From e5b6eff36cb56e81576fe0bc406d83941c2f58bc Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: ebeshero Date: Sat, 25 Mar 2023 20:37:15 -0400 Subject: [PATCH] repaired castro file --- regexConsp/castro.xml | 810 +++++++++++++++++++----------------------- 1 file changed, 370 insertions(+), 440 deletions(-) diff --git a/regexConsp/castro.xml b/regexConsp/castro.xml index 86c25e1..072bd29 100644 --- a/regexConsp/castro.xml +++ b/regexConsp/castro.xml @@ -1,763 +1,693 @@ -

+ +

CUBA, CASTRO, and the UNITED STATES + or How One Man With A Cigar Dominated American Foreign Policy

+

In 1959, a rebel, Fidel Castro, overthrew the reign of -

CUBA, CASTRO, and the UNITED STATES

+Fulgencia Batista in Cuba; a small island 90 miles off the -

or

+Florida coast. There have been many coups and changes of -

How One Man With A Cigar

+government in the world since then. Few if any have had the -

Dominated American Foreign Policy

+effect on Americans and American foreign policy as this one.

+

In 1952, Sergeant Fulgencia Batista staged a successful -

- In 1959, a rebel, Fidel Castro, overthrew the reign of

+bloodless coup in Cuba .

+

Batista never really had any cooperation and rarely -

Fulgencia Batista in Cuba; a small island 90 miles off the

+garnered much support. His reign was marked by continual -

Florida coast. There have been many coups and changes of

+dissension. +

+

After waiting to see if Batista would be seriously opposed, -

government in the world since then. Few if any have had the

+Washington recognized his government. Batista had already -

effect on Americans and American foreign policy as this one.

+broken ties with the Soviet Union and became an ally to the -

In 1952, Sergeant Fulgencia Batista staged a successful

+U.S. throughout the cold war. He was continually friendly and -

bloodless coup in Cuba .

+helpful to American business interest. But he failed to bring -

Batista never really had any cooperation and rarely

+democracy to Cuba or secure the broad popular support that -

garnered much support. His reign was marked by continual

+might have legitimized his rape of the 1940 Constitution.

+

As the people of Cuba grew increasingly dissatisfied with -

dissension.

+his gangster style politics, the tiny rebellions that had -

After waiting to see if Batista would be seriously opposed,

+sprouted began to grow. Meanwhile the U.S. government was -

Washington recognized his government. Batista had already

+aware of and shared the distaste for a regime increasingly -

broken ties with the Soviet Union and became an ally to the

+nauseating to most public opinion. It became clear that Batista -

U.S. throughout the cold war. He was continually friendly and

+regime was an odious type of government. It killed its own -

helpful to American business interest. But he failed to bring

+citizens, it stifled dissent. (1)

-

democracy to Cuba or secure the broad popular support that

+

At this time Fidel Castro appeared as leader of the growing -

might have legitimized his rape of the 1940 Constitution.

+rebellion. Educated in America he was a proponent of the -

As the people of Cuba grew increasingly dissatisfied with

+Marxist-Leninist philosophy. He conducted a brilliant guerilla -

his gangster style politics, the tiny rebellions that had

+campaign from the hills of Cuba against Batista. On January -

sprouted began to grow. Meanwhile the U.S. government was

+1959, he prevailed and overthrew the Batista government.

+

Castro promised to restore democracy in Cuba, a feat -

aware of and shared the distaste for a regime increasingly

+Batista had failed to accomplish. This promise was looked -

nauseating to most public opinion. It became clear that Batista

+upon benevolently but watchfully by Washington. Castro was -

regime was an odious type of government. It killed its own

+believed to be too much in the hands of the people to stretch -

citizens, it stifled dissent. (1)

+the rules of politics very far. The U.S. government supported -

At this time Fidel Castro appeared as leader of the growing

+Castro's coup. It professed to not know about Castro's -

rebellion. Educated in America he was a proponent of the

+Communist leanings. Perhaps this was due to the ramifications -

Marxist-Leninist philosophy. He conducted a brilliant guerilla

+of Senator Joe McCarty's discredited anti-Communist diatribes.

+

It seemed as if the reciprocal economic interests of the -

campaign from the hills of Cuba against Batista. On January

+U.S. and Cuba would exert a stabilizing effect on Cuban -

1959, he prevailed and overthrew the Batista government.

+politics. Cuba had been economically bound to find a market for -

Castro promised to restore democracy in Cuba, a feat

+its #1 crop, sugar. The U.S. had been buying it at prices much -

-Batista had failed to accomplish. This promise was looked

+higher than market price. For this it received a guaranteed -

upon benevolently but watchfully by Washington. Castro was

+flow of sugar. (2)

+

Early on however developments clouded the hope for peaceful -

believed to be too much in the hands of the people to stretch

+relations. According to American Ambassador to Cuba, Phillip -

the rules of politics very far. The U.S. government supported

+Bonsal, "From the very beginning of his rule Castro and his -

Castro's coup. It professed to not know about Castro's

+sycophants bitterly and sweepingly attacked the relations of -

Communist leanings. Perhaps this was due to the ramifications

+the United States government with Batista and his regime".(3) -

of Senator Joe McCarty's discredited anti-Communist diatribes.

