</ent> of Wisdom
Box 926, <ent type='GPE'>Louisville</ent>, KY 40201
7
.
THE CHURCH THE ENEMY OF THE WORKERS</p>

<p> Why dig up so much history, <ent type='NORP'>Catholic</ent>s peevishly ask me? The
value of the <ent type='ORG'>Church</ent> today lies in its teaching today, and <ent type='NORP'>Catholic</ent>
writers fill books with the bold and sound declarations of the
<ent type='PERSON'>Popes</ent> from 1891 onward. The fight was still on, and the "great
<ent type='PERSON'>Pope</ent>" ranged himself on the side of the workers with such
utterances that he was called the <ent type='PERSON'>Pope</ent> of the <ent type='ORG'>Workers</ent>, even the
Socialist <ent type='PERSON'>Pope</ent>, the author of <ent type='ORG'>the Magria Charta</ent> of <ent type='ORG'>Labor</ent>. I
remember the fuss well, having just then been appointed professor
in a <ent type='NORP'>Catholic</ent> seminary. <ent type='ORG'>Radical</ent> papers were lyrical; reactionary
papers were annoyed. But before you rush to a library for a
<ent type='NORP'>Catholic</ent> book to tell you all about this "Charter of <ent type='ORG'>Labor</ent>'s
Rights" read the biographical notice of <ent type='PERSON'>Leo XIII</ent> in the
Encyclopedia Britannica; and it is so sound that the <ent type='NORP'>Catholic</ent>
revisers -- to be polite -- of the latest edition of that work have
not ventured to alter it. The writer, Dr. <ent type='PERSON'>Bryant</ent>, tell's how <ent type='PERSON'>Leo</ent>
startled the world with his radicalism in 1891 but adds that he
fell back into sheer reaction before he died. He says:</p>

<p> In 1902 <ent type='ORG'>the Sacred Congregation</ent> of Extraordinary
Ecclesiastical Affairs issued instructions concerning
<ent type='NORP'>Christian</ent> democracy in <ent type='GPE'>Italy</ent>, directing that the popular
<ent type='NORP'>Christian</ent> movement which embraced in its program a number of
social reforms such as factory laws for children, old-age
pensions, a minimum wage in agricultural industries, an eight
hour day, the revival of trade <ent type='PERSON'>gilds</ent>, and the encouragement of
Sunday rest, should divert its attention from all such things
as savored of novelty and devote its energies to the
restoration of <ent type='ORG'>the Temporal Power</ent>.</p>

<p> Did you ever find your attention called to that miserable
change of the <ent type='PERSON'>Pope</ent>'s social creed in any one of the very numerous
books and pamphlets written in <ent type='GPE'>America</ent> on the grand and inspiring
call for justice of <ent type='PERSON'>Leo XIII</ent>? You certainly did not. <ent type='NORP'>Catholic</ent> Truth
does not do such things. In science a man who made much of a
passage from an earlier great scientist and did not mention that it
was retracted in his later years would be discredited. In the field
of sacred literature he is just clever.</p>

<p> However, what was this bold and "magnificent" declaration of
<ent type='PERSON'>Pope</ent> <ent type='PERSON'>Leo XIII</ent>? It is contained in the encyclical (or to-all-the-world) letter Rerum novarum -- these encyclicals are named from the
first two words of the <ent type='NORP'>latin</ent> text -- of the year 1891. You will
find it useful to consider the historical background. Some ten
years earlier the <ent type='PERSON'>Pope</ent> had struck a bargain with <ent type='ORG'>Bismarck</ent>. The
<ent type='NORP'>Catholic</ent> <ent type='ORG'>Church</ent> in <ent type='NORP'>German</ent>y would enlist all its power in <ent type='ORG'>Bismarck</ent>'s
fight against Socialism and for militarism if he would quit his
campaign against the <ent type='ORG'>Church</ent> itself. It did not make an atom of
difference to Social Democracy. At the <ent type='NORP'>German</ent> election of 1887 the
Socialists polled 763128 votes: at the election of 1890 their vote
rose to 1427298. In 1890 the Socialist vote in <ent type='GPE'>Austria</ent> was
750000, and it was about half a million in <ent type='GPE'>France</ent>. In other words,
the policy of sheer opposition to Socialism had dismally failed.
<ent type='NORP'>Catholic</ent> workers were leaving the <ent type='ORG'>Church</ent> in millions because it
opposed justice to the workers.</p>

<p> <ent type='ORG'>Bank</ent> of Wisdom
Box 926, <ent type='GPE'>Louisville</ent>, KY 40201
8
.
THE CHURCH THE ENEMY OF THE WORKERS</p>

<p> So <ent type='PERSON'>Leo</ent>, or his advisers -- he knew nothing about economic
matters, or indeed any other matters except <ent type='ORG'>Church</ent> stuff and the
Latin classics -- had the brilliant idea of taking the wind out of
the Socialist sails by a solemn statement of the attitude of the
<ent type='ORG'>Church</ent> to <ent type='ORG'>Labor</ent> questions which would displease the employers and
presumably win the admiration of the workers. The <ent type='ORG'>Encyclical</ent> was
translated into most languages, and even the secular press hailed
it as a revolutionary pronouncement. It still shines in <ent type='NORP'>American</ent>
apologetic literature. The <ent type='NORP'>Catholic</ent> will tell you that the <ent type='ORG'>Church</ent>
has formulated the Charter of the Rights of <ent type='ORG'>Labor</ent> in two great
encyclicals, <ent type='ORG'>the Rerum Novarum</ent> of <ent type='PERSON'>Leo XIII</ent> and the <ent type='ORG'>Quadragesimo</ent>
anno of the later (and the present) <ent type='PERSON'>Pope</ent>. When you inquire,
however, you will find that the latter has not been translated into
English -- for reasons which you will understand presently -- but
the message of <ent type='PERSON'>Leo XIII</ent> is (if you conceal his retraction of it)
written in letters of bronze on a block of granite.</p>

<p> Surely, you think, it must be really good. You shall judge for
yourself. I have just read it carefully through once more and made
a synopsis of it, and, as a cheap translation is still available,
you can check my precis of it.</p>

<p> It opens with the reflection that something must be done to
improve the condition of the workers. The <ent type='PERSON'>gilds</ent>, which under the
lead of the <ent type='ORG'>Church</ent> so long protected them, were, the <ent type='PERSON'>Pope</ent> says,
"destroyed in the last century." As every student of such matters
knows that they died a natural death, or were (if there is question
of destruction) destroyed by the workers themselves in the 15th
Century, this is not a promising beginning. It gets worse. Owing to
the spread of irreligion the callous world of the 19th Century put
nothing in the place of these beneficent <ent type='NORP'>Catholic</ent> <ent type='PERSON'>gilds</ent>, and the
workers were left to be exploited by "a small number of very rich
men," while "crafty agitators" led the workers by the nose in the
wrong direction. Socialism cannot be accepted as a remedy because
it is itself unjust and futile. It denies the right of private
property -- the <ent type='PERSON'>Pope</ent> seems to think that under Socialism you cannot
have your own books, carpets, or etchings -- and in this it is
immoral. It preaches a class-war, which is wicked, wasteful,
whereas if employers and workers were all religious (<ent type='NORP'>Catholic</ent>s)
they would live in a beautiful atmosphere of brotherhood, and the
rich would give generous alms to the poor. That is the <ent type='PERSON'>Pope</ent>'s idea
of the Middle Ages.</p>

<p> About half the encyclical is taken up with moral platitudes
and factual inaccuracies of this sort. The idea that the workers of
<ent type='LOC'>Europe</ent> were protected by <ent type='PERSON'>gilds</ent> until the <ent type='NORP'>French</ent> <ent type='EVENT'>Revolution</ent> and that
from then until 1890 nothing was done for them would bring the
wrath of a teacher upon a sophomore. <ent type='ORG'>Unions</ent> of any kind were
truculently forbidden in all countries, <ent type='NORP'>Catholic</ent> and <ent type='NORP'>Protestant</ent>,
from the 16th Century until the 19th, but at least there was in
<ent type='GPE'>England</ent>, and not in <ent type='NORP'>Catholic</ent> lands, the crude and costly machinery
of Poor Relief. In <ent type='GPE'>England</ent>, moreover, the workers won the right of
union before 1830, and under <ent type='PERSON'>Place</ent> and <ent type='PERSON'>Owen</ent> (<ent type='NORP'>Atheists</ent> both) there
was a great development of <ent type='ORG'>Trade Union</ent>s. There was also a long
series of Factory Acts for the reduction of hours and the </p>

<p> <ent type='ORG'>Bank</ent> of Wisdom
Box 926, <ent type='GPE'>Louisville</ent>, KY 40201
9
.
THE CHURCH THE ENEMY OF THE WORKERS</p>

<p>protection of the workers, and by 1891 the leading <ent type='GPE'>States</ent> were
considering or inaugurating schemes of old-age pensions, widows'
pensions, sick and unemployment insurance, etc. The <ent type='ORG'>Kaiser</ent>
formulated this program for <ent type='NORP'>German</ent>y and at once started work on it
in 1890.</p>

<p> However, let us come to the "constructive" part of the great
Charter. If the workers realize that it is "no disgrace" to work if
you do not happen to "possess the gifts of fortune," and if the
employers "do not tax the workers beyond his strength" and "give
every one that which is just" this "thorny problem of capital and
labor is well on the way to settlement. It takes a <ent type='PERSON'>Pope</ent> to discover
things like that. For a moment the capitalists get a jolt when the
<ent type='PERSON'>Pope</ent> says that "it is only by the labor of the working man that
<ent type='GPE'>States</ent> grow rich" but, needless to say, he does not pass on to
<ent type='PERSON'>Marx</ent>'s theory of surplus value, of which he had probably never
heard. It is just a clumsy way of saying that capital cannot
dispense with labor. Then, after an excursus on the divine origin
of authority and the duty of the <ent type='ORG'>State</ent> to check employers who
impose conditions which injure the morals, religion, or health --
as I said, <ent type='GPE'>Britain</ent> already had a whole code of laws checking such
employers -- of the workers, the <ent type='PERSON'>Pope</ent> gets to concrete proposals.</p>

<p> The "revolution" is supposed to be here. The <ent type='PERSON'>Pope</ent> mentions the
strike as a weapon of the workers and does not condemn it. He is
content to say that if the <ent type='ORG'>State</ent> were guided by religion it would
see that the grounds of strikes did not exist. Then we get the
"rights" of the workers. They must have a day's rest on Sunday (and
go to church), they must not be compelled to work such hours that
it "stupefies their minds and wears out their bodies," and the
wages must be "sufficient to support a frugal and well-behaved
working man." All this had been a platitude of <ent type='ORG'>Radical</ent> (and much
Liberal) as well as Socialist literature for several decades, and
the astonishment of the world that a <ent type='PERSON'>Pope</ent> should <ent type='PERSON'>indorse</ent> the claim
of one day's rest in seven (which had been normal in <ent type='NORP'>Protestant</ent>
countries for three centuries) and that men should not be
overworked is really a proof of its insincerity in its new
admiration of the <ent type='ORG'>Church</ent> of <ent type='GPE'>Rome</ent>. If there was any "revolution" it
was in the fact that the <ent type='NORP'>Roman</ent> <ent type='ORG'>Church</ent> had comprehensively and
officially opposed the rights of the workers for more than 100
years, or since they had been clearly formulated on the eve of the
<ent type='NORP'>French</ent> <ent type='EVENT'>Revolution</ent>, and now that it saw the workers deserting it in
millions it admitted the most elementary of those rights.</p>

<p> The <ent type='NORP'>American</ent> <ent type='NORP'>Catholic</ent> apologists on the social side Completely
ignore these aspects of the <ent type='PERSON'>Pope</ent>'s deliverance. They surely know
that what he calls "crafty agitators" had been demanding these
rights for the workers for 100 years yet they represent the <ent type='PERSON'>Pope</ent> as
putting some profound new social wisdom before the world. They lay
no stress on the really revolutionary -- if it were clearly and
sincerely meant -- statement that "it is only by the labor of the
working man that <ent type='GPE'>States</ent> grow rich." <ent type='NORP'>Catholic</ent> social writers would
not dare to say that themselves in <ent type='GPE'>America</ent> today. It is the
essential basis of <ent type='NORP'>Bolshevism</ent>, the essential meaning of the hammer
and sickle. But I agree with them here that the <ent type='PERSON'>Pope</ent> meant no more
than that the miner produces coal and the agricultural worker corn.</p>

