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545 lines
28 KiB
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WIRELESS TRANSMISSION OF POWER
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Resonating Planet Earth
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by
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Toby Grotz
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Theoretical Electromagnetic Studies and Learning Association, Inc.
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522 West Third Street
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Leadville, CO 80461
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(719) 486-0133
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Abstract
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Many researchers have speculated on the meaning of the phrase "non-
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Hertzian waves" as used by Dr. Nikola Tesla. Dr. Tesla first began to
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use this term in the mid 1890's in order to explain his proposed system
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for the wireless transmission of electrical power. In fact, it was not
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until the distinction between the method that Heinrich Hertz was using
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and the system Dr. Tesla had designed, that Dr. Tesla was able to
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receive the endorsement of the renowned physicist, Lord Kelvin.1
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To this day, however, there exists a confusion amongs researchers,
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experimentalists, popular authors and laymen as to the meaning of non-
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Hertzian waves and the method Dr. Tesla was promoting for the wireless
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transmission of power. In this paper, the terms pertinent to wireless
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transmission of power will be explained and the methods being used by
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present researchers in a recreation of the Tesla's 1899 Colorado
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Springs experiments will be defined.
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Early Theories of Electromagnetic Propagation
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In pre-World War I physics, scientists postulated a number of
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theories to explain the propagation of electromagnetic energy through
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the ether. There were three popular theories present in the literature
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of the late 1800's and early 1900's. They were:
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1. Transmission through or along the Earth,
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2. Propagation as a result of terrestrial resonances,
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3. Coupling to the ionosphere using propagation through
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electrified gases.
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We shall concern our examination at this time to the latter two
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theories as they were both used by Dr. Tesla at various times to
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explain his system of wireless transmission of power. It should be
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noted, however, that the first theory was supported by Fritz
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Lowenstein, the first vice-president of the Institute of Radio
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Engineers, a man who had the enviable experience of assisting Dr. Tesla
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during the Colorado Springs experiments of 1899. Lowenstein presented
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what came to be known as the "gliding wave" theory of electromagnetic
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radiation and propagation during a lecture before the IRE in 1915.
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(Fig. 1)
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Dr. Tesla delivered lectures to the Franklin Institute at
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Philadelphia, in February, 1983, and to the National Electric Light
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Association in St. Louis, in March, 1983, concerning electromagnetic
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wave propagation. The theory presented in those lectures proposed that
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the Earth could be considered as a conducting sphere and that it could
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support a large electrical charge. Dr. Tesla proposed to disturb the
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charge distribution on the surface of the Earth and record the period
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of the resulting oscillations as the charge returned to its state of
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equilibrium. The problem of a single charged sphere had been analyzed
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at that time by J.J. Thompson and A.G. Webster in a treatise entitled
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"The Spherical Oscillator." This was the beginning of an examination
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of what we may call the science of terrestrial resonances, culminating
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in the 1950's and 60's with the engineering of VLF radio systems and
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the research and discoveries of W.O. Schumann and J.R. Waite.
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The second method of energy propagation proposed by Dr. Tesla was
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that of the propagation of electrical energy through electrified gases.
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Dr. Tesla experimented with the use of high frequency RF currents to
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examine the properties of gases over a wide range of pressures. It was
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determined by Dr. Tesla that air under a partial vacuum could conduct
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high frequency electrical currents as well or better than copper wires.
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If a transmitter could be elevated to a level where the air pressure
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was on the order of 75 to 130 millimeters in pressure and an excitation
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of megavolts was applied, it was theorized that;
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"...the air will serve as a conductor for the current produced, and
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the latter will be transmitted through the air with, it may be, even
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less resistance than through an ordinary copper wire".2 (Fig. 2)
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Resonating Planet Earth
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Dr. James T. Corum and Kenneth L. Corum, in chapter two of their soon
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to be published book, A Tesla Primer, point out a number of statements
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made by Dr. Tesla which indicate that he was using resonator fields and
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transmission line modes.