+He accused us of supplying arms to Batista to help overthrow -

It seemed as if the reciprocal economic interests of the

+Castro's revolution and of harboring war criminals for a -

U.S. and Cuba would exert a stabilizing effect on Cuban

+resurgence effort against him. For the most part these were -

politics. Cuba had been economically bound to find a market for

+not true: the U.S. put a trade embargo on Batista in 1957 -

its #1 crop, sugar. The U.S. had been buying it at prices much

+stopping the U.S. shipment of arms to Cuba. (4) However, his -

higher than market price. For this it received a guaranteed

+last accusation seems to have been prescient.

+

With the advent of Castro the history of U.S.- Cuban -

flow of sugar. (2)

+relations was subjected to a revision of an intensity and -

Early on however developments clouded the hope for peaceful

+cynicism which left earlier efforts in the shade. This -

relations. According to American Ambassador to Cuba, Phillip

+downfall took two roads in the eyes of Washington: Castro's -

Bonsal, "From the very beginning of his rule Castro and his

+incessant campaign of slander against the U.S. and Castro's -

sycophants bitterly and sweepingly attacked the relations of

+wholesale nationalization of American properties.

+

These actions and the U.S. reaction to them set the stage -

the United States government with Batista and his regime".(3)

+for what was to become the Bay of Pigs fiasco and the end of -

He accused us of supplying arms to Batista to help overthrow

+U.S.- Cuban relations.

+

Castro promised the Cuban people that he would bring land -

Castro's revolution and of harboring war criminals for a

+reform to Cuba. When he took power, the bulk of the nations -

resurgence effort against him. For the most part these were

+wealth and land was in the hands of a small minority. The huge -

not true: the U.S. put a trade embargo on Batista in 1957

+plots of land were to be taken from the monopolistic owners and -

stopping the U.S. shipment of arms to Cuba. (4) However, his

+distributed evenly among the people. Compensation was to be -

last accusation seems to have been prescient.

+paid to the former owners. According to Phillip Bonsal, " -

With the advent of Castro the history of U.S.- Cuban

+Nothing Castro said, nothing stated in the agrarian reform -

relations was subjected to a revision of an intensity and

+statute Castro signed in 1958, and nothing in the law that was -

cynicism which left earlier efforts in the shade. This

+promulgated in the Official Gazzette of June 3, 1959, warranted -

downfall took two roads in the eyes of Washington: Castro's

+the belief that in two years a wholesale conversion of Cuban -

incessant campaign of slander against the U.S. and Castro's

+agricultural land to state ownership would take place".(5) Such -

wholesale nationalization of American properties.

+a notion then would have been inconsistent with many of the -

- These actions and the U.S. reaction to them set the stage

+Castro pronouncements, including the theory of a peasant -

for what was to become the Bay of Pigs fiasco and the end of

+revolution and the pledges to the landless throughout the -

U.S.- Cuban relations.

+nation. Today most of the people who expected to become -

Castro promised the Cuban people that he would bring land

+independent farmers or members of cooperatives in the operation -

reform to Cuba. When he took power, the bulk of the nations

+of which they would have had a voice are now laborers on the -

wealth and land was in the hands of a small minority. The huge

+state payroll. (6)

+

After secretly drawing up his Land Reform Law, Castro used -

plots of land were to be taken from the monopolistic owners and

+it to form the National Institute of Agrarian Reform (INRA) -

distributed evenly among the people. Compensation was to be

+with broad and ill defined powers. Through the INRA Castro -

paid to the former owners. According to Phillip Bonsal, "

+methodically seized all American holdings in Cuba. He promised -

Nothing Castro said, nothing stated in the agrarian reform

+compensation but frequently never gave it. He conducted -

statute Castro signed in 1958, and nothing in the law that was

+investigations into company affairs, holding control over them -

promulgated in the Official Gazzette of June 3, 1959, warranted

+in the meantime, and then never divulging the results or giving -

the belief that in two years a wholesale conversion of Cuban

+back the control. (7)

+

These seizures were protested. On January 11 Ambassador -

agricultural land to state ownership would take place".(5) Such

+Bonsal delivered a note to Havana protesting the Cuban -

a notion then would have been inconsistent with many of the

+government seizure of U.S. citizens property. The note was -

Castro pronouncements, including the theory of a peasant

+rejected the same night as a U.S. attempt to keep economic -

revolution and the pledges to the landless throughout the

+control over Cuba. (8)