<p> <ent type='ORG'>Bank</ent> of Wisdom
Box 926, <ent type='GPE'>Louisville</ent>, KY 40201
10
.
THE CHURCH THE ENEMY OF THE WORKERS</p>

<p>Any other meaning is quite inconsistent with the <ent type='PERSON'>Pope</ent>'s -- indeed
all <ent type='PERSON'>Popes</ent> -- settled social ethic that the division of the race
into masters (private employers) and wage-earners is in accordance
with the divine will.</p>

<p> As to the Sunday rest -- which, by the way, <ent type='GPE'>Britain</ent>, <ent type='GPE'>America</ent>,
<ent type='NORP'>German</ent>y, etc., not only granted but sternly insisted on for
religious reasons -- the profit of the <ent type='ORG'>Church</ent> itself is here too
clear for us to consider it disinterested. Of the <ent type='PERSON'>Pope</ent>'s protest
against overwork also we take no notice. At the time when he wrote
this there had been a mighty and successful struggle for the
reduction of hours and the curtailment of the work of women and
children in Great <ent type='GPE'>Britain</ent> for 70 years and for a generation in
<ent type='GPE'>America</ent>, <ent type='GPE'>France</ent>, and <ent type='NORP'>German</ent>y. It was <ent type='NORP'>Catholic</ent> countries like <ent type='GPE'>Italy</ent>,
<ent type='GPE'>Spain</ent>, and <ent type='GPE'>Portugal</ent> that needed the moralist, and neither then nor
at any, later date until Socialism became a power did they carry
out any serious reform. In fact, the worst condition of labor,
especially child labor, continued to be found in <ent type='NORP'>Catholic</ent> South
<ent type='GPE'>Italy</ent>, <ent type='GPE'>Spain</ent> (except 1932-6), <ent type='GPE'>Portugal</ent>, and <ent type='GPE'>Poland</ent> right down to
the outbreak of the war.</p>

<p> The gem of the encyclical is said by the apologists to be the
demand for "a living wage." It is the minimum demand that any
reformer ever drew up because, obviously, the far greater question
is: What is a living wage? The <ent type='PERSON'>Pope</ent>, in any case, did not use that
very familiar phrase, and how any <ent type='NORP'>Catholic</ent> employer in the world
could object to what he did say is incomprehensible. In two
passages the <ent type='PERSON'>Pope</ent> goes beyond the hoary old <ent type='ORG'>Church</ent>-platitude that
in rewarding labor employers must be "just" -- leaving it to them
to say what is just. The first short passage is said in one
"official" translation to be that the wage must provide "the means
of living a tolerable and happy life." The word "happy" is here
arbitrarily inserted. The Latin text has no such word. The other
official translation is that the wage must suffice "to support the
wage-earner in reasonable and frugal comfort," The word
"reasonable" again is a trick. The correct translation is: "The
wage must be enough to feed a frugal and well-behaved worker." What
a revolutionary sentiment in the year 1891!</p>

<p> In the next paragraph the <ent type='PERSON'>Pope</ent> remembers that workers have
families to support. He say's: "If the worker receives a wage on
which he can support himself, his wife, and his children
becomingly, he will be able to save and to have a small capital."
He is to buy land (as that will keep him out of Socialism). I have
emphasized the significant word in this passage, as the <ent type='NORP'>Catholic</ent>
translators again play tricks with it. And if the reader finds my
translation of it ambiguous I reply that it is deliberately
ambiguous in the original. The Latin here is poor and unusual --
just for the sake of vagueness. As a matter of fact the official
clerical biographer of <ent type='PERSON'>Leo XIII</ent>, Msgr. T'<ent type='ORG'>Serelaes</ent>, says that the
<ent type='PERSON'>Pope</ent>'s references to a living wage led everywhere to stormy
disputes as to what precisely he meant, and a <ent type='NORP'>Belgian</ent> archbishop
wrote to <ent type='GPE'>Rome</ent> for a clarification of them. He got none. So we may
dismiss the gems of social wisdom of <ent type='PERSON'>Leo XIII</ent> and the dishonest
comments of <ent type='NORP'>American</ent> apologists who tamper with the text and
conceal the fact that through one of <ent type='ORG'>the Congregations</ent> of
<ent type='ORG'>Cardinals</ent>, of which the <ent type='PERSON'>Pope</ent> is the head, <ent type='PERSON'>Leo XIII</ent> in 1902 recanted
his "Charter," and ordered <ent type='NORP'>Catholic</ent> workers to quit talking about
the rights of <ent type='ORG'>Labor</ent>!
<ent type='ORG'>Bank</ent> of Wisdom
Box 926, <ent type='GPE'>Louisville</ent>, KY 40201
11
.
THE CHURCH THE ENEMY OF THE WORKERS</p>

<p> According to these apologists <ent type='PERSON'>Leo</ent>'s "Immortal" utterance
remained the <ent type='NORP'>Roman</ent> standard on such matters until 1931, when Pius
XI, in the encyclical Quadragestme anno re-affirmed and developed
its teaching; and these two declarations are the wisest and
soundest of all counsels on the great issue of <ent type='ORG'>Capital and Labor</ent>.
But, as I have already said, while these apologists talk very
fulsomely about the encyclical of 1931 they, as far as I can
discover never translate it. There is certainly no translation
issued by the <ent type='NORP'>British</ent> <ent type='NORP'>Catholic</ent> authorities and I cannot trace any
in <ent type='GPE'>America</ent>, though the essential meaning of an "encyclical" letter
is that it is addressed to the whole <ent type='NORP'>Catholic</ent> world, and the
hierarchy in each country is to publish a translation of it. Dr.
<ent type='PERSON'>Ryan</ent>, the <ent type='NORP'>Catholic</ent> oracle on social questions, translated all the
earlier encyclicals of <ent type='PERSON'>Pius XI</ent> but did not touch this one.</p>

<p> I explained in an earlier booklet why this "great" encyclical
is so scurvily treated by <ent type='NORP'>Catholic</ent>s and was almost ignored by the
press. It tells <ent type='NORP'>Catholic</ent>s that the corporative state -- Fascism, in
plain English -- is the true model in economic matters and must be
enforced when the authorities are <ent type='NORP'>Catholic</ent>s! I will again give a
faithful summary of it, but first let us get the true historical
framework.</p>

<p> There was not, as the apologist's claim, a continuity of Papal
policy. There was exactly the opposite. Not only did <ent type='GPE'>Rome</ent>, as I
have said, formally reverse its policy, but that policy had so
palpably failed that the three <ent type='PERSON'>Popes</ent> who followed <ent type='PERSON'>Leo XIII</ent> never
endorsed it. I have shown elsewhere that the <ent type='ORG'>Church</ent> of <ent type='GPE'>Rome</ent>
continued to lose to the Socialists. In <ent type='NORP'>German</ent>y the Socialist vote,
which had risen to 1427298 in 1890 had increased to 2107076 by
1898; and it was chiefly in <ent type='NORP'>German</ent>y that the <ent type='PERSON'>Pope</ent> had expected good
results from his encyclical. In <ent type='GPE'>France</ent> the number of Socialists
doubled between 1893 and 1900. In <ent type='GPE'>Austria</ent> the vote rose from
750000 in 1890 to 1041948 in 1907. And Socialism began to spread
in <ent type='GPE'>Italy</ent> itself. The vote rose from 27000 in 1892 to 175000 in
1900. The <ent type='ORG'>Church</ent>, losing heavily, continued to denounce Socialism
and to permit local churches to experiment in <ent type='NORP'>Christian</ent> Socialism,
as we shall see later. Then came the war, the <ent type='GPE'>Russia</ent>n <ent type='EVENT'>Revolution</ent>,
and the rapid spread of Atheistic Communism as well as Socialism,</p>

<p> The desperate officials at <ent type='GPE'>the Vatican</ent> learned, however, as
time went on that the modern world was not necessarily committed to
radical and <ent type='NORP'>democratic</ent> principles. A very large proportion of the
middle class as well as the wealthy were alarmed at the threat to
"private enterprise," or the chance of making a fortune, and, while
these men had in the 19th Century provided the backbone of the
anti-clerical party everywhere, they now sought clerical as well as
conservative allies against <ent type='NORP'>Bolshevism</ent>. To win a good support in
the working class they joined in the cry that <ent type='NORP'>Bolshevism</ent> set out to
destroy religion, and therefore threatened civilization, and their
press echoed the libels against and grossly misrepresented <ent type='GPE'>Russia</ent>.
So there was formed the grand anti-<ent type='NORP'>Bolshevik</ent> alliance of ministers
and morons, bankers and bandits, journalists, and Jesuits all over
the world. The Vatican dropped its coquetting with <ent type='GPE'>Russia</ent> and, as
we saw in the first series, entered into a brazen alliance with the
gangs of criminals who were the nucleus groups of the next
movement.</p>

<p> <ent type='ORG'>Bank</ent> of Wisdom
Box 926, <ent type='GPE'>Louisville</ent>, KY 40201
12
.
THE CHURCH THE ENEMY OF THE WORKERS</p>

<p> So you know what to expect of an encyclical on the workers
composed by the present aristocratic <ent type='PERSON'>Pope</ent>, who was then Secretary
of <ent type='ORG'>State</ent>, in 1931. "<ent type='ORG'>Quadragesimo</ent> anno" means "in the fortieth year"
(since <ent type='PERSON'>Leo</ent>'s encyclical), and is really an amazing, suggestion of
continuity of policy. The <ent type='PERSON'>Pope</ent> recalls the work of <ent type='PERSON'>Leo</ent>. There was
vast and increasing misery amongst the workers -- in the leading
countries they had, as a matter of fact, had their real wage
doubled or trebled in half a century -- and "the eyes of all were
turned to the Chair of <ent type='PERSON'>Peter</ent>." <ent type='PERSON'>Leo</ent> issued his marvelous encyclical,
which "owed nothing to either <ent type='NORP'>Liberalism</ent> or Socialism" -- its best
points were, we saw, platitudes of benevolent <ent type='NORP'>Liberalism</ent> -- but was
inspired by the genius of the <ent type='PERSON'>Pope</ent> and <ent type='NORP'>Catholic</ent> teaching. The world
was "stupefied at the novelty of his teaching," which "overthrew
all the idols of <ent type='NORP'>Liberalism</ent>," and the message produced the most
salutary fruits everywhere. These <ent type='NORP'>Liberals</ent> had done a little for
the workers, It is true, but it was the <ent type='PERSON'>Pope</ent>'s encyclical that the
workers had to thank for all the social legislation that was passed
after 1891 and for the full establishment of <ent type='ORG'>Trade Union</ent>s, which
the <ent type='NORP'>Liberals</ent> had opposed.</p>

<p> After devoting a quarter of the long letter to this childish
theme the <ent type='PERSON'>Pope</ent> says that he is going to develop <ent type='PERSON'>Leo</ent>'s principles.
He does not even hint at the retraction. At great length he proves
that the right of private ownership is based on moral principles,
so Socialism is immoral. "No good <ent type='NORP'>Catholic</ent> can be a good
Socialist." As to Communism it is beneath discussion. Capital and
<ent type='ORG'>Labor</ent> are equally indispensable, and the product must be "justly"
divided; but he does not go a step beyond <ent type='PERSON'>Leo</ent> in defining what a
"just wage" is. The workers must have unions, but there must be no
class-war, and in view of the need for harmonious cooperation a new
type of union or "syndicate" which has lately appeared deserves
attention. There must be unions of both workers and employers and
conferences of delegates from each side. The worker is quite free
to belong or not belong to the syndicate, but he has to pay the
fees in any case. The <ent type='PERSON'>Pope</ent>, who has the <ent type='NORP'>Italian</ent> model before him,
omits to say that if a worker does not join the union he will get
no labor-ticket. Strikes are forbidden, and if the two sides cannot
agree the government must intervene. But if they will all join the
<ent type='NORP'>Catholic</ent> <ent type='ORG'>Church</ent> and reform their morals the machine will march on
oiled wheels.</p>

