improved main.py, can wrap all names in document now

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Nate Hammer 2023-03-31 13:41:41 -04:00
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@ -4,13 +4,13 @@
-------------------------</p>
<p>The ultimate responsibility for this thread :-) belongs to George
Medhurst (1759-1827), of England. During a period of a few years
<ent type = 'person'>Medhurst</ent> (1759-1827), of England. During a period of a few years
about 1810, he invented three distinct forms of air-propelled
transport. None of them was implemented during his lifetime;
but all of them saw use eventually, reaching their greatest extent
in the reverse order of their original invention.</p>
<p>Medhurst's first method involved moving air through a tube a few
<p><ent type = 'person'>Medhurst</ent>'s first method involved moving air through a tube a few
inches in diameter, pushing a capsule along it; this simple idea
was the pneumatic dispatch tube. Next he realized that if the same
system was built much larger, it could carry passengers (or freight
@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ railway (though a distinction between that term and the pneumatic
railway was not always observed). The key feature of all versions
of the system was a longitudinal valve: some sort of flexible flap
running the length of the pipe, which would be held closed by air
pressure except when the piston was actually passing. Medhurst
pressure except when the piston was actually passing. <ent type = 'person'>Medhurst</ent>
did try to raise capital to implement this system, but failed.</p>
<p>Now, while the first operable steam locomotive was built about 1804,
@ -65,14 +65,14 @@ of about 3 years. In order of opening, these were:</p>
* The Paris a St-Germain, from Bois de Vezinet to St-Germain
in Paris, France, 1.4 miles long; operated 1847-60.
* The South Devon, from Exeter to Teignmouth in Devonshire,
England, 15 miles, then extended to Newton (now Newton Abbot),
England, 15 miles, then extended to <ent type = 'person'>Newton</ent> (now <ent type = 'person'>Newton</ent> Abbot),
20 miles altogether; operated 1847-48.</p>
<p>I note in passing that while I (as a fan of his) might like Isambard
<p>I note in passing that while I (as a fan of his) might like <ent type = 'person'>Isambard</ent>
Kingdom Brunel to have invented the atmospheric system used on the
South Devon, it is wrong to say that he did so. He did choose it
and actively promoted it (well, "actively" is redundant with Brunel).
It was actually developed by Samuel Clegg and Joseph and Jacob Samuda.</p>
It was actually developed by <ent type = 'person'>Samuel Clegg</ent> and <ent type = 'person'>Joseph</ent> and <ent type = 'person'>Jacob Samuda</ent>.</p>
<p>Both of the longer, if shorter-lived, English lines used atmospheric
propulsion in both directions of travel, whereas the French and Irish
@ -154,11 +154,11 @@ Metropolitan, District, Circle, and Hammersmith &amp; City Lines.)</p>
<p>Now there was no thought of operating the Metropolitan with
anything but steam locomotives, despite the line being mostly
in tunnel. Sir John Fowler, who later co-designed the Forth Bridge,
in tunnel. Sir <ent type = 'person'>John <ent type = 'person'>Fowler</ent></ent>, who later co-designed the Forth Bridge,
did have the idea of a steam locomotive where the heat from the fire
would be retained in a cylinder of bricks, and therefore the fire
could be put out when traveling in the tunnels. One example of
this design, later called Fowler's Ghost, was tried in 1862.
this design, later called <ent type = 'person'>Fowler</ent>'s Ghost, was tried in 1862.
It was thermodynamically absurd: as C. Hamilton Ellis put it,
"the trouble was that her boiler not only refrained from producing
smoke, it produced very little steam either".</p>
@ -209,7 +209,7 @@ but construction was never completed. This was the Waterloo and
Whitehall Railway, which planned to connect Waterloo station to Great
Scotland Yard, 1/2 mile away, with a 12'9" diameter tunnel passing
under the Thames. Considering that the Thames Tunnel project of
Sir Marc Brunel and Isambard Kingdom Brunel -- now now part of
Sir <ent type = 'person'>Marc Brunel</ent> and <ent type = 'person'>Isambard</ent> Kingdom Brunel -- now now part of
the Underground's East London Line -- had faced massive technical
and financial difficulties before its long-delayed completion only
about 20 years previously, this was no mean undertaking.</p>
@ -285,7 +285,7 @@ the tube.</p>
<p>They were also used within large buildings, and some survive in
use to this day.</p>
<p>Finally, in 1990, the Brazilian company Sur Coester stunned the
<p>Finally, in 1990, the Brazilian company <ent type = 'person'>Sur Coester</ent> stunned the
world by opening at a fair in Djakarta, Indonesia, a demonstration
line of their Aeromovel system. This is nothing more nor less
than an elevated atmospheric railway. The structure is concrete,
@ -300,7 +300,7 @@ is used.</p>
Beach's tunnel was depicted, in rather distorted form, in the 1989
movie "Ghostbusters II"; the modern form of the New York subway
has been depicted in many movies, notably the 1974 one "The Taking
of Pelham One Two Three"; but I don't believe the atmospheric or
of <ent type = 'person'>Pelham</ent> One Two Three"; but I don't believe the atmospheric or
pneumatic systems have ever been depicted at work in any movie.
Clearly this needs to be rectified! :-)</p>
@ -308,8 +308,8 @@ Clearly this needs to be rectified! :-)</p>
<p>Almost all the information in this posting about the pneumatic
and atmospheric systems comes from one book... "Atmospheric
Railways: A Victorian Venture in Silent Speed" by Charles Hadfield,
1967, reprinted 1985 by Alan Sutton Publishing, Gloucester; ISBN
Railways: A Victorian Venture in Silent Speed" by <ent type = 'person'>Charles Hadfield</ent>,
1967, reprinted 1985 by Alan Sutton Publishing, <ent type = 'person'>Gloucester</ent>; ISBN
0-86299-204-4.</p>
<p>For other topics, I principally consulted "The Pictorial
@ -318,14 +318,14 @@ Hamlyn Publishing; ISBN 0-600-37585-4; some details came from other
books or my memory.</p>
<p>The information about the Djakarta line comes from two postings in
rec.railroad, one last November by Andrew Waugh quoting the November 24
issue of "New Scientist" magazine, and the recent one by Russell Day
rec.railroad, one last November by <ent type = 'person'>Andrew Waugh</ent> quoting the November 24
issue of "New Scientist" magazine, and the recent one by <ent type = 'person'>Russell Day</ent>
citing "Towards 2000".</p>
<p>--
Mark Brader"Great things are not done by those
<ent type = 'person'>Mark Brader</ent>"Great things are not done by those
SoftQuad Inc., Toronto who sit down and count the cost
utzoo!sq!msb, msb@sq.com of every thought and act." -- Daniel Gooch</p>
utzoo!sq!msb, msb@sq.com of every thought and act." -- <ent type = 'person'>Daniel</ent> Gooch</p>
<p>This article is in the public domain.
</p></xml>