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+<xml><p>RACISM, CONTROL, AND ROCK AND ROLL</p>
+
+<p>By JACOB G. HORNBERGER</p>
+
+<p>Civil rights laws are among the most repugnant forms of
+political control in <ent type='NORP'>American</ent> society. Not only are they a
+severe violation of the principles of freedom, they also have
+totally failed to achieve their purported end -- the
+elimination of racism in <ent type='GPE'>America</ent>.</p>
+
+<p>Few intelligent people will deny that racial prejudice is
+itself morally abhorrent. And being half-<ent type='NORP'>Mexican</ent>, I know from
+personal experience that it is not pleasant to be at the
+receiving end of prejudice against <ent type='NORP'>Hispanics</ent> (or half-breeds!). But does the wrongful nature of racism mean that
+such social conduct should be turned over to the coercive
+power of government? NO!</p>
+
+<p>First, how can an individual be considered free if government
+officials have the power to coerce him, through fine or
+imprisonment, to associate with people with whom he does not
+desire to associate? It is the essence of individual liberty
+to be able to choose one's friends and associates without
+interference from the political authorities.</p>
+
+<p>Moreover, the bedrock of freedom is private ownership of
+property. How can a person be considered free if he can be
+coerced, through fine or imprisonment, into selling what
+supposedly belongs to him to a person to whom he would rather
+not sell? It is the essence of private ownership of property
+that a person have the right to do whatever he wants with his
+own property, as long as it is peaceful.</p>
+
+<p>Racial prejudice, of course, has long existed in <ent type='NORP'>American</ent>
+society. No where was this better exemplified in this century
+than in the segregation laws which <ent type='NORP'>American</ent> politicians and
+bureaucrats enforced in the 1950s. Did segregation laws
+guarantee the freedom and private property rights of
+individuals? On the contrary! These equally offensive forms of
+political control constituted the denial of individual freedom
+and private property. Why? Because they prohibited blacks and
+whites, through fine or imprisonment, from voluntarily
+associating with each other in many social and business
+contexts.</p>
+
+<p>The crucial question is: Why did the politicians and
+bureaucrats believe that segregation laws were necessary? Why
+didn't they simply leave people free to discriminate or not on
+a purely private basis? Why did they force them to
+discriminate with segregation laws? Because they knew that the
+market process would impose tremendous financial costs on
+racists and ultimately break down racial barriers in <ent type='GPE'>America</ent>.</p>
+
+<p>Are there any examples of where the market, rather than the
+government, has accomplished this end? Yes! One of the best
+examples involves one of the most controversial activities in
+20th century <ent type='GPE'>America</ent>: rock and roll.</p>
+
+<p>The story of rock and roll has been told in many books, among
+which are You Say You Want a Revolution by Robert G. <ent type='PERSON'>Pielke</ent>
+and The Story of Rock by <ent type='PERSON'>Carl Belz</ent>. From the very beginning,
+it was the music of the young, and was hated and reviled by
+the old. Why? Not simply because the music itself was
+distasteful to adults. The animosity against rock and roll
+went much deeper than that. Rock and roll shook the
+foundations of values and beliefs held dear by grown-ups in
+the 1950s.</p>
+
+<p>One of the most important social teachings during that time
+was that blacks were inferior to whites and, therefore, that
+it was unacceptable for whites to associate with blacks. The
+best example of this was found in government schools. With
+segregation, and the battle against integration, in government
+schools, <ent type='NORP'>American</ent> teenagers were taught by their parents and
+government officials that it was socially detestable for
+whites to be with blacks.</p>
+
+<p>Along came rock and roll and turned that teaching upside down.
+While rock and roll had its roots in various strands of
+<ent type='NORP'>American</ent> music, i.e., country/western and gospel, its biggest
+foundation was rhythm and blues or "race music" as it was
+known in the 1950s. While whites were enjoying the sweet,
+innocent sounds of the Big Bands, rhythm and blues, with its
+especially strong sexual overtones, predominated among blacks.</p>
+
+<p>It was natural for white parents to expect their children to
+pursue their same musical interests. But it was not to be.