<p> In other words, <ent type='PERSON'>Mussolini</ent>'s Corporative <ent type='ORG'>State</ent> is the ideal,
and from <ent type='GPE'>Slovakia</ent> to <ent type='GPE'>Peru</ent> the new <ent type='NORP'>Catholic</ent> countries are adopting
it and expressly quoting this encyclical as the reason. Did or did
not the <ent type='PERSON'>Pope</ent> know that <ent type='PERSON'>Mussolini</ent> devised this economic structure
simply in order to have both industrialists and workers in his
power when the time came for war-industries and forced loans?
<ent type='ORG'>Obtuse</ent> as <ent type='GPE'>the Vatican</ent> is in such matters the clergy must have knows
this, and must have known also that, while the industrialists
really suffered in the matter of forced loans to the government the
workers were enslaved and impoverished. So now you know why, though
<ent type='NORP'>Catholic</ent> apologists in <ent type='GPE'>America</ent> insist that the papal encyclicals
are the grand Charters of <ent type='ORG'>Labor</ent> they are so very reticent about
this latest official utterance on the workers' rights.</p>

<p> <ent type='ORG'>Bank</ent> of Wisdom
Box 926, <ent type='GPE'>Louisville</ent>, KY 40201
13
.
THE CHURCH THE ENEMY OF THE WORKERS</p>

<p> Chapter III</p>

<p> THE ACTUAL RECORD OF THE BLACK INTERNATIONAL</p>

<p> <ent type='PERSON'>Leo XIII</ent>, we saw, opened his solemn pronouncement to the world
with a summary of social history which was as near to the truth as
<ent type='LOC'>Cape Cod</ent> is to <ent type='LOC'>Tierra del Fuego</ent>. I do not for a moment suggest that
he knew this but felt it quite safe to give his fantastic version
of <ent type='LOC'>Europe</ent>an history to <ent type='NORP'>Catholic</ent>s who are not allowed to read the
truth. Do not misunderstand me. Apologists and missionaries of the
<ent type='ORG'>Black International</ent> -- lots of them -- do lie. Many of them in
<ent type='GPE'>America</ent> who repeat the <ent type='PERSON'>Pope</ent>'s words are compelled by their task to
read, and give in their writings sufficient proof that they have
read, ordinary expert works on the history of the struggle of the
workers in modern times. But you would not expect a <ent type='PERSON'>Pope</ent> to have
leisure for that sort of thing. In fact if he knew the historical
truth he might not be able to write those sonorous and vapid
generalizations which <ent type='NORP'>Catholic</ent>s mistake for deep or inspired
thought. In the next book we shall see some of these highly-poisoned gems of historical fiction from an earlier encyclical of
<ent type='PERSON'>Leo XIII</ent>. He writes history (and economics) like a devout nun. The
workers, we found him saying, were happy and prosperous under the
<ent type='PERSON'>gilds</ent>, which the <ent type='ORG'>Church</ent> had inspired, until the <ent type='NORP'>French</ent> <ent type='EVENT'>Revolution</ent>.
Then "irreligion" made the world of employers callous and brutal.
Nothing was substituted for the protection of the <ent type='PERSON'>gilds</ent>, and. ...
Well there you are. That is why the workers of the last century
were so exploited. You have only to bring back the employers to the
true <ent type='ORG'>Church</ent> (as in that country which I described in the first
chapter) and the world of <ent type='ORG'>Labor</ent> will take on the brightness and
warmth of a garden in spring.</p>

<p> Except for the howler about the <ent type='PERSON'>gilds</ent> this is really what
<ent type='NORP'>Catholic</ent> apologists commonly say on the subject. The <ent type='ORG'>Church</ent> "broke
the fetters of the slave" and brought light and justice to the
workers of the pagan world. In due time -- five or six centuries
later -- it created the <ent type='PERSON'>gilds</ent> which spread a rich religious mantle
of protection over the workers of <ent type='LOC'>Europe</ent>. <ent type='NORP'>Protestant</ent>ism destroyed
the protection -- the little difficulty about what happened in the
<ent type='NORP'>Catholic</ent> half of <ent type='LOC'>Europe</ent> may (and had better be) disregarded -- and
so the arrival of <ent type='EVENT'>the Industrial Era</ent> found them the helpless prey
of the exploiters. The world must return to the principles of the
Middle Ages when the workers were so happy.</p>

<p> The real record of the <ent type='ORG'>Church</ent> in relation to the workers can
be summed up even more shortly than that, for it is much nearer to
the truth to say that the <ent type='ORG'>Church</ent> was comprehensively indifferent to
the condition of the workers from the time it won power until <ent type='PERSON'>Leo</ent>
wrote his "great" Charter of their Rights. That condition varied
with the economic development of <ent type='LOC'>Europe</ent> but until at least the
<ent type='NORP'>French</ent> <ent type='EVENT'>Revolution</ent> it was one of galling subjection and
exploitation, and the <ent type='ORG'>Church</ent> never condemned this. It is a long
story for a short chapter, but I may point out the fallacy or the
untruth of the chief statements on which the claim of the apologist
is based. And if I have here to be very brief and rather dogmatic
it may be advisable to explain to some of my readers that I have
dealt with these points and given the proper authorities in several
of my Little Blue Books and in my True Story of the <ent type='NORP'>Roman</ent> <ent type='NORP'>Catholic</ent>
<ent type='ORG'>Church</ent>.</p>

<p> <ent type='ORG'>Bank</ent> of Wisdom
Box 926, <ent type='GPE'>Louisville</ent>, KY 40201
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THE CHURCH THE ENEMY OF THE WORKERS</p>

<p> <ent type='NORP'>Catholic</ent> writers used to boast how the <ent type='ORG'>Church</ent> was communistic
and anti-rich from its infancy, but they have done their best
recently to make the word Communism stink in folk's nostrils so
they drop this argument. It would be as bad as boasting how
<ent type='NORP'>Catholic</ent> commercial travelers, or their medieval equivalent, used
to lock their wives in "girdles of chastity" when they set out on
their rounds. In any case it is false. The theory is based upon a
statement about one particular church in Acts, which even many
theologians consider a pious romance. <ent type='PERSON'>Paul</ent>'s letters are the
earliest documents, and they reflect a division of classes, with
rich slave-owners and even imperial officials. In fact <ent type='NORP'>Catholic</ent>
literature includes wealthy relatives of the Emperor <ent type='NORP'>Vespasian</ent> in
the <ent type='NORP'>Roman</ent> <ent type='ORG'>Church</ent>.</p>

<p> More important is the claim about slavery; and let me say at
once that it is one of the most blatantly untruthful claims the
apologists make. No <ent type='PERSON'>Pope</ent>, no Father of the <ent type='ORG'>Church</ent>, no body of
churchmen ever condemned slavery until the 18th Century. St.
<ent type='PERSON'>Augustine</ent>, the dominant oracle of western or <ent type='NORP'>Roman</ent> <ent type='ORG'>Christendom</ent>,
expressly defended it as of divine appointment (City of God, Book
XIX, eh. XV), and <ent type='PERSON'>Thomas Aquinas</ent> and all the other <ent type='GPE'>Schoolmen</ent>
followed <ent type='PERSON'>Augustine</ent>. There is not an expert work on the subject that
does not explain that the old type of slavery was destroyed by the
economic collapse of the <ent type='NORP'>Roman</ent> Empire, and that before that time
<ent type='NORP'>Roman</ent> moralists and Emperors had done a great deal for the slave.</p>

<p> After the year 500 the workers of <ent type='LOC'>Europe</ent> are called in our
modern literature "serfs," but the reader is rarely warned that
still for centuries all literature was Latin, and there are not
different words in Latin for "slave" and "serf." The workers were
-- and the <ent type='PERSON'>Popes</ent> from 600 onward owned vast numbers of them -- just
servi as they had been under paganism, and <ent type='PERSON'>Vinogradov</ent>, one of the
best historical sociologists of recent times, says that they were
in law and fact, "slaves." They were bought and sold like cattle,
and no law protected them from cruelty. So the only real change
when the <ent type='NORP'>Roman</ent> <ent type='ORG'>Church</ent> came to dominate <ent type='LOC'>Europe</ent> in the 5th Century
was that, whereas in the <ent type='NORP'>Roman</ent> Empire, two workers out of three had
been free (See Darrow's Slavery in the <ent type='NORP'>Roman</ent> Empire), literate, and
almost pampered, in the new <ent type='LOC'>Europe</ent> not one worker in ten was free
or literate or had a life of elementary comfort and decency.</p>

<p> This "era of the serfs" lasted until the 12th or 13th Century,
when the majority were emancipated. Again there is no modern expert
who does not trace this emancipation to what we may broadly call
economic causes. The nobles sold freedom to immense bodies of serfs
so that they could go on the looting expeditions of the Crusaders
or enjoy the more luxurious life which <ent type='NORP'>Arabs</ent> had taught <ent type='LOC'>Europe</ent>.
Kings emancipated bodies of serfs to help fight their rebellious
nobles: nobles emancipated them to fight the kings or other nobles.
<ent type='ORG'>Abbeys</ent> and bishops were, says the <ent type='NORP'>Catholic</ent> historian <ent type='PERSON'>Muratori</ent>, the
last to emancipate them, saying that they must not "alienate <ent type='ORG'>Church</ent>
property." At the same time <ent type='LOC'>Europe</ent> was rapidly recovering
economically and far larger bodies of craftsman were required in
the towns (which, for the same reasons, now got charters of
liberty).</p>

<p> <ent type='ORG'>Bank</ent> of Wisdom
Box 926, <ent type='GPE'>Louisville</ent>, KY 40201
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<p> The famous <ent type='PERSON'>gilds</ent> had begun long before this, and the <ent type='ORG'>Church</ent>,
instead of having inspired them, tried for more than a century to
suppress them. They seem to have been formed by the workers on the
model of the unions (colleges) of the old <ent type='NORP'>Greek</ent> and <ent type='NORP'>Roman</ent> workers,
traces of which survived. I have elsewhere quoted decrees from the
<ent type='ORG'>Capitularies</ent> of Charlemagne and later <ent type='ORG'>Church</ent> Councils showing how
drastically the <ent type='ORG'>Church</ent> condemned them. It could not suppress so it
appropriated them, and for several centuries they certainly helped
the workers. That is to say, the skilled workers. Writers on the
<ent type='PERSON'>gilds</ent> (Gross, <ent type='PERSON'>Walford</ent>, etc.) do not remind the reader that while in
the towns even the prostitutes had <ent type='PERSON'>gilds</ent> and walked in the sacred
processions (of course, the writers I have named do not tell this),
the agricultural workers, who were at least four-fifths of the
workers of <ent type='LOC'>Europe</ent>, had none or any other kind of protection.
Further, every single real expert on any country in <ent type='LOC'>Europe</ent> during
this period, the so-called Age of Chivalry, the best part of the
Middle Ages (1100 to 1400), agrees that the lords and landowners
regarded the workers as dirt under their feet, robbing and
torturing them barbarously. It was an age of wild license, of
fiendish cruelty, and you can imagine -- or read <ent type='ORG'>Eccardus</ent> for
<ent type='NORP'>German</ent>y, <ent type='PERSON'>Brissot</ent> for <ent type='GPE'>France</ent>, and <ent type='PERSON'>Thorold Rogers</ent> or <ent type='NORP'>Traile</ent> for
<ent type='GPE'>England</ent>, the chief authorities on the workers -- how the unarmed
mass of the people fared.</p>