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1. When he speaks of tuning his apparatus until Hertzian radiations
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have been eliminated, he is referring to using ELF vibrations: "...the
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Hertzian effect has gradually been reduced through the lowering of
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frequency."3
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2. "...the energy received does not diminish with the square of the
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distance, as it should, since the Hertzian radiation propagates in a
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hemisphere."3
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3. He apparently detected resonator or standing wave modes: "...my
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discovery of the wonderful law governing the movement of electricity
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through the globe...the projection of the wavelengths (measured along
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the surface) on the earth's diameter or axis of symmetry...are all
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equal."3
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4. "We are living on a conducting globe surrounded by a thin layer of
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insulating air, above which is a rarefied and conducting
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atmosphere...The Hertz waves represent energy which is radiated and
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unrecoverable. The current energy, on the other hand, is preserved and
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can be recovered, theoretically at least, in its entirety."4
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As Dr. Corum points out, "The last sentence seems to indicate that
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Tesla's Colorado Springs experiments could be properly interpreted as
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characteristic of a wave-guide probe in a cavity resonator."5 This was
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in fact what led Dr. Tesla to report a measurement which to this day is
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not understood and has led many to erroneously assume that he was
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dealing with faster than light velocities.
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The Controversial Measurement;
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It does not indicate faster than light velocity
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The mathematical models and experimental data used by Schumann and
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Waite to describe ELF transmission and propagation are complex and
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beyond the scope of this paper. Dr. James F. Corum, Kenneth L. Corum
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and Dr. A-Hamid Aidinejad have, however, in a series of papers
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presented at the 1984 Tesla Centennial Symposium and the 1986
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International Tesla Symposium, applied the experimental values obtained
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by Dr. Tesla during his Colorado Springs experiments to the models and
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equations used by Schumann and Waite. The results of this exercise
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have proved that the Earth and the surrounding atmosphere can be used
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as a cavity resonator for the wireless transmission of electrical
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power. (Fig. 3)
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Dr. Tesla reported that .08484 seconds was the time that a pulse
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emitted from his laboratory took to propagate to the opposite side of
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the planet and to return. From this statement many have assumed that
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his transmissions exceeded the speed of light and many esoteric and
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fallacious theories and publications have been generated. As Corum and
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Aidinejad point out, in their 1986 paper, "The Transient Propagation of
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ELF Pulses in the Earth Ionosphere Cavity", this measurement represents
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the coherence time of the Earth cavity resonator system. This is also
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known to students of radar systems as a determination of the range
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dependent parameter. The accompanying diagrams from Corum's and
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Aidinejad's paper graphically illustrate the point. (Fig. 3 & Fig. 4)
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We now turn to a description of the methods to be used to build, as
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Dr. Tesla did in 1899, a cavity resonator for the wireless transmission
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of electrical power.
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PROJECT TESLA:
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The Wireless Transmission of Electrical Energy Using Schumann Resonance
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It has been proven that electrical energy can be propagated around
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the world between the surface of the Earth and the ionosphere at
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extreme low frequencies in what is known as the Schumann Cavity. The
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Schumann cavity surrounds the Earth between ground level and extends
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upward to a maximum 80 kilometers. Experiments to date have shown that
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electromagnetic waves of extreme low frequencies in the range of 8 Hz,
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the fundamental Schumann Resonance frequency, propagate with little
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attenuation around the planet within the Schumann Cavity.
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Knowing that a resonant cavity can be excited and that power can be
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delivered to that cavity similar to the methods used in microwave ovens
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for home use, it should be possible to resonate and deliver power via
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the Schumann Cavity to any point on Earth. This will result in
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practical wireless transmission of electrical power.