+

As this continued Castro was engineering a brilliant -

nation. Today most of the people who expected to become

+propaganda campaign aimed at accusing the U.S. of "conspiring -

independent farmers or members of cooperatives in the operation

+with the counter revolutionaries against the Castro regime"(9). -

of which they would have had a voice are now laborers on the

+Castro's ability to whip the masses into a frenzy with wispy -

state payroll. (6)

+fallacies about American "imperialist" actions against Cuba was -

After secretly drawing up his Land Reform Law, Castro used

+his main asset. He constantly found events which he could work -

it to form the National Institute of Agrarian Reform (INRA)

+the "ol Castro magic " on, as Nixon said , to turn it into -

with broad and ill defined powers. Through the INRA Castro

+another of the long list of grievances, real or imagined, that -

methodically seized all American holdings in Cuba. He promised

+Cuba had suffered.

+

Throughout Castro's rule there had been numerous minor -

compensation but frequently never gave it. He conducted

+attacks and disturbances in Cuba. Always without any -

investigations into company affairs, holding control over them

+investigation whatsoever, Castro would blatantly and publicly -

in the meantime, and then never divulging the results or giving

+blame the U.S..

+

Castro continually called for hearings at the Organization -

back the control. (7)

+of American States and the United Nations to hear charges -

These seizures were protested. On January 11 Ambassador

+against the U.S. of "overt aggression". These charges were -

-Bonsal delivered a note to Havana protesting the Cuban

+always denied by the councils. (10)

+

Two events that provided fuel for the Castro propaganda -

government seizure of U.S. citizens property. The note was

+furnace stand out. These are the "bombing" of Havana on -

rejected the same night as a U.S. attempt to keep economic

+October 21 and the explosion of the French munitions ship La -

control over Cuba. (8)

+Coubre on March 4, 1960.(11)

+

On the evening of October 21 the former captain of the -

As this continued Castro was engineering a brilliant

+rebel air force, Captain Dian-Lanz, flew over Havana and -

propaganda campaign aimed at accusing the U.S. of "conspiring

+dropped a quantity of virulently anti-Castro leaflets. This was -

with the counter revolutionaries against the Castro regime"(9).

+an American failure to prevent international flights in -

Castro's ability to whip the masses into a frenzy with wispy

+violation of American law. Untroubled by any considerations of -

fallacies about American "imperialist" actions against Cuba was

+truth or good faith, the Cuban authorities distorted the -

his main asset. He constantly found events which he could work

+facts of the matter and accused the U.S. of a responsibility -

the "ol Castro magic " on, as Nixon said , to turn it into

+going way beyond negligence. Castro, not two days later, -

another of the long list of grievances, real or imagined, that

+elaborated a bombing thesis, complete with "witnesses", and -

Cuba had suffered.

+launched a propaganda campaign against the U.S. Ambassador -

Throughout Castro's rule there had been numerous minor

+Bonsal said, "This incident was so welcome to Castro for his -

attacks and disturbances in Cuba. Always without any

+purposes that I was not surprised when, at a later date, a -

investigation whatsoever, Castro would blatantly and publicly

+somewhat similar flight was actually engineered by Cuban secret -

blame the U.S..

+agents in Florida."(12)

+

This outburst constituted "the beginning of the end " in -

Castro continually called for hearings at the Organization

+U.S.- Cuban relations. President Eisenhower stated ,"Castro's -

of American States and the United Nations to hear charges

+performance on October 26 on the "bombing" of Havana spelled -

against the U.S. of "overt aggression". These charges were

+the end of my hope for rational relations between Cuba and the -

always denied by the councils. (10)

+U.S."(13)

+

Up until 1960 the U.S. had followed a policy of non -

Two events that provided fuel for the Castro propaganda

+intervention in Cuba. It had endured the slander and seizure -

furnace stand out. These are the "bombing" of Havana on

+of lands, still hoping to maintain relations. This ended, -

October 21 and the explosion of the French munitions ship La

+when, on March 4, the French munitions ship La Coubre arrived -

Coubre on March 4, 1960.(11)

+at Havana laden with arms and munitions for the Cuban -

On the evening of October 21 the former captain of the

+government. It promptly blew up with serious loss of life. (14)

+

Castro and his authorities wasted no time venomously -

rebel air force, Captain Dian-Lanz, flew over Havana and

+denouncing the U.S. for an overt act of sabotage. Some -

dropped a quantity of virulently anti-Castro leaflets. This was

+observers concluded that the disaster was due to the careless -

an American failure to prevent international flights in

+way the Cubans unloaded the cargo. (15) Sabotage was possible -

violation of American law. Untroubled by any considerations of

+but it was preposterous to blame the U.S. without even a -

-truth or good faith, the Cuban authorities distorted the

+pretense of an investigation.