<p> All the leading historical experts on the period use the same
language as Professor A. <ent type='ORG'>Luchaire</ent>, the highest authority on <ent type='GPE'>France</ent>
in the 13th Century. He says (Social <ent type='GPE'>France</ent> at the <ent type='ORG'>Time</ent> of Philippe
Auguste) that "feudalism seemed to take a ferocious delight in
seeing flames consume burgher's house's and the villains [workers]
who lived in them" (p. 5); that the knight or noble "was almost
everywhere a brutal and pillaging soldier" (p. 249); and that "the
noble had an untameable antipathy to and a profound contempt of the
villain: that is, for the serf, peasant, laborer, citizen, or
burgher" (p. 271). Such was <ent type='GPE'>France</ent>, the most advanced country in
<ent type='LOC'>Europe</ent>, in what <ent type='NORP'>Catholic</ent>s call the most beautiful part of the
Middle Ages; and every leading authority on <ent type='GPE'>Italy</ent>, <ent type='GPE'>England</ent>, or
<ent type='NORP'>German</ent>y at the time gives exactly the same picture. <ent type='PERSON'>Pope</ent> <ent type='PERSON'>Leo XIII</ent>
had as naive an idea of the time as has the schoolma'am who talks
to her class about the beautiful Age of Chivalry and <ent type='ORG'>the Knights</ent>
Errant. And in our age of historical scholarship this sort of thing
is solemnly made the basis of a social argument by the spiritual
leaders of 200000000 folk and is most respectfully treated by
editorial writers and essayists.</p>

<p> It would be pertinent to show that while the workers who were
subject to the <ent type='PERSON'>Pope</ent> were thus as unprotected from the brutality of
their "betters" as the slaves of old -- indeed less than the slaves
of <ent type='GPE'>Rome</ent> from the time of the Emperor <ent type='PERSON'>Hadrian</ent> -- and lived for the
most part (on the land) in sordid and brutalizing conditions, the
workers of <ent type='NORP'>Arab</ent> <ent type='GPE'>Spain</ent>, who cannot have been far short in number of
the workers of the whole of <ent type='NORP'>Christian</ent> <ent type='LOC'>Europe</ent>, were relatively happy
and prosperous and generally educated. But I cannot enlarge on that
in this little sketch. Let me just say, on the strength of the
research and the general consensus of authorities in ancient <ent type='GPE'>Rome</ent>,
medieval <ent type='LOC'>Europe</ent>, and <ent type='NORP'>Arab</ent> <ent type='GPE'>Spain</ent> which I give in a dozen works, that
the period which the <ent type='PERSON'>Pope</ent> and his apologists choose as the Golden
Age of the workers was for them the blackest age, apart from <ent type='GPE'>Spain</ent>,</p>

<p> <ent type='ORG'>Bank</ent> of Wisdom
Box 926, <ent type='GPE'>Louisville</ent>, KY 40201
16
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THE CHURCH THE ENEMY OF THE WORKERS</p>

<p>between their good condition in the <ent type='NORP'>Roman</ent> Empire and the
improvements they have won in modern times. None but <ent type='NORP'>Catholic</ent>
apologists and a few <ent type='NORP'>American</ent> teachers of history who play up to
them now write such trash about the Middle Ages. The period had
great art, but four-fifth's of the workers, scattered outside the
cities, never even saw this.</p>

<p> It is true that the condition of the growing body of
industrial workers became harder in some respects after the
Reformation. The apologists make a ridiculous attempt to connect
this with (at least in <ent type='GPE'>England</ent>) the suppression of the monasteries,
the chief effect of which for the workers was that crowds of men
and women who had idly hung about the fat monasteries for food
instead of working for it had now the choice of working or
starving. In point of fact <ent type='NORP'>Protestant</ent> <ent type='GPE'>England</ent> set up a system of
Poor Relief which, crude as it was -- like most government measures
300 years ago -- did discriminate to some extent between "sturdy
beggars" and the real needy.</p>

<p> But the answer to any <ent type='NORP'>Catholic</ent> attempt to make capital out of
the fact that, as trade and industry expanded, the lawyers, in the
interest of the rich, made the law harsher against the workers,
especially in regard to unions, is easily found when we compare
<ent type='NORP'>Catholic</ent> and <ent type='NORP'>Protestant</ent> countries. The three countries of <ent type='LOC'>Europe</ent>
which sank most notably from the best level of the Middle Ages
after the Reformation were beyond any question <ent type='NORP'>Catholic</ent> <ent type='GPE'>Italy</ent>,
<ent type='GPE'>Spain</ent>, and <ent type='GPE'>Portugal</ent>. There the lot of the worker fell to the level
at which we found it in the first chapter and remained at that
level until our time. The exceptions only strengthen my point. When
anti-Papal statesmen took over <ent type='GPE'>Italy</ent> from the <ent type='PERSON'>Pope</ent> and his puppets
at <ent type='GPE'>Naples</ent> the status of the workers began to rise -- until
<ent type='PERSON'>Mussolini</ent> shared his power with the <ent type='PERSON'>Pope</ent>. In <ent type='GPE'>Spain</ent> and <ent type='GPE'>Portugal</ent>
also there were periods of anti-clerical <ent type='NORP'>Liberalism</ent> or (1932-6)
Socialism during which the condition of the workers was improved
and schools for their children were opened. Under the present
Papal-<ent type='NORP'>Fascist</ent> regime they have fallen back toward a condition of
ill-paid illiterate serfdom. These are platitude's of socio-political history.</p>

<p> I have not spokes of <ent type='GPE'>France</ent> because it did not, like <ent type='GPE'>Italy</ent>,
<ent type='GPE'>Spain</ent>, and <ent type='GPE'>Portugal</ent>, build round itself a <ent type='NORP'>Chinese</ent> Wall to protect
its <ent type='NORP'>Catholic</ent> population from the taint of non-<ent type='NORP'>Catholic</ent> influences.
It was open to receive ideas from <ent type='GPE'>England</ent>, <ent type='GPE'>Holland</ent>, and <ent type='NORP'>German</ent>y,
and it saw a considerable growth of skepticism. Even its clergy
were remarkably independent of <ent type='GPE'>Rome</ent>. Yet it remained predominantly
<ent type='NORP'>Catholic</ent>, and it retained medieval vices (torture's, etc.) in
proportion to its <ent type='NORP'>Catholic</ent>ism. Here I have to notice only the
condition of the workers. There is no dispute about it. Apologists
find a second <ent type='NORP'>Catholic</ent> Golden Age in the days of <ent type='PERSON'>Louis XIV</ent>: a
vicious, selfish, scandalous monarch who regarded the people only
as a source of wealth for his corrupt court, if you read <ent type='NORP'>French</ent> try
to see the documents in <ent type='ORG'>Martin</ent>'s authoritative history re<ent type='NORP'>latin</ent>g to
the appalling condition of the agricultural workers when <ent type='PERSON'>Louis</ent> was
building his palaces. <ent type='PERSON'>Brissot</ent>, the chief <ent type='NORP'>French</ent> authority on the
history of the workers, shows that the wage even of the skilled
workers fell under <ent type='PERSON'>Louis XIV</ent> to about 38 cents a day (of 12 to 14
hours) and the price of food rose.</p>

<p> <ent type='ORG'>Bank</ent> of Wisdom
Box 926, <ent type='GPE'>Louisville</ent>, KY 40201
17
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THE CHURCH THE ENEMY OF THE WORKERS</p>

<p> But their condition on the eve of the <ent type='EVENT'>Revolution</ent> is well
known, and it is equally well known -- in fact eagerly claimed by
apologists who know as little about the <ent type='NORP'>French</ent> <ent type='EVENT'>Revolution</ent> as they
do about the <ent type='GPE'>Russia</ent>n -- that anti-clericals educated the people up
to and inspired that inauguration of the first attempt in
<ent type='ORG'>Christendom</ent> to redeem and uplift the workers. People will not
understand our own time unless they see that we still live in the
new age, an age of struggle against privilege for freedom,
democracy, enlightenment, and justice to the workers, which opened
at the <ent type='NORP'>French</ent> <ent type='EVENT'>Revolution</ent>; in a sense you might say the <ent type='NORP'>American</ent>
<ent type='EVENT'>Revolution</ent>, since it was in some respects more than political
though in just these respects its roots were in <ent type='NORP'>French</ent> anti-Papal
literature.</p>

<p> I hope some day to write a worthy history of this period.
Already for 150 years men and women, touched by the vision of a
wiser and juster social order, have fought for freedom, justice,
and enlightenment. A million of them have lost their lives in the
struggle, yet but for the rousing of <ent type='GPE'>Russia</ent> the race in most
countries would have lost all that it had won in those 150 years of
sweat and blood. Even now that victory is certain in the sense that
the nests of pirates in <ent type='GPE'>Berlin</ent>, <ent type='GPE'>Rome</ent>, and <ent type='GPE'>Tokyo</ent> will be destroyed
the race makes no totalitarian war against them because so few
people understand the struggle in all its range. The coalition of
the <ent type='NORP'>Roman</ent> <ent type='ORG'>Church</ent> with the bandits is concealed from the majority --
I just received a letter from a distinguished clergyman, no lover
of <ent type='GPE'>Rome</ent>, who writes that I will startle <ent type='GPE'>England</ent> if I can prove that
connection! -- whereas, if you know the whole period, it is the
logical and almost inevitable policy of the <ent type='ORG'>Papacy</ent>. And with so
much hidden and the perspective distorted some of the leaders in
the present fight, men who mouth about freedom and democracy, hope
to save the <ent type='NORP'>Roman</ent> <ent type='ORG'>Church</ent> from chastisement or loss of power because
it will help to put kings back on their thrones, restore privilege,
and cheek the aspirations of the workers.</p>

<p> I have tried in all my works for the past ten years to get
people to see the events of contemporary life in this historical
perspective, but I must here confine myself to the question of the
workers. The <ent type='NORP'>French</ent> <ent type='EVENT'>Revolution</ent> proved a false dawn of the new age,
and when it and the compromise of the <ent type='NORP'>Napoleonic</ent> regime were
destroyed the fight had to begin again, under a dense cloud of
reaction. Let us say that the period from about 1830 to 1930 was
one of increasing victory for the worker's. The real wage in the
larger lndustrialized states was trebled. <ent type='ORG'>Universal</ent> free education
was won, and this meant at all events the erection of a ladder by
which the abler workers might ascend to a higher level. Immense
social services -- hygienic, medical, recreational, educative, and
financial -- were provided. The right to unions was almost
completely established. It all fell far short of the ideal, but let
us be just. That age which the <ent type='PERSON'>Pope</ent> blandly blames for all that is
wrong, which he represents as undoing the justice won for the
workers in earlier <ent type='NORP'>Catholic</ent> ages was one of the most progressive
that the world had yet seen; for the workers of imperial <ent type='GPE'>Rome</ent> had
not had to fight for such privileges as they had.</p>

<p> <ent type='ORG'>Bank</ent> of Wisdom
Box 926, <ent type='GPE'>Louisville</ent>, KY 40201
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THE CHURCH THE ENEMY OF THE WORKERS</p>

<p> Well, what share has the <ent type='ORG'>Church</ent> of <ent type='GPE'>Rome</ent> had in the victorious
struggle? Should we be far away from the historical truth if we
said, None? Apologists search the darker lanes of recent history
for some obscure priest or layman -- generally in bad odor in his
<ent type='ORG'>Church</ent> at the time -- who dared to say a word for the improvement
of the condition of the workers, for the emancipation of the
Slaves, for justice to women, and so on. That neither <ent type='GPE'>the Vatican</ent>
nor any national branch of the <ent type='ORG'>Church</ent> joined in the great word
until the last decade of the 19th Century, when wholesale apostasy
of the workers alarmed <ent type='ORG'>the Black International</ent>, they have to grant.
But this thimble-rigging game of claiming the credit for "the
<ent type='ORG'>Church</ent>" when one man is honest and asking us to blame "not the
<ent type='ORG'>Church</ent> but the individual" when a hundred are dishonest begins to
be resented even by the <ent type='NORP'>Catholic</ent> laity.</p>

<p> I made a broad examination of the mighty campaign for reform
-- which means to rid the world finally of medievalism -- during
the last 150 years in my recent 'How Freethinkers made Notable
Contributions to Civilization' (1938). I showed that in periods
when <ent type='NORP'>Catholic</ent>s regarded Freethinkers as an insignificant and
negligible minority they provided the great majority of the leaders
in every branch of the reform-movement. A <ent type='NORP'>Catholic</ent> survey of that
magnificent fight for man, the grandest of all epics, naming all
<ent type='NORP'>Catholic</ent>s in <ent type='LOC'>Europe</ent> or <ent type='GPE'>America</ent> who made any such notable
contribution would be a farce, yet all the time the <ent type='ORG'>Church</ent> was
boasting that it ruled a third of the white race. Even the men who
are claimed, like the <ent type='ORG'>Chartist</ent> leader in <ent type='GPE'>England</ent> <ent type='PERSON'>Bronterre</ent> O'Brien,
were apostates in most cases.</p>