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Background
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Although it was not until 1954-1959 when experimental measurements
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were made of the frequency that is propagated in the resonant cavity
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surrounding the Earth, recent analysis shows that it was Nikola Tesla
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who, in 1899, first noticed the existence of stationary waves in the
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Schumann cavity. Tesla's experimental measurements of the wave length
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and frequency involved closely match Schumann's theoretical
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calculations. Some of these observations were made in 1899 while Tesla
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was monitoring the electromagnetic radiations due to lightning
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discharges in a thunderstorm which passed over his Colorado Springs
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laboratory and then moved more than 200 miles eastward across the
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plains. In his Colorado Springs Notes, Tesla noted that these
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stationary waves "... can be produced with an oscillator," and added in
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parenthesis, "This is of immense importance."6 The importance of his
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observations is due to the support they lend to the prime objective of
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the Colorado Springs laboratory. The intent of the experiments and the
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laboratory Tesla had constructed was to prove that wireless
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transmission of electrical power was possible.
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Schumann Resonance is analogous to pushing a pendulum. The intent of
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Project Tesla is to create pulses or electrical disturbances that would
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travel in all directions around the Earth in the thin membrane of non-
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conductive air between the ground and the ionosphere. The pulses or
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waves would follow the surface of the Earth in all directions expanding
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outward to the maximum circumference of the Earth and contracting
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inward until meeting at a point opposite to that of the transmitter.
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This point is called the anti-pode. The traveling waves would be
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reflected back from the anti-pode to the transmitter to be reinforced
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and sent out again.
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At the time of his measurements Tesla was experimenting with and
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researching methods for "...power transmission and transmission of
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intelligible messages to any point on the globe." Although Tesla was
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not able to commercially market a system to transmit power around the
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globe, modern scientific theory and mathematical calculations support
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his contention that the wireless propagation of electrical power is
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possible and a feasible alternative to the extensive and costly grid of
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electrical transmission lines used today for electrical power
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distribution.
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The Need for a Wireless System of Energy Transmission
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A great concern has been voiced in recent years over the extensive
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use of energy, the limited supply of resources, and the pollution of
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the environment from the use of present energy conversion systems.
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Electrical power accounts for much of the energy consumed. Much of this
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power is wasted during transmission from power plant generators to the
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consumer. The resistance of the wire used in the electrical grid
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distribution system causes a loss of 26-30% of the energy generated.
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This loss implies that our present system of electrical distribution is
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only 70-74% efficient.
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A system of power distribution with little or no loss would conserve
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energy. It would reduce pollution and expenses resulting from the need
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to generate power to overcome and compensate for losses in the present
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grid system.
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The proposed project would demonstrate a method of energy
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distribution calculated to be 90-94% efficient. An electrical
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distribution system, based on this method would eliminate the need for
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an inefficient, costly, and capital intensive grid of cables, towers,
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and substations. The system would reduce the cost of electrical energy
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used by the consumer and rid the landscape of wires, cables, and
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transmission towers.
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There are areas of the world where the need for electrical power
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exists, yet there is no method for delivering power. Africa is in need
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of power to run pumps to tap into the vast resources of water under the
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Sahara Desert. Rural areas, such as those in China, require the
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electrical power necessary to bring them into the 20th century and to
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equal standing with western nations.
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As first proposed by Buckminster Fuller, wireless transmission of
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power would enable world wide distribution of off peak demand capacity.
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This concept is based on the fact that some nations, especially the
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United States, have the capacity to generate much more power than is
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needed. This situation is accentuated at night. The greatest amount
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of power used, the peak demand, is during the day. The extra power
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available during the night could be sold to the side of the planet
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where it is day time. Considering the huge capacity of power plants in
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the United States, this system would provide a saleable product which
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could do much to aid our balance of payments.
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MARKET ANALYSIS
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Of the 56 billion dollars spent for research by the the U.S
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government in 1987, 64% was for military purposes, only 8% was spent on
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energy related research. More efficient energy distribution systems
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and sources are needed by both developed and under developed nations.
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In regards to Project Tesla, the market for wireless power transmission
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systems is enormous. It has the potential to become a multi-billion
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dollar per year market.
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Market Size
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The increasing demand for electrical energy in industrial nations is
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well documented. If we include the demand of third world nations,
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pushed by their increasing rate of growth, we could expect an even
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faster rise in the demand for electrical power in the near future.