+

Castro's reaction to the La Coubre explosion may have been -

facts of the matter and accused the U.S. of a responsibility

+what tipped the scales in favor of Washington's abandonment of -

going way beyond negligence. Castro, not two days later,

+the non intervention policy. This, the continued slander, and -

elaborated a bombing thesis, complete with "witnesses", and

+the fact that the Embassy had had no reply from the Cuban -

launched a propaganda campaign against the U.S. Ambassador

+government to its representations regarding the cases of -

Bonsal said, "This incident was so welcome to Castro for his

+Americans victimized by the continuing abuses of the INRA.

+

The American posture of moderation was beginning to become, -

purposes that I was not surprised when, at a later date, a

+in the face of Castro's insulting and aggressive behavior, a -

somewhat similar flight was actually engineered by Cuban secret

+political liability. (16)

+

The new American policy, not announced as such, but -

agents in Florida."(12)

+implicit in the the actions of the United States government was -

This outburst constituted "the beginning of the end " in

+one of overthrowing Castro by all means available to the U.S. -

U.S.- Cuban relations. President Eisenhower stated ,"Castro's

+short of open employment of American armed forces in Cuba.

+

It was at this time that the controversial decision was -

performance on October 26 on the "bombing" of Havana spelled

+taken to allow the CIA to begin recruiting and training of -

the end of my hope for rational relations between Cuba and the

+ex-Cuban exiles for anti-Castro military service. (17)

+

Shortly after this decision, following in quick steps, -

U.S."(13)

+aggressive policies both on the side of Cuba and the U.S. led -

Up until 1960 the U.S. had followed a policy of non

+to the eventual finale in the actual invasion of Cuba by the -

intervention in Cuba. It had endured the slander and seizure

+U.S!

+

In June 1960 the U.S. started a series of economic -

of lands, still hoping to maintain relations. This ended,

+aggressions toward Cuba aimed at accelerating their downfall.

+

The first of these measures was the advice of the U.S. to -

when, on March 4, the French munitions ship La Coubre arrived

+the oil refineries in Cuba to refuse to handle the crude -

at Havana laden with arms and munitions for the Cuban

+petroleum that the Cubans were receiving from the Soviet Union. -

government. It promptly blew up with serious loss of life. (14)

+The companies such as Shell and Standard Oil had been buying -

Castro and his authorities wasted no time venomously

+crude from their own plants in Venezuela at a high cost. The -

denouncing the U.S. for an overt act of sabotage. Some

+Cuban government demanded that the refineries process the crude -

observers concluded that the disaster was due to the careless

+they were receiving from Russia at a much cheaper price. These -

way the Cubans unloaded the cargo. (15) Sabotage was possible

+refineries refused at the U.S. advice stating that there were -

but it was preposterous to blame the U.S. without even a

+no provisions in the law saying that they must accept the -

pretense of an investigation.

+Soviet product and that the low grade Russian crude would -

Castro's reaction to the La Coubre explosion may have been

+damage the machinery. The claim about the law may have been -

what tipped the scales in favor of Washington's abandonment of

+true but the charge that the cheaper Soviet -

the non intervention policy. This, the continued slander, and

+crude damaging the -

the fact that the Embassy had had no reply from the Cuban

+machines seems to be an excuse to cover up the attempted -

-government to its representations regarding the cases of

+economic strangulation of Cuba. (The crude worked just fine as -

Americans victimized by the continuing abuses of the INRA.

+is soon to be shown)

+

Upon receiving the refusal Che Gueverra, the newly -

The American posture of moderation was beginning to become,

+appointed head of the National Bank,and known anti-American, -

in the face of Castro's insulting and aggressive behavior, a

+seized all three major oil company refineries and began -

political liability. (16)

+producing all the Soviet crude,not just the 50% they had -

The new American policy, not announced as such, but

+earlier bargained for. This was a big victory and a stepping -

implicit in the the actions of the United States government was

+stone towards increasing the soon to be controversial alliance -

one of overthrowing Castro by all means available to the U.S.

+with Russia.

+

On July 6, a week after the intervention of the refineries, -

short of open employment of American armed forces in Cuba.

+President Eisenhower announced that the balance of Cuba's 1960 -

It was at this time that the controversial decision was

+sugar quota for the supply of sugar to the U.S. was to be -

taken to allow the CIA to begin recruiting and training of

+suspended. (18). This action was regarded as a reprisal to -

ex-Cuban exiles for anti-Castro military service. (17)

+the intervention of the refineries. It seems obvious that it -

Shortly after this decision, following in quick steps,

+was a major element in the calculated overthrow of Castro.

+

In addition to being an act of destroying the U.S. record -

aggressive policies both on the side of Cuba and the U.S. led

+for statesmanship in Latin America, this forced Cuba into -

to the eventual finale in the actual invasion of Cuba by the

+Russia's arms and vice-versa.