<p> Or take, as we have done before, the contrast of <ent type='NORP'>Catholic</ent> and
<ent type='NORP'>Protestant</ent> lands. In the first chapter I distributed countries, as
they were before the war threw everything into confusion, into
three groups. I do not imagine that any student of social matters
will question the general distribution, and quarrels about the
exact position of this or that country do not affect the
conclusion. The workers enjoy the best conditions where <ent type='NORP'>Catholic</ent>ism
has no influence on public life and the worst conditions where it
has its greatest influence. They are worst paid and least protected
by law, and have the feeblest social services in the lands where
the ruling class profess docility to the <ent type='PERSON'>Pope</ent>. In <ent type='GPE'>Russia</ent>, where
<ent type='NORP'>Catholic</ent>ism simply does not exist, the workers have the finest
position they ever had in history, and they were rapidly advancing,
when the <ent type='PERSON'>Pope</ent>'s war against them broke out, to a level higher than
is or ever was, found in any other civilization. Whether you agree
to that or no the broad truth remains; the position of the workers
rose in proportion as Papal influence fell. I wonder if there is
any normally-minded <ent type='NORP'>Catholic</ent> worker in <ent type='GPE'>America</ent> who will question my
distribution of the leading countries of the world according to the
status of the workers and the <ent type='NORP'>Catholic</ent> element in the country, or
will claim that his <ent type='ORG'>Church</ent> has anything to do with the high
position, from material and historical reasons, of the workers of
<ent type='GPE'>America</ent>. Yet these <ent type='NORP'>Catholic</ent> workers cannot open one of their books
on social questions without reading that the two encyclicals I
analyzed show the <ent type='PERSON'>Popes</ent> as the beat friends of <ent type='ORG'>Labor</ent>.</p>

<p> <ent type='ORG'>Bank</ent> of Wisdom
Box 926, <ent type='GPE'>Louisville</ent>, KY 40201
19
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THE CHURCH THE ENEMY OF THE WORKERS</p>

<p> In other words, we have in this controversy, as in so many
others that concern the <ent type='ORG'>Church</ent>, all the facts on one side and all
the rhetoric on the other. The Papal encyclicals are not merely
rhetoric but platitudinous rhetoric. That of <ent type='PERSON'>Leo XIII</ent> in those
passages of it which won most attention just took up and, with a
certain amount of vagueness, repeated demands which had for decades
been considered elementary in serious discussions of such matters.
Was there, in fact, on the capitalist side any responsible writer
who said that "overwork was just as long as you did not specify the
hours for any industry" -- at that time the burning question, which
the <ent type='PERSON'>Pope</ent> carefully avoided, was the eight-hour day -- or who
questioned that the worker had a right to a decent wage as long as
you refused to say what in any industry a decent wage was? And the
second <ent type='ORG'>Encyclical</ent> officially took back the slight concessions --
already quietly withdrawn -- of the first because it put the
workers under a Corporative <ent type='ORG'>State</ent>, in which any demands of theirs
are finally settled by the employer's or the government. Both
encyclicals, moreover, lay heavy stress on something which is
anathema to every social student. They say that the rich justify
the larger share they take of the wealth produced if they give
generously in charity to the poor.</p>

<p> If the apologist falls back, as he usually does, upon the fact
that the <ent type='ORG'>Church</ent> has always sternly insisted on justice his case is
worse than ever. Such preaching is, and always was, barren. There
is a <ent type='NORP'>Catholic</ent> church in <ent type='GPE'>New York</ent> which the Tammany leaders have
attended for the last 100 years, and the services and sermons have
spoken of justice as often as they did in other chapels. Under the
<ent type='PERSON'>Pope</ent>'s nose, in <ent type='GPE'>Italy</ent>, <ent type='NORP'>Catholic</ent> employers made the vilest use, in
the sulphur mines, of child labor that you would find anywhere in
<ent type='LOC'>Europe</ent>. Almost as sordid a use of child labor was made in the
tailoring business in <ent type='GPE'>Poland</ent>, and in agriculture and various
industries in <ent type='GPE'>Spain</ent>, <ent type='GPE'>Portugal</ent>, and <ent type='LOC'>South America</ent>. So it has been
for ages, though the employers listened Sunday after Sunday to the
<ent type='NORP'>Catholic</ent> gospel of justice. The ethic has been the same in all
ages; the practice has varied considerably, and the facts I have
given even in this short sketch show that the actual treatment of
the workers was always nearest to the ideal of justice where public
life was influenced by those whom the <ent type='ORG'>Church</ent> denounced.</p>

<p> Chapter IV</p>

<p> THE COMEDY OF <ent type='NORP'>CHRISTIAN</ent> SOCIALISM</p>

<p> I have found it necessary at this point to make a few
excursions into older history because it was impossible to ignore
the <ent type='PERSON'>Pope</ent>'s amazing statement that the workers enjoyed happier
conditions when the world was <ent type='NORP'>Catholic</ent> and that their modern
grievances are due to the collapse of Papal authority over a large
part of the earth. How <ent type='NORP'>Catholic</ent>s tolerate such howlers and then
respectfully read articles in their press about the profound wisdom
and sagacity of the <ent type='PERSON'>Popes</ent> is the one problem of <ent type='ORG'>Church</ent> life I have
never mastered. But let me remind the reader that this discussion
of the status of the workers is part of a broader study of the
<ent type='NORP'>Roman</ent> <ent type='ORG'>Church</ent> which we are making. The starting-point of it was:
What is the real nature of the <ent type='ORG'>Church</ent> of <ent type='GPE'>Rome</ent>, of the Black
International in particular, that it should enter into alliance </p>

<p> <ent type='ORG'>Bank</ent> of Wisdom
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. THE CHURCH THE ENEMY OF THE WORKERS</p>

<p>with the vilest forces of modern times? One of the difficulties of
the general public in entertaining this is that for 40 years
<ent type='NORP'>Catholic</ent> apologetic works in <ent type='GPE'>America</ent> have loudly boasted that their
<ent type='ORG'>Church</ent> has always been, and especially in Papal declarations during
the last half-century, the champion of <ent type='ORG'>Labor</ent> against greed. We have
seen that it was, on the contrary, always in alliance with wealth
and greed and is in its present alliances merely pursuing its
normal policy.</p>

<p> I imagine that after the war, when Socialism and Communism
spread once more, what is left of the <ent type='NORP'>Catholic</ent> <ent type='ORG'>Church</ent> will to a
great extent turn to what is called <ent type='NORP'>Christian</ent> Socialism, and we may
glance at it. The movement was, of course, never Socialistic, and
in so far as it was adopted in <ent type='NORP'>Catholic</ent> countries, it never used
the word Socialism. It was called <ent type='NORP'>Christian</ent> or <ent type='NORP'>Catholic</ent> Democracy
or Social <ent type='ORG'>Party</ent>, and its express purpose was to divert the workers
from Socialism, which <ent type='PERSON'>Leo XIII</ent> condemned as emphatically in 1891 as
<ent type='PERSON'>Pius XI</ent> did in 1931. The movement began in <ent type='GPE'>England</ent> in 1849 when
people still distinguished between the state Socialism of <ent type='PERSON'>Marx</ent>,
which then had few adherents in <ent type='GPE'>Britain</ent>, and other varieties such
as Robert <ent type='PERSON'>Owen</ent>'s voluntary Socialism.</p>

<p> This <ent type='NORP'>British</ent> movement, founded by two clergymen of the <ent type='ORG'>Church</ent>
of <ent type='GPE'>England</ent>, <ent type='PERSON'>Charles Kingsley</ent> and F.D. <ent type='PERSON'>Maurice</ent>, assisted by the
barrister (of the same <ent type='ORG'>Church</ent>) <ent type='PERSON'>Ludlow</ent>, which borrowed the title
Socialism as it was loosely used by the <ent type='PERSON'>Owen</ent>ites, never had a large
body of adherents and did not last long. <ent type='PERSON'>Ludlow</ent> admitted that its
chief aim was "to <ent type='NORP'>Christian</ent>ize Socialism," or to show the workers
that they need not leave the <ent type='ORG'>Church</ent> because they demanded a
betterment of their condition. But it was a group of men and women
who very sincerely felt that something must be done for the workers
when the <ent type='ORG'>Chartist</ent> movement so sensationally collapsed in 1848 and
it did render material services in education and in helping Trade
<ent type='ORG'>Unions</ent> and Cooperative Societies. It was continued in <ent type='ORG'>the Guild</ent> of
St. Matthew, which was closely associated with the "High" or
<ent type='PERSON'>Ritualist</ent> branch of the <ent type='ORG'>Church</ent>, and there was a less advanced
<ent type='NORP'>Christian</ent> Social Union.</p>

<p> I once took the chair for a lecture by <ent type='ORG'>the Rev</ent>. Stewart
Headlam head of <ent type='ORG'>the Guild</ent> of St. Matthew, and the audience numbered
30 or 40. When we sipped a whisky and soda together afterwards he
said that he had given this eloquent lecture on "<ent type='ORG'>The Brotherhood</ent> of
Men under the Fatherhood of God" a score of times and got almost no
response. Why? I discreetly reminded him that the <ent type='ORG'>Church</ent> had taught
the Fatherhood of God just as dogmatically in the long ages of
tyranny and exploitation and suggested that perhaps the employers
reflected that since the Father condemned his children to an
eternal hell the little hell they gave their workers sometimes did
not matter much.</p>

<p> I need not trace the echoes of this movement in the religious
world of <ent type='GPE'>America</ent> -- the <ent type='NORP'>Christian</ent> <ent type='ORG'>Labor</ent> Union of 1872, <ent type='ORG'>the Knights</ent>
of <ent type='ORG'>Labor</ent>, the <ent type='NORP'>Christian</ent> Social Union, etc. -- as <ent type='NORP'>Catholic</ent>s were not
involved in them. It was in <ent type='NORP'>German</ent>y, after 1870, that the movement
which we generally call <ent type='NORP'>Christian</ent> Socialism spread amongst the
<ent type='NORP'>Catholic</ent> worker's. It was, of course, not merely not Socialism but
the very opposite of it, since the sole aim was to prevent <ent type='NORP'>Catholic</ent></p>

<p> <ent type='ORG'>Bank</ent> of Wisdom
Box 926, <ent type='GPE'>Louisville</ent>, KY 40201
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THE CHURCH THE ENEMY OF THE WORKERS</p>

<p>workers from joining the Social <ent type='NORP'>Democrats</ent>. The whole movement, in
<ent type='GPE'>Britain</ent>, <ent type='GPE'>America</ent>, and <ent type='NORP'>German</ent>y, rather reminds us of the clergymen
who try to keep their young men and girls from wicked dance-halls
by arranging chaste dances or ping-pong games, with non-alcoholic
refreshments, in the parish hall.</p>

<p> It was more serious and more resolutely <ent type='NORP'>Catholic</ent> when it
spread to <ent type='GPE'>Austria</ent>. Its appropriation of the name Socialism was in
this case peculiarly ironical. Not only had it no sincere program
of improvement of the condition of the workers but it at first
consisted of violently anti-Socialist middle-class men, and it soon
absorbed the <ent type='NORP'>Conservative</ent> body of <ent type='NORP'>Catholic</ent>s. The urban workers,
especially at <ent type='GPE'>Vienna</ent>, were too well read in social history to be
duped by the romantic version of the <ent type='ORG'>Church</ent>'s attitude to <ent type='ORG'>Labor</ent>
that the priests offered them and, as is well known, they passed
bodily to Socialism and in free elections won complete power over
<ent type='GPE'>Vienna</ent> and a few other towns year after year. It was particularly
exasperating for the <ent type='ORG'>Church</ent> because the <ent type='GPE'>Austria</ent>n workers were so
well behaved that it was in this case impossible to fabricate
stories of "Red atrocities." I spent a week amongst them at the
time when the depression and the mutilation of the country by
<ent type='GPE'>Versailles</ent> had brought upon <ent type='GPE'>Vienna</ent> such economic stringency that,
police-officials assured me, the patience of the workers was
strained to breaking point. I saw 10000 armed police drawn across
a short section of the Ring between the rich inner city and an
industrial suburb. But not a clash occurred, though I verified that
half the workers suffered grave privation.</p>