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In 1971, nine industrialized nations, (with 25 percent of the world's
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population), used 690 million kilowatts, 76 percent of all power
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generated. The rest of the world used only 218 million kilowatts. By
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comparison, China generated only 17 million kilowatts and India
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generated only 15 million kilowatts (less than two percent each).7 If
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a conservative assumption was made that the three-quarters of the world
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which is only using one-quarter of the current power production were to
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eventually consume as much as the first quarter, then an additional 908
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million kilowatts will be needed. The demand for electrical power will
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continue to increase with the industrialization of the world.
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Market Projections
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The Energy Information Agency (EIA), based in Washington, D.C.,
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reported the 1985 net generation of electric power to be 2,489 billion
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kilowatt hours. At a conservative sale price of $.04 per kilowatt hour
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that results in a yearly income of 100 billion dollars. The EIA also
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reported that the 1985 capacity according to generator name plates to
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be 656,118 million watts. This would result in a yearly output of
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5,740 billion kilowatt hours at 100% utilization. What this means is
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that we use only about 40% of the power we can generate (an excess
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capability of 3,251 billion kilowatt hours).
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Allowing for down time and maintenance and the fact that the night time
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off peak load is available, it is possible that half of the excess
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power generation capability could be utilized. If 1,625 billion
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kilowatt hours were sold yearly at $.06/kilowatt, income would total
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9.7 billion dollars.
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Project Tesla: Objectives
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The objectives of Project Tesla are divided into three areas of
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investigation.
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1. Demonstration that the Schumann Cavity can be resonated with an
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open air, vertical dipole antenna;
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2. Measurement of power insertion losses;
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3. Measurement of power retrieval losses, locally and at a distance.
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Methods
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A full size, 51 foot diameter, air core, radio frequency resonating
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coil and a unique 130 foot tower, insulated 30 feet above ground, have
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been constructed and are operational at an elevation of approximately
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11,000 feet. This system was originally built by Robert Golka in 1973-
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1974 and used until 1982 by the United States Air Force at Wendover AFB
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in Wendover, Utah. The USAF used the coil for simulating natural
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lightning for testing and hardening fighter aircraft. The system has a
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capacity of over 600 kilowatts. The coil, which is the largest part
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of the system, has already been built, tested, and is operational.
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A location at a high altitude is initially advantageous for reducing
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atmospheric losses which work against an efficient coupling to the
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Schumann Cavity. The high frequency, high voltage output of the coil
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will be half wave rectified using a uniquely designed single electrode
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X-ray tube. The X-ray tube will be used to charge a 130 ft. tall,
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vertical tower which will function to provide a vertical current
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moment. The mast is topped by a metal sphere 30 inches in diameter.
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X-rays emitted from the tube will ionize the atmosphere between the
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Tesla coil and the tower. This will result in a low resistance path
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causing all discharges to flow from the coil to the tower. A
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circulating current of 1,000 amperes in the system will create an
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ionization and corona causing a large virtual electrical capacitance in
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the medium surrounding the sphere. The total charge around the tower
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will be in the range of between 200-600 coulombs. Discharging the
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tower 7-8 times per second through a fixed or rotary spark gap will
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create electrical disturbances, which will resonantly excite the
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Schumann Cavity, and propagate around the entire Earth.
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The propagated wave front will be reflected from the antipode back to
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the transmitter site. The reflected wave will be reinforced and again
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radiated when it returns to the transmitter. As a result, an
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oscillation will be established and maintained in the Schumann Cavity.
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The loss of power in the cavity has been estimated to be about 6% per
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round trip. If the same amount of power is delivered to the cavity on
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each cycle of oscillation of the transmitter, there will be a net
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energy gain which will result in a net voltage, or amplitude increase.
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This will result in reactive energy storage in the cavity. As long as
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energy is delivered to the cavity, the process will continue until the
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energy is removed by heating, lightning discharges, or as is proposed
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by this project, loading by tuned circuits at distant locations for
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power distribution.
