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428 lines
34 KiB
Plaintext
428 lines
34 KiB
Plaintext
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EARTH TIMELINE: 7000 BC - 700 AD
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================================
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(nc) Tod Foley 1991
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7000 Jericho; Catal Huyuk; Proto-Minoans; -Aryans; -Taiwanese;
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-Sumerians > SW toward Mesopotamia;
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7000-3000 Neolithic Age gives way to Bronze & Copper; Sumerian civ
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develops Proto-Syrians; -Palestinians
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4000 Proto-Indus; -Persians; -Russian Turkestans; -Amerinds;
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small villages in Mesoamerica & Peru
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3500 Upper Egypt consolidated; Khorat civ. developing
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3000 Troy; Iberians > W Europe; Minoans; Barrows in Europe;
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Sumerian CityStates trade with Syrians, Elamites &
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Amorites; Megalithic temples on Malta
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3000-1500 Old Egypt; Pyramids; Crete; Elamites freq raid Sumer;
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Aryans; Large temple complexes in Peru (rectangular
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mound-buildings)
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2700 Gilgamesh
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2700-1250 Stonehenge built
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2500 City of Ur; Akkad; migrating Amorites/Semites; Harrapans;
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Longshan civ developing; Afghans; Sumeria unified;
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Egypt/Nubia trade; Cult of Ra; the Great Pyramid;
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Megaliths throughout Europe; Arameans
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2400 Sargon the Great of Akkad ! Elam, Syria & SE Anatolia;
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Irrigation by the Chavins
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2300 Harrapan trade with Afghans, Persians, Sumerians &
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Himilayans; Xia Dynasty; Gutians >! Sumeria (50 years);
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Bronze Age in S Asia
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2100 Egyptian collapse (for 100 years); Sumeria reunited under
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Ur-Nammu
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2000 Middle Egypt; Troy II; Proto-Iranians; Harrapan civ
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thrives; Minoan trade/colonies flourishing; Chinese learn
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metalworking from the Khorats; Elamites/Amorites >!+
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Sumerians = Babylonians; Bronze Age in Brit.Isles;
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Assyrians; Aryans > NE Medit (Hurrians), Anatolia
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(Hittites); India (IndoAryans) & Europe (Celts); New
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temples in Peru (U-shaped complexes); Chavins expand and
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conquer, > inland; Small farming settlements in
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Mesoamerica
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1830-1810 Assyria under Babylonian rule
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1800 IndoEurs > Iran/Middle East; Harrapans abandon Indus
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valley; Shang Dynasty; Hammurabi's Empire stretches from
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Persian Gulf to Syria
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1700 Abraham; Hittites; Egypt controls Lebanon
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1700-1450 Minoan Golden Age: Palace destroyed, rebuilt; Colonies
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thrive; Assyrians defend against Egyptians, Hittites &
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Hurrians
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1650-1550 Hyksos occupy Egypt; Bronze Age in Italy; Myceneans
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learn Bronzeworking & writing from Minoans
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1500 Tyre; Celts and Iberians in Spain; Aegean & Hittite
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cities/trade; Hittites destroy Babylon; Minoan Linear
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Alphabet; Chinese Glyphs
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1500-1100 New Egypt; Mycenaeans; Philistines; Bronze Age in
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Balt/Scandinavia; Kassites rule Babylon
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1500-800 Chavin goldworking & jewelrymaking reach zenith
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1400 Crete, devastated by earthquakes, falls to the Aegeans;
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Egyptian sea-power waning; Myceneans make aggressive
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progress; Olmecs
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1300 Myceneans modify Minoan Alphabet
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1366-1334 Hittites ! Hurrians & Syria; Hittite Empire incl
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Anatolia, N Lebanon & N Mesopotamia
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1250 Phoenicians; Hebrews; Aegean migrations; Hittites ! Syria
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1230 Exodus of the Israelites; Moses; the Ten Commandments
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1200 Hittite Empire falters; Assyrian Iron; Assyria !