<p> It was therefore the policy of the church to hold the ignorant
and priest-ridden agricultural workers, which would ensure its
control of the national government and so give it, in case of need,
power over the Socialist municipal governments. The title
"Socialist" became farcical when the <ent type='NORP'>Catholic</ent> nobles and land-owners were enlisted in the party and their influence over the
rural population secured, so we need not pay any attention to the
few ameliorative measures, such as agricultural cooperatives, which
they passed. But the story, as it developed, is so characteristic
of Vatican strategy that it is vitally relevant to the point we
are. considering.</p>

<p> In the stress of the terrible experiences of 1918 and 1919 the
so-called <ent type='NORP'>Christian</ent> Socialists cooperated amiably with the Social
<ent type='NORP'>Democrats</ent> in reconstituting the beggared <ent type='GPE'>Austria</ent>n state on a
<ent type='NORP'>democratic</ent> basis, and then for a time they became, with this
immense rural backing, the chief party in the country. It was led
by a clerical professor, <ent type='ORG'>Seipel</ent>, whose position was much the same
as that of Dr. <ent type='PERSON'>Ryan</ent> in the <ent type='NORP'>American</ent> <ent type='ORG'>Church</ent>. But with the capture of
the national government by the party it suited <ent type='GPE'>the Vatican</ent> to
forget that churchmen must not interfere in polities -- as a matter
of fact the <ent type='ORG'>Church</ent> never sacrifices a single opportunity to put a
priest at the head of a political party -- and <ent type='PERSON'>Selpel</ent> became
Chancellor of the <ent type='GPE'>Austria</ent>n Republic and brought his party back to
the old bitter hostility to the Social <ent type='NORP'>Democrats</ent>.</p>

<p> The situation that immediately ensued was falsely represented,
as all Socialist constructive work was in the world-press and by
the <ent type='ORG'>Church</ent>, but historians of the period have made it clear. While
the <ent type='PERSON'>Popes</ent> were blandly explaining that they opposed Socialism </p>

<p> <ent type='ORG'>Bank</ent> of Wisdom
Box 926, <ent type='GPE'>Louisville</ent>, KY 40201
22
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THE CHURCH THE ENEMY OF THE WORKERS</p>

<p>because it mould not work and they therefore acted in the interest
of the race <ent type='GPE'>Austria</ent> presented the spectacle of a bankrupt and
totally inefficient national <ent type='NORP'>Catholic</ent> government, under a priest,
kept alive by loans from <ent type='ORG'>the League</ent> of Nations -- or subsidies from
the power which equally dreaded the success of the Socialists --
while <ent type='GPE'>Vienna</ent>, under its Socialist administration and refused any
share in the international loans to the country, did such splendid
work for the people (especially in education and re-housing) that
an editorial in a <ent type='ORG'>Liberal London</ent> paper, the News-Chronicle
(February 12. 1935) pronounced it "as close to the ideal Platonic
Republic as the world has ever seen." I may recall that the present
<ent type='PERSON'>Pope</ent>, who represented <ent type='GPE'>the Vatican</ent> in <ent type='NORP'>German</ent>y for 12 years, was
familiar with all this, yet in the encyclical <ent type='ORG'>Quadragesimo</ent> anno,
which he issued in the name of the late <ent type='PERSON'>Pope</ent>, he dwelt on the
futility and danger to civilization of Socialism in the usual
<ent type='NORP'>Catholic</ent> manner.</p>

<p> <ent type='GPE'>Rome</ent> has only one effective answer in such cases, violence,
and in an earlier booklet of the past series I told what happened.
The <ent type='NORP'>Christian</ent> Socialist government, led by the priest-ridden and
piously unscrupulous <ent type='PERSON'>Dollfuss</ent>, allied itself with the <ent type='NORP'>Fascist</ent>s and
destroyed Social Democracy. It was the time when <ent type='PERSON'>Hitler</ent> was
supposed to leave <ent type='GPE'>Austria</ent> in <ent type='PERSON'>Mussolini</ent>'s sphere of influence, and
the Papal encyclical of 1931 ordered <ent type='NORP'>Catholic</ent>s, in effect, to adopt
the corporative state. As <ent type='PERSON'>Hitler</ent> made public his real plans and his
growing power the <ent type='GPE'>Austria</ent>n <ent type='NORP'>Catholic</ent>s split, many joining the <ent type='NORP'>Nazi</ent>
Greater <ent type='NORP'>German</ent>y movement; and, when the triumph of the <ent type='NORP'>Nazi</ent>s was
put beyond question the head of the <ent type='GPE'>Austria</ent>n <ent type='ORG'>Church</ent>, Cardinal
Innitzer, threw off the mask and delivered the country to the Beast
of Berchtesgaden. The long, and heroic struggle of the <ent type='GPE'>Austria</ent>n
workers was over. They passed under the vile tyranny of the <ent type='PERSON'>Pope</ent>'s
ideal corporative state and the <ent type='ORG'>Gestapo</ent>.</p>

<p> Not less instructive is the development in <ent type='GPE'>Italy</ent>. Socialism
began to grow rapidly in that country in the last decade of the
19th Century. The situation here was peculiar because the <ent type='PERSON'>Popes</ent>
had, since the <ent type='NORP'>Italian</ent> government had taken over the Papal <ent type='GPE'>States</ent>,
forbidden <ent type='NORP'>Catholic</ent>s to take any part in national politicks. <ent type='PERSON'>Leo</ent>
XIII had permitted them to enter municipal <ent type='ORG'>Polities</ent> and in 1905 the
sagacious Vatican was forced to acknowledge its blunder and remove
the ban altogether. <ent type='PERSON'>Leo</ent> had, we saw, sourly ordered <ent type='NORP'>Italian</ent>
<ent type='NORP'>Catholic</ent>s in 1902 to drop all concern about the living wage and
industrial betterment and concentrate on the recovery of the
<ent type='ORG'>Temporal Power</ent>. The removal of the political ban reopened the
question of social activity, and a People's <ent type='ORG'>Party</ent>, a variant of
<ent type='NORP'>Christian</ent> Socialism, was established. Led by the priest <ent type='PERSON'>Murri</ent>, it
was violently anti-Socialist -- see his work Battaglie d'Oggi --
but it appealed to the people against a middle class which <ent type='PERSON'>Murri</ent>
not unfairly represented as solidly opposed to the <ent type='ORG'>Church</ent> and had
to make increasing concessions to the demands for justice to the
workers. But <ent type='PERSON'>Murri</ent>, though secretary to a cardinal, went on to
write in scathing terms about the higher <ent type='NORP'>Roman</ent> clergy themselves
and was excommunicated.</p>

<p> The rapid advance of Socialism and Communism after the war
compelled <ent type='GPE'>the Vatican</ent> to reconsider its attitude and permit a new
extension of <ent type='ORG'>the Popular Party</ent>, or the <ent type='NORP'>Catholic</ent> Union of the People
of <ent type='GPE'>Italy</ent>. Women now had the franchise in <ent type='GPE'>Italy</ent>, and with their aid </p>

<p> <ent type='ORG'>Bank</ent> of Wisdom
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THE CHURCH THE ENEMY OF THE WORKERS</p>

<p>the union might provide a political counterpoise to Socialism, It
could do this only by making concessions to the reform-program, and
under a new priest-leader, <ent type='PERSON'>Luigi Sturzo</ent>, it became less and less
ecclesiastical and more exigent in its demands for the workers.
Then came the rise of Fascism and the spirited fight of the
<ent type='NORP'>Fascist</ent>s against the Socialists and <ent type='NORP'>Communists</ent>. Large numbers of
the <ent type='NORP'>Catholic</ent> party joined the <ent type='NORP'>Fascist</ent>s -- one of them was in
<ent type='PERSON'>Mussolini</ent>'s first cabinet -- since they understood that the
<ent type='ORG'>Church</ent>'s primary object was the destruction of Socialism, and
helped to put the <ent type='PERSON'>Duce</ent> on the throne. The Vatican followed its
usual policy of having representatives in both camps as long as the
issue was doubtful.</p>

<p> <ent type='PERSON'>Seldes</ent> describes the situation in his work 'The Vatican,'
which is so lenient to <ent type='GPE'>Rome</ent> that I at first mistook its author for
a <ent type='NORP'>Catholic</ent>. In 1922 and 1923 the <ent type='NORP'>Catholic</ent> peasants of the Union
cracked <ent type='NORP'>Fascist</ent> skulls even more than the Socialists and <ent type='NORP'>Communists</ent>
did in the daily fights. The struggle continued as fiercely as ever
although <ent type='PERSON'>Mussolini</ent> seized power in 1922. We are again reminded of
the real usurpation of power by <ent type='PERSON'>Mussolini</ent> and <ent type='PERSON'>Hitler</ent> who never won
more than a minority of the people in free elections. Fascism in
<ent type='GPE'>Italy</ent> was far outnumbered by the <ent type='NORP'>Catholic</ent>, Liberal, Socialist, and
<ent type='NORP'>Communist</ent> opposition. And we are equally reminded of the evil
wrought by <ent type='GPE'>the Vatican</ent>, <ent type='PERSON'>Mussolini</ent> sent envoys to it with a promise
to make concessions to the <ent type='ORG'>Church</ent> if the <ent type='PERSON'>Pope</ent> would condemn the
Popular <ent type='ORG'>Party</ent>. Alternatively he threatened <ent type='ORG'>Church</ent> property if the
<ent type='PERSON'>Pope</ent> did not. So in June 1923 the <ent type='PERSON'>Pope</ent> acted. <ent type='ORG'>Sturzo</ent> resigned his
leadership of the <ent type='ORG'>Party</ent> on the ground that priests must not
interfere in politics and retired to a monastery. The <ent type='ORG'>Party</ent> lost
ground, and at the final reconciliation of <ent type='PERSON'>Mussolini</ent> with the
<ent type='ORG'>Church</ent> and his rich reward of it for its services it was entirely
sacrificed. The workers of <ent type='GPE'>Italy</ent>, who had fought for their rights
for 140 years and sacrificed hundreds of thousands of lives passed,
with the <ent type='PERSON'>Pope</ent>'s solemn blessing, into the ignoble slavery of the
Corporative <ent type='ORG'>State</ent>.</p>

<p> It will now be apparent why, in spite of the tragic features
of the story, I speak of the Comedy of <ent type='NORP'>Christian</ent> Socialism. or
prevent its growth by luring workers to stay at a half-way house in
that direction, and in most forms it was bitterly opposed to
Socialism. This is so far acknowledged that in most forms it
avoided the title Socialist and preferred Social Union or <ent type='NORP'>Christian</ent>
Democracy; but if any reader is inclined to suggest on that account
that I have no right to include these <ent type='NORP'>Catholic</ent> and <ent type='NORP'>Protestant</ent>
movements under the title <ent type='NORP'>Christian</ent> Socialism let him consult, for
instance, so authoritative a work as The Encyclopedia of the Social
Sciences.</p>

<p> In speaking of comedy, however, I am thinking of the policy of
<ent type='GPE'>the Vatican</ent> in its occasional use of the movement. <ent type='PERSON'>Pope</ent> <ent type='PERSON'>Leo XIII</ent>
discovers in the twentieth year of his pontificate that <ent type='NORP'>Liberalism</ent>
has ruined the excellent status of the workers which his <ent type='ORG'>Church</ent> had
secured. That is comic enough, as I explained it is still more
ridiculous in the eye of any serious student of such matters
because he knows that as long as the mass of the workers were
uneducated it was mainly left to middle-class <ent type='NORP'>Liberals</ent> to win the
first installments of justice for them. Even Socialist writers </p>