+

The immediate loss to Cuba was 900,000 tons of sugar -

U.S!

+unsold. This was valued at about $100,000,000.(19) Had the -

In June 1960 the U.S. started a series of economic

+Russians not come to the rescue it would have been a serious -

aggressions toward Cuba aimed at accelerating their downfall.

+blow to Cuba. But come to the rescue they did, cementing the -

The first of these measures was the advice of the U.S. to

+Soviet-Cuban bond and granting Castro a present he could have -

the oil refineries in Cuba to refuse to handle the crude

+never given himself. As Ernest Hemingway put it,"I just hope to -

petroleum that the Cubans were receiving from the Soviet Union.

+Christ that the United States doesn't cut the sugar quota. That -

The companies such as Shell and Standard Oil had been buying

+will really tear it. It will make Cuba a gift to the -

crude from their own plants in Venezuela at a high cost. The

+Russians." (20) And now the gift had been made.

+

Castro had announced earlier in a speech that action -

Cuban government demanded that the refineries process the crude

+against the sugar quota would cost Americans in Cuba "down to -

they were receiving from Russia at a much cheaper price. These

+the nails in their shoes" (21) Castro did his best to carry -

refineries refused at the U.S. advice stating that there were

+that out. In a decree made as the Law of Nationalization, he -

no provisions in the law saying that they must accept the

+authorized expropriation of American property at Che Gueverra's -

Soviet product and that the low grade Russian crude would

+discretion. The compensation scheme was such that under -

damage the machinery. The claim about the law may have been

+current U.S. - Cuban trade relations it was worthless and -

true but the charge that the cheaper Soviet - -crude damaging the

+therefore confiscation without compensation.

+

The Soviet Unions assumption of responsibility of Cuba's -

machines seems to be an excuse to cover up the attempted

+economic welfare gave the Russians a politico-military stake in -

economic strangulation of Cuba. (The crude worked just fine as

+Cuba. Increased arms shipments from the U.S.S.R and -

is soon to be shown)

+Czechoslovakia enabled Castro to rapidly strengthen and expand -

Upon receiving the refusal Che Gueverra, the newly

+his forces. On top of this Cuba now had Russian military -

appointed head of the National Bank,and known anti-American,

+support. On July 9, three days after President Eisenhowers -

seized all three major oil company refineries and began

+sugar proclamation, Soviet Premier Nikita Kruschev announced, -

producing all the Soviet crude,not just the 50% they had

+"The U.S.S.R is raising its voice and extending a helpful hand -

earlier bargained for. This was a big victory and a stepping

+to the people of Cuba.....Speaking figuratively in case of -

stone towards increasing the soon to be controversial alliance

+necessity Soviet artillerymen can support the Cuban people with -

with Russia.

+rocket fire. (22) Castro took this to mean direct commitment -

On July 6, a week after the intervention of the refineries,

+made by Russia to protect the Cuban revolution in case of U.S. -

President Eisenhower announced that the balance of Cuba's 1960

+attack. The final act of the U.S. in the field of economic -

sugar quota for the supply of sugar to the U.S. was to be

+aggression against Cuba came on October 19, 1960, in the form -

suspended. (18). This action was regarded as a reprisal to

+of a trade embargo on all goods except medicine and medical -

the intervention of the refineries. It seems obvious that it

+supplies. Even these were to be banned within a few months. -

was a major element in the calculated overthrow of Castro.

+Other than causing the revolutionaries some inconvenience, all -

In addition to being an act of destroying the U.S. record

+the embargo accomplished was to give Castro a godsend. For the -

for statesmanship in Latin America, this forced Cuba into

+past 25 years Castro has blamed the shortages, rationings, -

Russia's arms and vice-versa.

+breakdowns and even some of the unfavorable weather conditions -

The immediate loss to Cuba was 900,000 tons of sugar

+on the U.S. blockade.

+

On January 6, 1961, Castro formally broke relations with -

unsold. This was valued at about $100,000,000.(19) Had the

+the United States and ordered the staff of the U.S. embassy to -

Russians not come to the rescue it would have been a serious

+leave. Immediately after the break in relations he ordered -

blow to Cuba. But come to the rescue they did, cementing the

+full scale mobilization of his armed forces to repel an -

Soviet-Cuban bond and granting Castro a present he could have

+invasion from the United States, which he correctly asserted -

never given himself. As Ernest Hemingway put it,"I just hope to

+was imminent. For at this time the Washington administration, -

Christ that the United States doesn't cut the sugar quota. That

+under new President-elect Kennedy was gearing up for the Cuban -

will really tear it. It will make Cuba a gift to the

+exile invasion of Cuba. The fact that this secret was ill kept -

Russians." (20) And now the gift had been made.

+led to increased arms being shipped to Cuba by Russia in late -

Castro had announced earlier in a speech that action

+1960.