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The resonating cavity field will be detected by stations both in the
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United States and overseas. These will be staffed by engineers and
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scientists who have agreed to participate in the experiment.
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Measurement of power insertion and retrieval losses will be made at
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the transmitter site and at distant receiving locations. Equipment
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constructed especially for measurement of low frequency electromagnetic
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waves will be employed to measure the effectiveness of using the
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Schumann Cavity as a means of electrical power distribution. The
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detection equipment used by project personnel will consist of a pick up
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coil and industry standard low noise, high gain operational amplifiers
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and active band pass filters.
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In addition to project detection there will be a record of the
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experiment recorded by a network of monitoring stations that have been
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set up specifically to monitor electromagnetic activity in the Schumann
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Cavity.
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Evaluation Procedure
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The project will be evaluated by an analysis of the data provided by
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local and distant measurement stations. The output of the transmitter
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will produce a 7-8 Hz sine wave as a result of the discharges from the
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antenna. The recordings made by distant stations will be time
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synchronized to ensure that the data received is a result of the
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operation of the transmitter.
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Power insertion and retrieval losses will be analyzed after the
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measurements taken during the transmission are recorded. Attenuation,
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field strength, and cavity Q will be calculated using the equations
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presented in Dr. Corum's papers. These papers are noted in the
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references. If recorded results indicate power can be efficiently
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coupled into or transmitted in the Schumann Cavity, a second phase of
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research involving power reception will be initiated.
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Environmental Considerations
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The extreme low frequencies (ELF), present in the environment have
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several origins. The time varying magnetic fields produced as a result
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of solar and lunar influences on ionospheric currents are on the order
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of 30 nanoteslas. The largest time varying fields are those generated
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by solar activity and thunderstorms. These magnetic fields reach a
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maximum of 0.5 microteslas (uT) The magnetic fields produced as a
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result of lightning discharges in the Schumann Cavity peak at 7, 14, 20
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and 26 Hz. The magnetic flux densities associated with these resonant
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frequencies vary from 0.25 to 3.6 picoteslas. per root hertz
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(pT/Hz1/2).
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Exposure to man made sources of ELF can be up to 1 billion (1000
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million or 1 x 109) times stronger than that of naturally occurring
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fields. Household appliances operated at 60 Hz can produce fields as
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high as 2.5 mT. The field under a 765 kV, 60 Hz power line carrying 1
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amp per phase is 15 uT. ELF antennae systems that are used for
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submarine communication produce fields of 20 uT. Video display
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terminals produce fields of 2 uT, 1,000,000 times the strength of the
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Schumann Resonance frequencies.9
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Project Tesla will use a 150 kw generator to excite the Schumann
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cavity. Calculations predict that the field strength due to this
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excitation at 7.8 Hz will be on the order of 46 picoteslas.
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Future Objectives
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The successful resonating of the Schumann Cavity and wireless
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transmission of power on a small scale resulting in proof of principle
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will require a second phase of engineering, the design of receiving
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stations. On completion of the second phase, the third and fourth
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phases of the project involving further tests and improvements and a
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large scale demonstration project will be pursued to prove commercial
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feasibility. Total cost from proof of principle to commercial
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prototype is expected to total $3 million. Interest in participation
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in this project may be directed to the author.
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REFERENCES
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The following four papers were presented at the 1984 Tesla Centennial
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Symposium and the 1986 International Tesla Symposium.
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"The Transient Propagation of ELF Pulses in the Earth-Ionosphere
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Cavity", by A-Ahamid Aidinejad and James F. Corum.
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"Disclosures Concerning the Operation of an ELF Oscillator", by James
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F. Corum and Kenneth L. Corum.
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"A Physical Interpretation of the Colorado Springs Data", by James F.
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Corum and Kenneth L. Corum.