<p> <ent type='ORG'>Bank</ent> of Wisdom
Box 926, <ent type='GPE'>Louisville</ent>, KY 40201
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THE CHURCH THE ENEMY OF THE WORKERS</p>

<p>often call the middle half of the 19th Century the Age of the
Benevolent Bourgeois. Irony apart, not only were great Socialist
pioneers like <ent type='PERSON'>Marx</ent>, Engels, and <ent type='GPE'>Lasalle</ent>, middle-class men but there
is a very honorable list of <ent type='NORP'>Liberals</ent> in the fight -- the fight
against the <ent type='NORP'>Conservative</ent>s and the <ent type='ORG'>Churches</ent> -- to liberate the
workers from their medieval bondage. In <ent type='GPE'>England</ent> for instance, it
was middle-class <ent type='NORP'>Liberals</ent> like <ent type='PERSON'>Owen</ent>, <ent type='PERSON'>Place</ent>, Bentham, <ent type='ORG'>Brougham</ent>, etc.
-- who won education, shorter hours, and less ghastly working
conditions for them.</p>

<p> It was the rise of Socialism and the threat to private
enterprise which caused the <ent type='NORP'>Liberals</ent> to raise the cry (as
shibboleth) that we must have "evolution not revolution" and
propose reform by installments. In other words, they invented the
program of moderate industrial reforms -- a living wage, shorter
hours, factory and workshop inspection, weekly rest and occasional
holidays, etc. -- which the <ent type='NORP'>Christian</ent> Socialists took over. What is
more amusing is that it was just this program which the <ent type='PERSON'>Pope</ent> took
over from the <ent type='NORP'>Liberals</ent>, whom he heavily censured for their
wickedness to the workers, in 1891. The three points of his Charter
were commonplaces of Liberal literature by that time, and the
better <ent type='NORP'>Liberals</ent> had got beyond them and were demanding or favoring
schemes of insurance, pensions, and so on.</p>

<p> But the ignorance of the literature of the subject displayed
in these Papal <ent type='ORG'>Encyclical</ent>s is well known to students of these
matters. What is of more interest here is that <ent type='NORP'>American</ent> <ent type='NORP'>Catholic</ent>
apologists are still substantially in the stage of <ent type='PERSON'>Leo XIII</ent> and
still quote his encyclical as a grand revolutionary utterance. The
whole "social welfare" movement of the <ent type='NORP'>American</ent> Papal <ent type='ORG'>Church</ent> has
the same aim as <ent type='PERSON'>Leo</ent> had, to distract men from Socialism or to keep
up the working-class membership of the <ent type='ORG'>Church</ent>, and, though some of
its writers go farther than others, if there is anything like an
agreed body of teaching endorsed by the bishops it certainly does
not go beyond advanced <ent type='NORP'>Liberalism</ent>. It is now quite common for
writers who are <ent type='NORP'>Liberals</ent> even in the political sense to say that
the age of Lassez-faire is over and the state must interfere in the
interest of the workers, but <ent type='PERSON'>Popes</ent> and <ent type='NORP'>American</ent> <ent type='NORP'>Catholic</ent> writers on
social questions talk as if they had not noticed the developments
of the last quarter of a century.</p>

<p> The broad plea of the apologists, when they are confronting
the workers and not preaching to their richer congregations, is
that the <ent type='ORG'>Church</ent> in its wisdom has established the truth midway,
between <ent type='NORP'>Liberalism</ent> and Socialism. I need not speak here of
<ent type='PERSON'>Coughlin</ent>, who does not represent the <ent type='ORG'>Church</ent> and will be disowned
whenever it becomes expedient. The general position is that
<ent type='NORP'>Liberalism</ent> does not go far enough while Socialism goes too far. It
enhances the comic aspect of the situation if you examine the
grounds on which they oppose Socialism. With a dry medieval
pedantry that must equally amuse the professor of ethics and the
professor of economics they prove by elaborate arguments that the
right of private ownership is asserted by "natural moral law," of
which God is the author, so Socialists who deny it are sinful or
immoral. It is like chewing sawdust and has as much relation to the
actual problems of life as have arguments for a flat earth. You
would hardly expect verbal camouflage of this sort to hide even
from a sophomore the fact that <ent type='GPE'>Rome</ent> really hates Socialism because </p>

<p> <ent type='ORG'>Bank</ent> of Wisdom
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THE CHURCH THE ENEMY OF THE WORKERS</p>

<p>freethinking generally accompanies it and because the use of the
<ent type='ORG'>Church</ent>'s international machinery to check the growth of Socialism
keeps it in alliance with the rich, the privileged and the
powerful. The <ent type='NORP'>Catholic</ent> position never was between <ent type='NORP'>Liberalism</ent> and
Socialism, but <ent type='GPE'>Rome</ent> found it expedient to let bodies of <ent type='NORP'>Catholic</ent>s
take up a position between <ent type='NORP'>Liberalism</ent> and complete reaction.</p>

<p> The irony is now complete. The <ent type='ORG'>Church</ent> swings back to reaction
under the impression that it is going to recover world-power and
leaves the <ent type='NORP'>American</ent> apologists looking very foolish as they still
chant the praises of the Papal Charters of <ent type='ORG'>Labor</ent>. It was possible
to conceal from the public the way in which <ent type='PERSON'>Leo XIII</ent> emphatically
withdrew his Charter of the Rights of the <ent type='ORG'>Workers</ent>. This was done in
a letter to the bishops and priests of <ent type='GPE'>Italy</ent>, and the foreign
press, which had been enthusiastic about <ent type='PERSON'>Leo</ent>'s "revolutionary"
utterance in 1891, would offend <ent type='NORP'>Catholic</ent>s if it noticed the
retraction of 1902. The same attempt was made to keep the <ent type='NORP'>American</ent>
(and <ent type='NORP'>British</ent>) public unaware of the really revolutionary encyclical
of 1931, in which <ent type='NORP'>Catholic</ent> workers are told that they must join
syndicates or corporations which are overshadowed by corporations
of the employers and drastically subject to the state, which will
not permit strikes. I have read <ent type='NORP'>French</ent> and <ent type='NORP'>German</ent> translations of
this encyclical but found none in English, though the very idea of
an encyclical is that it is addressed to all nations and must be
translated into all their languages.</p>

<p> The wheel has turned full circle. For fourteen centuries the
<ent type='ORG'>Church</ent> was on the side of the masters and had nothing to say about
the pitiful condition of the workers. Owing to the victory of
reaction over the <ent type='NORP'>French</ent> <ent type='EVENT'>Revolution</ent> this lasted until the middle of
the 19th Century. Some of the <ent type='ORG'>Churches</ent> then began to propose half-measures to conciliate the workers, but the <ent type='ORG'>Church</ent> of <ent type='GPE'>Rome</ent> was the
last to patronize even these half measures. At the end of the last
century, however, <ent type='GPE'>the Vatican</ent> began to wonder whether the
emancipation of the workers was not, like democracy, likely to be
permanent and it began to trim in such countries as it thought this
profitable. The monstrous progress of reaction and decay of
idealism in the last ten years have given it courage and it boldly
enjoins the <ent type='NORP'>Catholic</ent> world to run up the pirate-flag of the <ent type='NORP'>Fascist</ent>
state. One <ent type='NORP'>Catholic</ent> country after another obeys, but in <ent type='GPE'>America</ent> the
slick apologists conceal the Papal orders and continue to drone
that the <ent type='NORP'>Roman</ent> <ent type='ORG'>Church</ent> is, and always was, the angel with a flaming
sword that keeps the greedy and the exploiter out of their medieval
paradise.</p>

<p> Chapter V</p>

<p> THE CHURCHES AND RACIAL INJUSTICE</p>

<p> Some day the students of the sociology-class will puzzle over
this controversy of our time as to who helped or who did not help
workers. They will read that before the end of the 19th Century
manhood suffrage or complete democracy was established nearly
everywhere, and that the workers were something like four-fifths of
the adult voting males. Why need anybody help them? You know the
answer. Broadly, they helped themselves. The great advance of
social and labor legislation, of municipal services, etc., from </p>

<p> <ent type='ORG'>Bank</ent> of Wisdom
Box 926, <ent type='GPE'>Louisville</ent>, KY 40201
26
.
THE CHURCH THE ENEMY OF THE WORKERS</p>

<p>1890 onward was due to their pressure. What <ent type='PERSON'>Leo XIII</ent> said had no
more influence on the development than <ent type='ORG'>Emerson</ent>'s essays and less
than <ent type='PERSON'>Maeterlinck</ent>'s essays. It was not until the <ent type='PERSON'>Popes</ent> returned to
reaction that they had a real influence on contemporary life.</p>

<p> The conception of the <ent type='PERSON'>Pope</ent> as a beneficent and highly
effective moral power protecting "be weak from injustice is on a
level with the medieval myth of the knight-errant. I have read
large numbers of medieval chronicles and never came across the
figure of a knight-errant, a knight who even occasionally set out
from the castle to rescue the distressed and smite the cartiff.
Naturally it would be a left-handed compliment to their religion if
we had to say that one in a hundred of them did this, but all real
authorities on the Middle Ages seem to have found, like myself,
that the figure is a sheer myth largely founded on the silly
<ent type='NORP'>Spanish</ent> fiction, which <ent type='PERSON'>Cervantes</ent> caricatures in <ent type='PERSON'>Don Quixote</ent>. As
Prof. <ent type='ORG'>Medley</ent> says in Traills' Social <ent type='GPE'>England</ent>, if a knight met a
maid unprotected on the road he raped her; and I differ from the
learned professor only in this that according to all the leading
authorities on woman in the Middle Ages she is not likely to have
waited to be raped. In fact, if I were malicious I would press
further the parallel of the knight errant and the <ent type='PERSON'>Pope</ent>. According
to all the historians of the time the knight spent his days roaming
the land, not to give help, but to acquire wealth in such ways. ...
But I will not be tempted to any unkind things of the <ent type='ORG'>Church</ent> to
which I once belonged and, stodgy as the work may be, let us return
to the statement of facts.</p>

<p> And just to complete the record we may glance at other victims
of medieval oppression and exploitation who, being minorities,
really needed a champion after the workers had become strong. This
should not apply to women seeing that they are half the adult-race,
but it does; and they had the greater claim on the assistance of
the <ent type='NORP'>Roman</ent> <ent type='ORG'>Church</ent> from the fact that they have been through all the
modern age of increasing skepticism more loyal and more generous to
the priests than the men. It would seem too big a subject to engage
upon at the tall-end of a booklet but we, may simplify it. A
chapter in my How Freethinkers made Notable Contributions to
Civilization sketches the fight against injustice to woman, which
mean's far more than the refusal of political rights, and shows
that in <ent type='GPE'>America</ent> the leaders -- F. D'Arusmont, L. <ent type='ORG'>Mott</ent>, the <ent type='PERSON'>Grimkes</ent>,
A. <ent type='ORG'>Kelly</ent>, L. Coleman, M.J. Gage, L.M. Child. E. Rose, H. Gardener,
C.C. <ent type='PERSON'>Stanton</ent>, and S.B. Anthony were for the most part <ent type='ORG'>Deists</ent> (in
the early stage) or <ent type='NORP'>Atheists</ent>, and that in any case there was not a
<ent type='NORP'>Catholic</ent> amongst them. Priests jeered at their crusade. It was the
same in <ent type='GPE'>England</ent> and <ent type='LOC'>Europe</ent> generally. I enlisted in the fight,
lecturing and writing for the women, about 1900, and in the whole
20 years never heard of a priest or even a prominent <ent type='NORP'>Catholic</ent> woman
who helped. Once, near the end I was invited to address in <ent type='GPE'>London</ent>
the <ent type='NORP'>Irish</ent> (presumably <ent type='NORP'>Catholic</ent>) Women's Suffrage Society. I got no
audience and was told that anyway it would not have meant more than
half a dozen <ent type='NORP'>Catholic</ent> girls. I trust I am not misinformed but I was
told that the one nominally <ent type='NORP'>Catholic</ent> woman in the movement, Mrs.
Despard, had left the <ent type='ORG'>Church</ent>.</p>

