mirror of
https://github.com/nhammer514/textfiles-politics.git
synced 2025-07-20 04:59:01 -04:00
improved main.py, can wrap all names in document now
This commit is contained in:
parent
6c04235b78
commit
b08a35eceb
327 changed files with 40923 additions and 39723 deletions
|
@ -4,13 +4,13 @@
|
|||
-------------------------</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>The ultimate responsibility for this thread :-) belongs to George
|
||||
Medhurst (1759-1827), of England. During a period of a few years
|
||||
<ent type = 'person'>Medhurst</ent> (1759-1827), of England. During a period of a few years
|
||||
about 1810, he invented three distinct forms of air-propelled
|
||||
transport. None of them was implemented during his lifetime;
|
||||
but all of them saw use eventually, reaching their greatest extent
|
||||
in the reverse order of their original invention.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>Medhurst's first method involved moving air through a tube a few
|
||||
<p><ent type = 'person'>Medhurst</ent>'s first method involved moving air through a tube a few
|
||||
inches in diameter, pushing a capsule along it; this simple idea
|
||||
was the pneumatic dispatch tube. Next he realized that if the same
|
||||
system was built much larger, it could carry passengers (or freight
|
||||
|
@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ railway (though a distinction between that term and the pneumatic
|
|||
railway was not always observed). The key feature of all versions
|
||||
of the system was a longitudinal valve: some sort of flexible flap
|
||||
running the length of the pipe, which would be held closed by air
|
||||
pressure except when the piston was actually passing. Medhurst
|
||||
pressure except when the piston was actually passing. <ent type = 'person'>Medhurst</ent>
|
||||
did try to raise capital to implement this system, but failed.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>Now, while the first operable steam locomotive was built about 1804,
|
||||
|
@ -65,14 +65,14 @@ of about 3 years. In order of opening, these were:</p>
|
|||
* The Paris a St-Germain, from Bois de Vezinet to St-Germain
|
||||
in Paris, France, 1.4 miles long; operated 1847-60.
|
||||
* The South Devon, from Exeter to Teignmouth in Devonshire,
|
||||
England, 15 miles, then extended to Newton (now Newton Abbot),
|
||||
England, 15 miles, then extended to <ent type = 'person'>Newton</ent> (now <ent type = 'person'>Newton</ent> Abbot),
|
||||
20 miles altogether; operated 1847-48.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>I note in passing that while I (as a fan of his) might like Isambard
|
||||
<p>I note in passing that while I (as a fan of his) might like <ent type = 'person'>Isambard</ent>
|
||||
Kingdom Brunel to have invented the atmospheric system used on the
|
||||
South Devon, it is wrong to say that he did so. He did choose it
|
||||
and actively promoted it (well, "actively" is redundant with Brunel).
|
||||
It was actually developed by Samuel Clegg and Joseph and Jacob Samuda.</p>
|
||||
It was actually developed by <ent type = 'person'>Samuel Clegg</ent> and <ent type = 'person'>Joseph</ent> and <ent type = 'person'>Jacob Samuda</ent>.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>Both of the longer, if shorter-lived, English lines used atmospheric
|
||||
propulsion in both directions of travel, whereas the French and Irish
|
||||
|
@ -154,11 +154,11 @@ Metropolitan, District, Circle, and Hammersmith & City Lines.)</p>
|
|||
|
||||
<p>Now there was no thought of operating the Metropolitan with
|
||||
anything but steam locomotives, despite the line being mostly
|
||||
in tunnel. Sir John Fowler, who later co-designed the Forth Bridge,
|
||||
in tunnel. Sir <ent type = 'person'>John <ent type = 'person'>Fowler</ent></ent>, who later co-designed the Forth Bridge,
|
||||
did have the idea of a steam locomotive where the heat from the fire
|
||||
would be retained in a cylinder of bricks, and therefore the fire
|
||||
could be put out when traveling in the tunnels. One example of
|
||||
this design, later called Fowler's Ghost, was tried in 1862.
|
||||
this design, later called <ent type = 'person'>Fowler</ent>'s Ghost, was tried in 1862.