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"Critical Speculations Concerning Tesla's Invention and Applications
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of Single Electrode X-Ray Directed Discharges for Power Processing,
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Terrestrial Resonances and Particle Beam Weapons" by James F. Corum and
|
||
Kenneth L. Corum.
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||
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||
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||
FOOTNOTES
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||
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||
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||
1. Tesla Said, Compiled by John T. Ratzlaff, Tesla Book Company,
|
||
Millbrae, CA, 1984.
|
||
|
||
2. Dr. Nikola Tesla: Selected Patent Wrappers, compiled by John T.
|
||
Ratzlaff, Tesla Book Company, 1980, Vol. I, Pg. 128.
|
||
|
||
3. "The Disturbing Influence of Solar Radiation on the Wireless
|
||
Transmission of Energy", by Nikola Tesla, Electrical Review, July 6,
|
||
1912, PP. 34, 35.
|
||
|
||
4. "The Effect of Static on Wireless Transmission", by Nikola Tesla,
|
||
Electrical Experimenter, January 1919, PP. 627, 658.
|
||
|
||
5. Tesla Primer and Handbook, Dr. James T. Corum and Kenneth L. Corum,
|
||
unpublished. Corum and Associates, 8551 ST Rt 534, Windsor, Ohio 44099
|
||
|
||
6. Colorado Springs Notes, 1899 - 1900, Nikola Tesla, Nikola Tesla
|
||
Museum, Beograd, Yugoslavia, 1978, Pg. 62.
|
||
|
||
7. Van Nostrands Scientific Encylopedia, Fith Edition, Pg. 899.
|
||
|
||
8. "PC Monitors Lightning Worldwide", Davis D. Sentman, Computers in
|
||
Science, Premiere Issue, 1987.
|
||
|
||
9. "Artificially Stimulated Resonance of the Earth's Schumann Cavity
|
||
Waveguide", Toby Grotz, Proceedings of the Third International New
|
||
Energy Technology Symposium/Exhibition, June 25th-28th, 1988, Hull,
|
||
Quebec, Planetary Association for Clean Energy, 191 Promenade du
|
||
Portage/600, Hull, Quebec J8X 2K6 Canada
|
||
|
||
|
||
FURTHER INFORMATION ABOUT TESLA
|
||
|
||
|
||
The Tesla Memorial Society The Tesla Coil Builders Association
|
||
% Nicholas Kosanovich % Harry Goldman
|
||
453 Martin Road RD #6 Box 181
|
||
Lackawanna, NY 14218 Glenns Falls, NY 12801\
|
||
(716) 822-0281 (518 792-1003
|
||
|
||
|
||
The Tesla Book Company High Voltage Press
|
||
PO Box 1649 PO Box 532
|
||
Greenville, TX 75401 Claremont, CA 91711
|
||
|
||
|
||
ABOUT THE AUTHOR
|
||
|
||
|
||
Mr. Grotz, is an electrical engineer and has 15 years experience in
|
||
the field of geophysics, aerospace and industrial research and design.
|
||
While working for the Geophysical Services Division of Texas
|
||
Instruments and at the University of Texas at Dallas, Mr. Grotz was
|
||
introduced to and worked with the geophysical concepts which are of
|
||
importance to the proposed project. As a Senior Engineer at Martin
|
||
Marietta, Mr. Grotz designed and supervised the construction of
|
||
industrial process control systems and designed and built devices and
|
||
equipment for use in research and development and for testing space
|
||
flight hardware. Mr. Grotz organized and chaired the 1984 Tesla
|
||
Centennial Symposium and the 1986 International Tesla Symposium and was
|
||
President of the International Tesla Society, a not for profit
|
||
corporation formed as a result the first symposium. As Project Manager
|
||
for Project Tesla, Mr. Grotz aided in the design and construction of a
|
||
recreation of the equipment Nikola Tesla used for wireless transmission
|
||
of power experiments in 1899 in Colorado Springs. Mr. Grotz received
|
||
his B.S.E.E. from the University of Connecticut in 1973.
|
||
|
||
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