+

President Kennedy inherited from the Eisenhower-Nixon -

against the sugar quota would cost Americans in Cuba "down to

+administration the operation that became the Bay of Pigs -

-the nails in their shoes" (21) Castro did his best to carry

+expedition. The plan was ill conceived and a fiasco.

+

Both Theodore Sorensen and Arthur Schlesinger describe the -

that out. In a decree made as the Law of Nationalization, he

+President as the victim of a process set in motion before his -

authorized expropriation of American property at Che Gueverra's

+inauguration and which he, in the first few weeks of his -

discretion. The compensation scheme was such that under

+administration, was unable to arrest in spite of his -

current U.S. - Cuban trade relations it was worthless and

+misgivings. Mr. Schlesinger writes -"Kennedy saw the project -

therefore confiscation without compensation.

+in the patios of the bureaucracy as a contingency plan. He did -

The Soviet Unions assumption of responsibility of Cuba's

+not yet realize how contingency planning could generate its own -

economic welfare gave the Russians a politico-military stake in

+reality." (23)

+

The fact is that Kennedy had promised to pursue a more -

Cuba. Increased arms shipments from the U.S.S.R and

+successful policy towards Cuba. I fail to see how the proposed -

Czechoslovakia enabled Castro to rapidly strengthen and expand

+invasion could be looked upon as successful. The plan he -

his forces. On top of this Cuba now had Russian military

+inherited called for 1500 patriots to seize control over their -

support. On July 9, three days after President Eisenhowers

+seven million fellow citizens from over 100,000 well trained, -

sugar proclamation, Soviet Premier Nikita Kruschev announced,

+well armed Castroite militia!

+

As if the plan wasn't doomed from the start, the -

"The U.S.S.R is raising its voice and extending a helpful hand

+information the CIA had gathered about the strength of the -

to the people of Cuba.....Speaking figuratively in case of

+uprising in Cuba was outrageously misleading. If we had won, -

necessity Soviet artillerymen can support the Cuban people with

+it still would have taken prolonged U.S. intervention to make -

rocket fire. (22) Castro took this to mean direct commitment

+it work. This along with Kennedys decision to rule out -

made by Russia to protect the Cuban revolution in case of U.S.

+American forces or even American officers or experts, whose -

attack. The final act of the U.S. in the field of economic

- -

aggression against Cuba came on October 19, 1960, in the form

- -

of a trade embargo on all goods except medicine and medical

- -

supplies. Even these were to be banned within a few months.

- -

Other than causing the revolutionaries some inconvenience, all

- -

the embargo accomplished was to give Castro a godsend. For the

- -

past 25 years Castro has blamed the shortages, rationings,

- -

breakdowns and even some of the unfavorable weather conditions

- -

on the U.S. blockade.

- -

On January 6, 1961, Castro formally broke relations with

- -

the United States and ordered the staff of the U.S. embassy to

- -

leave. Immediately after the break in relations he ordered

- -

-full scale mobilization of his armed forces to repel an

- -

invasion from the United States, which he correctly asserted

- -

was imminent. For at this time the Washington administration,

- -

under new President-elect Kennedy was gearing up for the Cuban

- -

exile invasion of Cuba. The fact that this secret was ill kept

- -

led to increased arms being shipped to Cuba by Russia in late

- -

1960.

- -

President Kennedy inherited from the Eisenhower-Nixon

- -

administration the operation that became the Bay of Pigs

- -

expedition. The plan was ill conceived and a fiasco.

- -

Both Theodore Sorensen and Arthur Schlesinger describe the

- -

President as the victim of a process set in motion before his

- -

inauguration and which he, in the first few weeks of his

- -

administration, was unable to arrest in spite of his

- -

misgivings. Mr. Schlesinger writes -"Kennedy saw the project

- -

in the patios of the bureaucracy as a contingency plan. He did

- -

not yet realize how contingency planning could generate its own

- -

reality." (23)

- -

The fact is that Kennedy had promised to pursue a more

- -

successful policy towards Cuba. I fail to see how the proposed

- -

invasion could be looked upon as successful. The plan he

- -

inherited called for 1500 patriots to seize control over their

- -

seven million fellow citizens from over 100,000 well trained,

- -

well armed Castroite militia!

- -

As if the plan wasn't doomed from the start, the

- -

information the CIA had gathered about the strength of the

- -

uprising in Cuba was outrageously misleading. If we had won,

- -

it still would have taken prolonged U.S. intervention to make

- -

it work. This along with Kennedys decision to rule out

- -

American forces or even American officers or experts, whose

- -

participation was planned, doomed the whole affair.

+

Additionally these impromptu ground rules were not relayed -

Additionally these impromptu ground rules were not relayed

+to the exiles by the CIA, who were expecting massive U.S. -

to the exiles by the CIA, who were expecting massive U.S.