|
||||
It was thermodynamically absurd: as C. Hamilton Ellis put it,
|
||||
"the trouble was that her boiler not only refrained from producing
|
||||
smoke, it produced very little steam either".</p>
|
||||
|
@ -209,7 +209,7 @@ but construction was never completed. This was the Waterloo and
|
|||
Whitehall Railway, which planned to connect Waterloo station to Great
|
||||
Scotland Yard, 1/2 mile away, with a 12'9" diameter tunnel passing
|
||||
under the Thames. Considering that the Thames Tunnel project of
|
||||
Sir Marc Brunel and Isambard Kingdom Brunel -- now now part of
|
||||
Sir <ent type = 'person'>Marc Brunel</ent> and <ent type = 'person'>Isambard</ent> Kingdom Brunel -- now now part of
|
||||
the Underground's East London Line -- had faced massive technical
|
||||
and financial difficulties before its long-delayed completion only
|
||||
about 20 years previously, this was no mean undertaking.</p>
|
||||
|
@ -285,7 +285,7 @@ the tube.</p>
|
|||
<p>They were also used within large buildings, and some survive in
|
||||
use to this day.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>Finally, in 1990, the Brazilian company Sur Coester stunned the
|
||||
<p>Finally, in 1990, the Brazilian company <ent type = 'person'>Sur Coester</ent> stunned the
|
||||
world by opening at a fair in Djakarta, Indonesia, a demonstration
|
||||
line of their Aeromovel system. This is nothing more nor less
|
||||
than an elevated atmospheric railway. The structure is concrete,
|
||||
|
@ -300,7 +300,7 @@ is used.</p>
|
|||
Beach's tunnel was depicted, in rather distorted form, in the 1989
|
||||
movie "Ghostbusters II"; the modern form of the New York subway
|
||||
has been depicted in many movies, notably the 1974 one "The Taking
|
||||
of Pelham One Two Three"; but I don't believe the atmospheric or
|
||||
of <ent type = 'person'>Pelham</ent> One Two Three"; but I don't believe the atmospheric or
|
||||
pneumatic systems have ever been depicted at work in any movie.
|
||||
Clearly this needs to be rectified! :-)</p>
|
||||
|
||||
|
@ -308,8 +308,8 @@ Clearly this needs to be rectified! :-)</p>
|
|||
|
||||
<p>Almost all the information in this posting about the pneumatic
|
||||
and atmospheric systems comes from one book... "Atmospheric
|
||||
Railways: A Victorian Venture in Silent Speed" by Charles Hadfield,
|
||||
1967, reprinted 1985 by Alan Sutton Publishing, Gloucester; ISBN
|
||||
Railways: A Victorian Venture in Silent Speed" by <ent type = 'person'>Charles Hadfield</ent>,
|
||||
1967, reprinted 1985 by Alan Sutton Publishing, <ent type = 'person'>Gloucester</ent>; ISBN
|
||||
0-86299-204-4.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>For other topics, I principally consulted "The Pictorial
|
||||
|
@ -318,14 +318,14 @@ Hamlyn Publishing; ISBN 0-600-37585-4; some details came from other
|
|||
books or my memory.</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>The information about the Djakarta line comes from two postings in
|
||||
rec.railroad, one last November by Andrew Waugh quoting the November 24
|
||||
issue of "New Scientist" magazine, and the recent one by Russell Day
|
||||
rec.railroad, one last November by <ent type = 'person'>Andrew Waugh</ent> quoting the November 24
|
||||
issue of "New Scientist" magazine, and the recent one by <ent type = 'person'>Russell Day</ent>
|
||||
citing "Towards 2000".</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>--
|
||||
Mark Brader"Great things are not done by those
|
||||
<ent type = 'person'>Mark Brader</ent>"Great things are not done by those
|
||||
SoftQuad Inc., Toronto who sit down and count the cost
|
||||
utzoo!sq!msb, msb@sq.com of every thought and act." -- Daniel Gooch</p>
|
||||
utzoo!sq!msb, msb@sq.com of every thought and act." -- <ent type = 'person'>Daniel</ent> Gooch</p>
|
||||
|
||||
<p>This article is in the public domain.
|
||||
</p></xml>
|
Loading…
Add table
Add a link
Reference in a new issue