+When <ent type='PERSON'>Bill Haley</ent>'s "Rock Around the <ent type='ORG'>Clock</ent>" was played in the
+1955 movie, The Blackboard Jungle, a story of student protest
+in a government school, rock and roll became the music of
+choice for <ent type='NORP'>American</ent> teenagers.</p>
+
+<p> While parents were resisting their children's growing
+love for rock and roll, teenagers were listening to it on the
+radio late at night (after their parents had gone to bed).
+Many well-established radio stations refused to play the new
+music, but teenagers would carefully search the radio band for
+the few that did. (My favorite was an <ent type='GPE'>Oklahoma City</ent> station
+more than 500 miles from my home.)</p>
+
+<p>And along came <ent type='PERSON'>Sam Phillips</ent>, the entrepreneur par excellence,
+who shook the world by looking for a white man who sang like a
+black man. One day the invisible hand of the market brought
+into his studio the man who would become <ent type='PERSON'>the King</ent> of Rock and
+Roll, <ent type='PERSON'>Elvis Presley</ent>. <ent type='PERSON'>Elvis</ent> was hated and condemned by grown-ups. But teenagers didn't care, and <ent type='PERSON'>Elvis</ent> became the social
+phenomenon of the century. (While on our way to a national
+student council convention when I was in the 9th grade, a few
+of us discovered that <ent type='PERSON'>Elvis</ent> was staying in our motel. I
+knocked on his door and asked if <ent type='PERSON'>Elvis</ent> would come out to
+visit. At about midnight, <ent type='PERSON'>Elvis Presley</ent> came down to the pool
+and spent some time visiting with a few of us. It did not take
+long to see that he was a great person and that what grown-ups
+were saying about him was untrue.)</p>
+
+<p>The white racists were furious over the trend toward rock and
+roll. But not just because teenagers were rejecting their
+social teaching. Well-established financial interests were
+getting hurt by the market process. Radio stations which
+played only the "correct" music were losing market share and,
+therefore, advertising revenue.</p>
+
+<p>There was also a tremendous upheaval in the record business.
+Small independent record companies called "indies" were
+experiencing phenomenal growth rates by producing rock and
+roll records. And the well-established record companies which
+concentrated on the traditional music were losing a major
+share of the market.</p>
+
+<p>Rock and roll was providing a vehicle by which blacks could
+out-compete whites and accumulate wealth. There were numerous
+success stories; among the best known was <ent type='PERSON'>Berry Gordy</ent>, Jr.,
+and his <ent type='ORG'>Motown Records</ent>, who produced such rock and roll greats
+as The Supremes, The Four Tops, Smokey Robinson and the
+Miracles, and The Temptations. Blacks were getting wealthy,
+and white racists were infuriated.</p>
+
+<p>The market process was also bringing whites and blacks closer
+together in other ways. <ent type='ORG'>Buddy Holly</ent>, who created some of the
+most beautiful music ever written, shocked the black audience
+at the <ent type='ORG'>Apollo</ent> Theater in <ent type='GPE'>New York City</ent>. (No white act had ever
+played the <ent type='ORG'>Apollo</ent>!) And they loved him! White teenagers were
+flocking to see <ent type='PERSON'>Chuck Berry</ent> sing "Roll Over <ent type='PERSON'>Beethoven</ent>,"
+"<ent type='ORG'>Maybellene</ent>," and "Sweet Little Sixteen." And, horror of
+horrors, white and black musicians were even travelling
+together!</p>
+
+<p>The world of racial separation for which adults longed in the
+1950s was disintegrating among their children. And it was
+occurring not as a result of government coercion but in spite
+of it.</p>
+
+<p>The response of the political authorities was not amusing. In
+some cases, rock concerts were banned by ordinance. Musicians
+were arrested on questionable charges. But the most tragic
+abuse of political power came from the United States
+government which, with its payola investigation, did
+everything it could to destroy rock and roll.</p>
+
+<p>Payola was a practice in which record companies would pay disc
+jockies to promote their records. Payola was well-known and
+well-established in the music business and had been going on
+long before the advent of radio. But U.S. Congressmen had not
+objected when musicians in the Big Band era were paid to play
+a composer's music. It was only when rock and roll became
+popular among the youth of <ent type='GPE'>America</ent> that the politicians' wrath
+came in the form of a <ent type='NORP'>Congressional</ent> investigation of an
+activity that was harming no one.</p>
+
+<p>While the political investigation cast a wide net over rock
+and roll, its ultimate brunt was felt by <ent type='PERSON'>Alan Freed</ent>, a disc
+jockey who was the first to coin the term "rock and roll."