+military backing!

+

The exiles had their own problems; guns didn't work, ships -

military backing!

+sank, codes for communication were wrong, the ammunition was -

The exiles had their own problems; guns didn't work, ships

+the wrong kind - everything that could go wrong, did. As could -

sank, codes for communication were wrong, the ammunition was

+be imagined the anti-Castro opposition achieved not one of its -

the wrong kind - everything that could go wrong, did. As could

+permanent goals. Upon landing at the Bay of Pigs on April 17, -

be imagined the anti-Castro opposition achieved not one of its

+1961, the mission marked a landmark failure in U.S. foreign -

permanent goals. Upon landing at the Bay of Pigs on April 17,

+politics. By April 20, only three days later, Castro's forces -

1961, the mission marked a landmark failure in U.S. foreign

+had completely destroyed any semblance of the mission: they -

politics. By April 20, only three days later, Castro's forces

+killed 300 and captured the remaining 1,200!

+

Many people since then have chastised Kennedy for his -

had completely destroyed any semblance of the mission: they

+decision to pull U.S. military forces. I feel that his only -

killed 300 and captured the remaining 1,200!

+mistake was in going ahead in the first place, although, as -

Many people since then have chastised Kennedy for his

+stated earlier, it seems as if he may not have had much choice.

+

I feel Kennedy showed surer instincts in this matter than -

decision to pull U.S. military forces. I feel that his only

+his advisors who pleaded with him not to pull U.S. forces. For -

mistake was in going ahead in the first place, although, as

+if the expedition had succeeded due to American armed forces -

stated earlier, it seems as if he may not have had much choice.

+rather than the strength of the exile forces and the anti- -

I feel Kennedy showed surer instincts in this matter than

+Castro movement within Cuba, the post Castro government would -

his advisors who pleaded with him not to pull U.S. forces. For

+have been totally unviable: it would have taken constant -

if the expedition had succeeded due to American armed forces

+American help to shore it up. In this matter I share the -

rather than the strength of the exile forces and the anti-

+opinion of `ambassador Ellis O. Briggs, who has written "The -

Castro movement within Cuba, the post Castro government would

+Bay of Pigs operation was a tragic experience for the Cubans -

have been totally unviable: it would have taken constant

+who took part, but its failure was a fortunate (if mortifying) -

American help to shore it up. In this matter I share the

+experience for the U.S., which otherwise might have been -

opinion of `ambassador Ellis O. Briggs, who has written "The

+saddled with indefinite occupation of the island.

+

Beyond its immediately damaging effects, the Bay of Pigs -

Bay of Pigs operation was a tragic experience for the Cubans

- -

who took part, but its failure was a fortunate (if mortifying)

- -

experience for the U.S., which otherwise might have been

- -

saddled with indefinite occupation of the island.

- -

Beyond its immediately damaging effects, the Bay of Pigs

- -

fiasco has shown itself to have far reaching consequences.

+

Washington's failure to achieve its goal in Cuba provided -

Washington's failure to achieve its goal in Cuba provided

+the catalyst for Russia to seek an advantage and install -

the catalyst for Russia to seek an advantage and install

+nuclear missiles in Cuba. The resulting "missile crisis" in -

nuclear missiles in Cuba. The resulting "missile crisis" in

+1962 was the closest we have been to thermonuclear war.

+

America's gain may have been America's loss. A successful -

1962 was the closest we have been to thermonuclear war.

+Bay of Pigs may have brought the United States one advantage. -

America's gain may have been America's loss. A successful

+The strain on American political and military assets resulting -

Bay of Pigs may have brought the United States one advantage.

+from the need to keep the lid on in Cuba might have lid on Cuba -

The strain on American political and military assets resulting

+might have led the President of the United States to resist, -

from the need to keep the lid on in Cuba might have lid on Cuba

+rather than to enthusiastically embrace, the advice he received -

might have led the President of the United States to resist,

+in 1964 and 1965 to make a massive commitment of American air -

rather than to enthusiastically embrace, the advice he received

+power, ground forces, and prestige in Vietnam.

+

Cuban troops have been a major presence as Soviet -

in 1964 and 1965 to make a massive commitment of American air

+surrogates all over the world, notably in Angola.

+

The threat of exportation of Castro's revolution permeates -

power, ground forces, and prestige in Vietnam.

+U.S.-Central and South American policy. (Witness the invasion -

Cuban troops have been a major presence as Soviet

+of Grenada.)

+

This fear still dominates todays headlines. For years the -

surrogates all over the world, notably in Angola.

+U.S. has urged support for government of El Salvador and the -

The threat of exportation of Castro's revolution permeates

+right wing Contras in Nicaragua. The major concern underlying -

U.S.-Central and South American policy. (Witness the invasion

+American policy in the area is Castro's influence. The fear of -

of Grenada.)