<p> <ent type='ORG'>Bank</ent> of Wisdom
Box 926, <ent type='GPE'>Louisville</ent>, KY 40201
27
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THE CHURCH THE ENEMY OF THE WORKERS</p>

<p> Let us try the <ent type='NORP'>Jews</ent>. I read lately that there is a sort of
circus-group going about <ent type='GPE'>America</ent> consisting of a <ent type='NORP'>Catholic</ent> priest,
a <ent type='NORP'>Protestant</ent> minister, and a <ent type='NORP'>Jewish</ent> rabbi telling from a common
platform how <ent type='NORP'>Christian</ent>'s and <ent type='NORP'>Jews</ent> love each other. Adversity has
made stranger bedfellows than this holy trinity. It is just a sign
of a wintry age, for <ent type='ORG'>Churches</ent>. <ent type='NORP'>Jews</ent>, like the workers, have had to
fight themselves for emancipation from the <ent type='NORP'>Christian</ent> tyranny and
exploitation which lasted from the Dark Age to our own time, and
which the <ent type='PERSON'>Pope</ent>'s allies are restoring. There is a persistent
statement in <ent type='NORP'>Catholic</ent> literature that the knights-errant of the
Vatican always protected the <ent type='NORP'>Jews</ent>. From whom? Certainly not from
the <ent type='NORP'>Moslem</ent>, who were most friendly with them, and not, until this
perversity of human nature which we call <ent type='NORP'>Nazism</ent> began from the
modern skeptical states in which some <ent type='NORP'>Jews</ent> have grown rich and
powerful. I looked up the learned <ent type='NORP'>Catholic</ent> Encyclopedia and In
support of this statement of the apologists it quoted five <ent type='PERSON'>Popes</ent>.
Look up what the <ent type='NORP'>Jews</ent> have to say about those five "champions" of
their race in <ent type='PERSON'>Graetz</ent>'s standard 'History of the <ent type='NORP'>Jews</ent>.' He shows
that four of the five made great financial profit out of the <ent type='NORP'>Jews</ent>
and the fifth was harsh and cruel to them but protested against the
infamous popular massacres of them.</p>

<p> I have a long essay on Anti-Semitism in <ent type='NORP'>Christian</ent> times in No.
2 of 'The Appeal to <ent type='ORG'>Reason Library</ent>.' To sum it in a few lines, the
<ent type='NORP'>Jews</ent> were from the 5th to the 11th Century despised and badly
treated in <ent type='NORP'>Christian</ent> countries as the murderers of Christ, while in
<ent type='NORP'>Arab</ent> <ent type='GPE'>Spain</ent>, <ent type='GPE'>Sicily</ent>, and <ent type='GPE'>Persia</ent> they had complete freedom, except
when fanatics got power, and made equal contribution with the <ent type='NORP'>Arabs</ent>
to the culture and prosperity of the great civilization. From 1100
to 1500 they suffered such savage treatment in <ent type='NORP'>Christian</ent> countries
that the number of victims of massacres is estimated to exceed a
million. The great oracle of the Middle Ages, the <ent type='PERSON'>Thomas Aquinas</ent>
who is now said to have been so modern in sentiment -- we will
consider that in the next book -- instructed, a <ent type='NORP'>Christian</ent> princess
that they were the "slaves" of <ent type='NORP'>Christian</ent>s and it was not unjust to
seize their wealth. The Reformation brought some improvement, but
it was the growing skepticism of countries like <ent type='GPE'>England</ent>, <ent type='GPE'>Holland</ent>,
and <ent type='GPE'>France</ent> that inspired a more humane attitude. In short the
<ent type='ORG'>Church</ent> of <ent type='GPE'>Rome</ent> had idly contemplated a monstrous cruel racial
injustice for 1400 years and has never given a clear moral lead to
its followers, as is amply proved by the birth of modern Anti-Semitism in <ent type='NORP'>Catholic</ent> <ent type='GPE'>Austria</ent> and the recurrence of pogroms in other
<ent type='NORP'>Catholic</ent> countries. It has been said in reference, to the collapse
of civilization in the Dark Age: "The <ent type='PERSON'>Popes</ent> finished what the <ent type='ORG'>Huns</ent>
had begun." We may say of the sufferings of the <ent type='NORP'>Jews</ent> in the last
ten years: The <ent type='ORG'>Huns</ent> finished what the <ent type='PERSON'>Popes</ent> began.</p>

<p> Finally, there is the question of the colored folk in <ent type='GPE'>America</ent>.
We have here a problem the solution of which requires a delicate
balance of social sagacity and moral sentiment. When, during the
fifty years that the <ent type='NORP'>Roman</ent> <ent type='ORG'>Church</ent> in <ent type='GPE'>America</ent> has claimed to be a
moral power that could contribute materially, in fact uniquely, to
the national guidance have its leaders made a clear and categorical
pronouncement on the <ent type='ORG'>Negro</ent> question, on which whole libraries were
written? Dubois and, other spokesmen of the colored <ent type='NORP'>American</ent>s have
declared that <ent type='NORP'>Catholic</ent>s are amongst the most stubborn of their
opponents. We may surely at least say that <ent type='NORP'>Catholic</ent>s as a body, </p>

<p> <ent type='ORG'>Bank</ent> of Wisdom
Box 926, <ent type='GPE'>Louisville</ent>, KY 40201
28
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THE CHURCH THE ENEMY OF THE WORKERS</p>

<p>clerical and lay, have shown and show no superior moral and
humanitarian feeling to others. They have insisted on the removal
of the colored folk from contact with them, often even in church,
just like others.</p>

<p> The problem of the colored population in <ent type='GPE'>the United States</ent> is
notoriously the sequel to one of the most monstrous racial crimes
of modern times. In that crime <ent type='GPE'>England</ent> came to take as active a
part as <ent type='NORP'>Catholic</ent> countries, but it is just to take into account the
fact that it was drawn in by the vast profit which <ent type='GPE'>Spain</ent> and
<ent type='GPE'>Portugal</ent>, the originators of the traffic in <ent type='NORP'>African</ent> flesh and
blood, derived from it. This brought the question of black slavery
well within the sphere of <ent type='GPE'>Rome</ent>'s moral jurisdiction and kept it
there even after <ent type='GPE'>Britain</ent> and <ent type='GPE'>America</ent> had emancipated the slaves.
Where will you find the luminous wisdom, the austere and
uncompromising idealism, of the <ent type='ORG'>Papacy</ent> on that subject? It emerges
clearly from all the controversy on the subject that the crime had
two ecclesiastical roots apart from the greed of <ent type='NORP'>Spanish</ent> and
<ent type='NORP'>Portuguese</ent> traders. The clergy decided that since the conversion of
the Amer-indian's was checked by the imposition of forced labor it
was expedient (for the good of the <ent type='ORG'>Church</ent>) to employ <ent type='NORP'>African</ent>s, and
that the cruelty and misery which this involved for the <ent type='NORP'>African</ent>s
was compensated by the fact that it brought them into the <ent type='ORG'>Church</ent>
outside of which -- as the <ent type='ORG'>Church</ent> then taught -- there was no
salvation.</p>

<p> A point which is never made in the endless controversy on this
subject -- at least I have never found it mentioned except by the
Rev. Dr. <ent type='ORG'>Agate</ent> in the Encyclopedia of Religion and Ethics -- is
that slavery was the more easily imposed upon the <ent type='NORP'>African</ent>s because
the <ent type='ORG'>Church</ent> had never condemned it. Most writers on the subject
imagine a long interval between what they call ancient slavery and,
the beginning of the <ent type='NORP'>African</ent> slave-trade; some, in fact many,
suppose that, through the efforts of the <ent type='ORG'>Church</ent> of <ent type='GPE'>Rome</ent>, slavery
had died with the pagan <ent type='NORP'>Roman</ent>s. There was, on the contrary, as Dr.
<ent type='ORG'>Agate</ent> shows, a continuous traffic in slaves. It was one of the
chief industries, in the west of <ent type='GPE'>England</ent> (in <ent type='NORP'>Irish</ent> slaves) in the
10th Century, and it flourished in north <ent type='GPE'>Italy</ent> until the middle of
the 15th Century, when the <ent type='NORP'>Turks</ent> destroyed the commerce of the
<ent type='NORP'>Venetians</ent> and the <ent type='NORP'>Genoese</ent>. The heirs of these, the <ent type='NORP'>Spanish</ent> and
<ent type='NORP'>Portuguese</ent>, merely transferred the traffic to the <ent type='LOC'>Atlantic</ent>. No
Papal or theological pronouncement forbade them. <ent type='PERSON'>Thomas Aquinas</ent>
had, like <ent type='PERSON'>Augustine</ent>, put the seal of <ent type='NORP'>Catholic</ent> scholarship upon it.</p>

<p> As to the abolition of the traffic we never find the <ent type='NORP'>Roman</ent>
<ent type='ORG'>Church</ent> mentioned amongst the claimants of merit. It was not even a
moral problem in <ent type='NORP'>Catholic</ent> lands until the <ent type='NORP'>French</ent> revolutionaries,
whom the <ent type='PERSON'>Pope</ent> anathematized, condemned it in their colonies. The
moral guide of the universe failed to see what a <ent type='NORP'>Protestant</ent>
apologist has called "the blackest crime of modern times." It was
only in the light of a skeptical age that the <ent type='PERSON'>Popes</ent> realized that
the brotherhood of man implied that all men, white, black, and
yellow, Are brothers and had a right to freedom and a decent life.</p>

<p> We might extend this inquiry over other fields. When did <ent type='GPE'>Rome</ent>
condemn that cruel and stultifying employment of children which
continued through <ent type='NORP'>Catholic</ent> ages and survives in full horror in
<ent type='NORP'>Catholic</ent> countries? Why is there not a word of rebuke of it in the </p>

<p> <ent type='ORG'>Bank</ent> of Wisdom
Box 926, <ent type='GPE'>Louisville</ent>, KY 40201
29
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THE CHURCH THE ENEMY OF THE WORKERS</p>

<p>wonderful Charters of the Rights of <ent type='ORG'>Labor</ent>? The people of half of
<ent type='LOC'>Europe</ent> are virtually enslaved to <ent type='NORP'>German</ent>y today, the whips of the
<ent type='ORG'>Gestapo</ent> replacing the whips of the ancient galley-slave overseers.
What has <ent type='GPE'>Rome</ent> said about it? <ent type='GPE'>Japan</ent> astonishes the world by the
savagery of its treatment of the helpless, and <ent type='GPE'>the Vatican</ent> enters
into closer diplomatic relations with it. But we will be content to
have made one point clear. The Vatican has never helped the workers
because its natural alliance is with the exploiters of the workers.
Its apologists plead that it must look always to "the good of the
<ent type='ORG'>Church</ent>." Yes, just as the managers of a corporation assign as the
first principle of all employers to work for the good of the firm
-- for its advancement in wealth and power. So it has always been;
and if the line of Papal policy has shown some strange deviations
and meanderings in the last 50 years the cause is quite clearly
seen in the development of contemporary life. For the moment it is
back on the straight line. The corporative state makes and works a
serf under the feudal tyranny of masters and pastors.</p>

<div> **** ****</div>

<p> Reproducible <ent type='ORG'>Electronic Publishing</ent> can defeat censorship.</p>

<p> The <ent type='ORG'>Bank</ent> of Wisdom is a collection of the most thoughtful,
scholarly and factual books. These computer books are reprints of
suppressed books and will cover <ent type='NORP'>American</ent> and world history; the
<ent type='ORG'>Biographies</ent> and writings of famous persons, and especially of our
nations Founding Fathers. They will include philosophy and
religion. all these subjects, and more, will be made available to
the public in electronic form, easily copied and distributed, so
that <ent type='GPE'>America</ent> can again become what its Founders intended --</p>

<p> The Free Market-<ent type='PERSON'>Place</ent> of Ideas.</p>

<div> **** ****</div>

<p> The <ent type='ORG'>Bank</ent> of Wisdom is always looking for more of these old,
hidden, suppressed and forgotten books that contain needed facts
and information for today. If you have such books please contact
us, we need to give them back to <ent type='GPE'>America</ent>.</p>

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</p></xml>