+Freed was one of the earliest and most successful promoters of
+rock and roll, is generally recognized as the "Father of Rock
+and Roll," and appeared in the rock and roll movie, Rock
+Around the <ent type='ORG'>Clock</ent>. But all that ended with the <ent type='NORP'>Congressional</ent>
+attempt to destroy rock and roll. In one of the ugliest abuses
+of political power in <ent type='NORP'>American</ent> history, U.S. Congressmen
+brutalized and butchered <ent type='PERSON'>Alan Freed</ent>. He died a broken man in
+1965 at the age of 43.</p>
+
+<p>But the politicians and the racists, despite their fervent
+hopes and valiant efforts, have never been able to destroy
+rock and roll and its wonderful influence on <ent type='NORP'>American</ent> culture.</p>
+
+<p><ent type='ORG'>Reliance</ent> on the market, rather than government, to break down
+racial barriers ensures that the costs of racial prejudice are
+self-imposed rather than externally imposed. If the racist
+radio station owner, for example, chooses not to play the
+music of blacks, he foregoes the advertising revenue which
+could be used to improve the lot of his family. He bears the
+cost which his racial prejudice has induced him to impose upon
+himself!</p>
+
+<p>The market process also enables racists to vent their
+prejudices by engaging in discrimination. Denying them this
+opportunity does not eliminate the racism under which they
+suffer; instead, it compresses it in a "pressure cooker" which
+ultimately is bound to explode.</p>
+
+<p>Rock and roll has been one of the most revolutionary cultural
+phenomena in <ent type='NORP'>American</ent> history. It has produced some of the
+world's most beautiful music. Of course, not all of its music
+has been popular but that is the essence of a free society --
+the legal protection of those peaceful activities which the
+majority dislike.</p>
+
+<p>But rock and roll did more than just contribute to the musical
+heritage of the world. It also sent deep and profound quakes
+through some of the most wrongful beliefs of <ent type='NORP'>American</ent> adults.
+The social upheaval began with challenges to racial prejudice
+but it did not end there. A few years later, appeared an
+individual named <ent type='PERSON'>Boy Dylan</ent>, one of the world's greatest poets
+and ironically a product of <ent type='GPE'>America</ent>'s government schools.
+Through the message of his music, <ent type='PERSON'>Dylan</ent> pierced the conscience
+of a generation during the most controversial war in <ent type='NORP'>American</ent>
+history.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. <ent type='PERSON'>Hornberger</ent> is founder and president of <ent type='ORG'>The Future</ent> of
+Freedom <ent type='ORG'>Foundation</ent>, P.O. Box 9752, <ent type='GPE'>Denver</ent>, CO 80209.
+
+------------------------------------------------------------
+From the October 1990 issue of <ent type='ORG'>FREEDOM DAILY</ent>,
+Copyright (c) 1990, <ent type='ORG'>The Future</ent> of Freedom <ent type='ORG'>Foundation</ent>,
+PO Box 9752, <ent type='GPE'>Denver</ent>, <ent type='GPE'>Colorado</ent> 80209, 303-777-3588.
+Permission granted to reprint; please give appropriate credit
+and send one copy of reprinted material to the <ent type='ORG'>Foundation</ent>.
+</p></xml>