+a Castro influenced regime in South and Central America had -

This fear still dominates todays headlines. For years the

+such control of American foreign policy as to almost topple the -

U.S. has urged support for government of El Salvador and the

+Presidency in the recent Iran - Contra affair. As a result the -

right wing Contras in Nicaragua. The major concern underlying

+U.S. government has once again faced a crisis which threatens -

American policy in the area is Castro's influence. The fear of

+to destroy its credibility in foreign affairs. All because of -

a Castro influenced regime in South and Central America had

+one man with a cigar.

+

In concluding I would like to state my own feelings on the -

such control of American foreign policy as to almost topple the

+whole affair as they formed in researching the topic. To -

Presidency in the recent Iran - Contra affair. As a result the

+start, all the information I could gather was one-sided. All -

U.S. government has once again faced a crisis which threatens

+the sources were American written, and encompassed an American -

to destroy its credibility in foreign affairs. All because of

+point of view. In light of this knowledge, and with the -

one man with a cigar.

+advantage of hindsight, I have formulated my own opinion of -

In concluding I would like to state my own feelings on the

+this affair and how it might have been more productively -

-whole affair as they formed in researching the topic. To

+handled. American intervention should have been held to a -

start, all the information I could gather was one-sided. All

+minimum. In an atmosphere of concentration on purely Cuban -

the sources were American written, and encompassed an American

+issues, opposition to Castro's personal dictatorship could be -

point of view. In light of this knowledge, and with the

+expected to grow. Admittedly, even justified American -

advantage of hindsight, I have formulated my own opinion of

+retaliation would have led to Cuban counterretaliation and so -

this affair and how it might have been more productively

+on with the prospect that step by step the same end result -

handled. American intervention should have been held to a

+would have been attained as was in fact achieved. But the -

minimum. In an atmosphere of concentration on purely Cuban

+process would have lasted far longer; measured American -

issues, opposition to Castro's personal dictatorship could be

+responses might have appeared well deserved to an increasing -

expected to grow. Admittedly, even justified American

+number of Cubans, thus strengthening Cuban opposition to the -

retaliation would have led to Cuban counterretaliation and so

+regime instead of, as was the case, greatly stimulating -

on with the prospect that step by step the same end result

+revolutionary fervor, leaving the Russians no choice but to -

would have been attained as was in fact achieved. But the

+give massive support to the Revolution and fortifying the -

process would have lasted far longer; measured American

+belief among anti-Castro Cubans that the United States was -

responses might have appeared well deserved to an increasing

+rapidly moving to liberate them. The economic pressures -

number of Cubans, thus strengthening Cuban opposition to the

+available to the United States were not apt to bring Castro to -

regime instead of, as was the case, greatly stimulating

+his knees, since the Soviets were capable of meeting Cuban -

revolutionary fervor, leaving the Russians no choice but to

+requirements in such matters as oil and sugar. I believe the -

give massive support to the Revolution and fortifying the

+Cuban government would have been doomed by its own -

belief among anti-Castro Cubans that the United States was

+disorganization and incompetence and by the growing -

rapidly moving to liberate them. The economic pressures

+disaffection of an increasing number of the Cuban people. Left -

available to the United States were not apt to bring Castro to

+to its own devices, the Castro regime would have withered on -

his knees, since the Soviets were capable of meeting Cuban

+the vine. -

requirements in such matters as oil and sugar. I believe the

+ammunition was -

Cuban government would have been doomed by its own

- -

disorganization and incompetence and by the growing

- -

disaffection of an increasing number of the Cuban people. Left

- -

to its own devices, the Castro regime would have withered on

- -

the vine.

- -

ammunition was

- -

the wrong kind - everything that could go wrong, di +the wrong kind - everything that could go wrong, di Downloaded from Just Say Yes. 2 lines, More than 1500 files online! Do you write? Give us a call! 415-922-2008 CASFA

- -

Another file downloaded from: NIRVANAnet(tm)

- -

& the Temple of the Screaming Electron 415-935-5845 +

Another file downloaded from: NIRVANAnet(tm)

+

& the Temple of the Screaming Electron 415-935-5845 Just Say Yes 415-922-1613 Rat Head 415-524-3649 Cheez Whiz 408-363-9766 - Reality Check 415-474-2602

+ Reality Check 415-474-2602 -

Specializing in conversations, obscure information, high explosives, + Specializing in conversations, obscure information, high explosives, arcane knowledge, political extremism, diversive sexuality, insane speculation, and wild rumours. ALL-TEXT BBS SYSTEMS.

- -

Full access for first-time callers. We don't want to know who you are, +

Full access for first-time callers. We don't want to know who you are, where you live, or what your phone number is. We are not Big Brother.

+

"Raw Data for Raw Nerves"

-

"Raw Data for Raw Nerves"

- -

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