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Babylonia; Israelites reach Canaan, the Promised Land
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1200-1190 Trojan War (Mycenae >! Troy); Medit filled with
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war/piracy/revolt; N/C Myceneans >! Hittites & Lydians;
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Philistines rule Palestine
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1200-900 San Lorenzo (Ceremonial/Urban site) is center of Olmec
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culture; Olmec stone heads carved; Olmec culture spreads
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north & south
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1150 Macedonian barbarians > Mycenea, displacing Dorians
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1100 "Sea Peoples" overrun the Mediterranean, destroying the
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Mycenean and Hittite Empires; Hittite culture destroyed;
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Athens & Arcadia become cities of refugees known as
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Ionians; Philistine Kingdom at zenith; 3rd intermediate
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period of Egypt; Arameans & Assyrians clash; Syrian
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states of Hama & Damascus prosper; Mycenea enters Dark
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Age; Aegean migrations begin; Dorians ! Pelopennese;
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Chou Dynasty
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1000 Israelites subdue Canaanites/Philistines; Kings of Israel
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& Judah; IndoAryans > E to Ganges; Phoenicians modify
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Mycenean alphabet; Iron Age (no Bronze) in Africa
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1000-900 Ionian colonies in S Anatolia & Lebanon; Neo-Hittites in
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N Anatolia
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1000-600 China expands throughout region
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975 David unites most of Lebanon & defeats Philistines
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933-745 Young Assyrian Empire controls W Asian & Mediterranean
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traderoutes
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900-700 Phoenicians expand/trade throughout Medit, to Morocco &
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Iberia; IndoAryans expand throughout India; Revolt
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destroys San Lorenzo; New S American states arise
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800 Homer; Sparta; Carthage; Etruscans; IndoAryans write the
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Upanishads
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800-700 Ionians learn writing from Phoenicians; remarkable
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Spartan army expands territory; Dorian/Spartan & Ionian
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civ development
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800-500 China balkanizes; Feuds are typical; Bronze coins minted
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776 1st Olympics
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750-650 Assyria ! Elam; Assyrian Empire incl N Egypt, Lebanon, S
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Anatolia & all of Mesopotamia; Spartans grow introverted,
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aggressive & xenophobic; Exploitation of Ionian lower
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classes leads to overpopulation, food shortages & debt;
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Many Ionians migrate to Black Sea, N Africa, Sicily,
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Italy & Europe
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750-300 Greek CityStates; Rome (Pre-Latins); Vedas; Egypt
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re-unified; Indus Republics; Olmecs
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734 Sparta founds Syracus
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700 Phrygia; early Celt culture; Celts work Iron; Greek coins;
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Carthage wins independance from Phoenicia; Etruscans join
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Phoen's as masters of Medit trade/colonization; Celts spread
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through Europe
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650 Chinese coins; Brahmans maintain Vedas/castes; Saite Egypt
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rules Nubia & Libya; Assyrian strife/dissolution; Lydia mints
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electrum coins; Dioklos road (for hauling ships) btw C Greece
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& Pelopennese
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600 Medes & Babylonians conquer Assyria (Empire falls); Truce btw
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Medes, Lydia & Babylonia brings peace for 35 years;
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Nebuchadnezzar; New Babylon Empire incl Sinai, Lebanon &
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Mesopotamia; Greek CityStates incl Thessaly, Boeotia
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(Thebes), Attica (Athens), Corinth, Euboea, Pelopennese
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(Arcadia, Sparta) & Ionia; Sparta unifies Pelopennesian
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League & expands; Despot tyrants reign throughout Aegean;
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Etruria subjugates Latium; Latins adopt writing; Massala
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(Greek trade town in S France) allows Celts to trade with
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Greeks/Etruscans; Ganges Plain = center of Indus civ; Indus
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aristocracy; Wars btw IndoAryan tribes; Dissemination of the
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Upanishads
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600-430 Athens' glory; Socrates; Aeschylus; Hippocrates; Dionysus
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festivals
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600-200 Olmec culture dissolves
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594 Solon named Lawgiver of Athens; Many Greek states undergo
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broad reforms, others fall to tyranny
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586 Babylon conquers Jerusalem; Temple destroyed; Babylonian
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Captivity
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550 Greek Drama; Jainism; Indus Mercantile; Zoroaster; Cyrus of
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Persia ! Media, Lydia, Iran, Ionia & Turkestan; Persian
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Empire
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550-500 Buddha; Mahavira (Jainism); Confucius; the powerful Magadha
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kingdom becomes India's trade nexus
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540 Persia conquers Babylonia; Jews released; Carthaginians drive
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Greek traders out of Iberia
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525-520 Persia conquers Egypt & NW India; Persian roads unite the
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Empire; Persians standardize coinage; international commerce
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thrives; the Capital city of Persepolis is built
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514 Persia conquers Macedonia & Thrace
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509 Rome wins independance from Etruria; Roman Republic begins
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500 The Latin League
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500-300 Mauryan India is unified; China undergoing slow unification
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490-480 Persian Wars (Greeks repel Persians & destroy military might)
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430-400 Pelopennesian Wars
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400 Plato; Aristotle; Delian League; the Pentateuch; Persian
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decline; Athens surrenders to Sparta; Iron Age in Briton;
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Rome annexes Etruscan lands from the south; Celts attack from
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the north; Celtic coins; Chavin culture dissolves
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400-380 Corinthian Wars (Corinth/Athens/Thebes/Argos rival Sparta)
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390 Celts from Gaul seige Rome; Rome begins expanding throughout
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Italian peninsula
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350 Aristotle; Plebian reforms; Philip II unites Greece by force;
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Seleucid Dynasty in Persia; Nazca
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340 Latin Wars (Rome conquers most of Italy); Latin League
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dissolved
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336 Alexander the Great takes throne of Macedonia/Greece
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334 Alexander begins Asian Campaign, liberating Ionia from
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Persians, then Anatolia, Levant. Tyre, Palestine, Egypt,
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Mesopotamia, Babylon, Persepolis, Bactria, Sogdiana & India
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323 Alexander dies; His Empire is divided into three: Ptolemaic
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Egypt, Macedonia & Seleucia
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300 Carthage holds S Iberia, Sardinia, Sicily & N Africa; Rise of
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Mauryan Empire; City of Pataliputra
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300-200 India & Afghanistan secede from Seleucia; Greeks resume
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infighting; Greco-Asian culture= "Hellenism"; Archimides;
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Euclid; Eratosthenes; Rome expanding; Greek Empire
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dissolving/changing
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275-240 1st-4th Syrian Wars (Ptolemy takes Siria & Anatolia from
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Seleucia)
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264-241 1st Punic War (Rome drives back the Phoenician/Carthaginians)
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250 Seleucia incl Anatolia, Lebanon, Mesopotamia & E Iran; Celts
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move into Baltics, Anatolia & Greece; Rome controls all of
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Italy; Bactria secedes from Seleucia and conquers Sogdiana
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250-230 Parthia, Syria, Anatolia & Armenia secede from Seleucia
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250-150 Parthians rise in power; Asoka expands Mauryan Empire;
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Buddhism becomes India's state religion; India prospers; Qin
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dynasty; the Great Wall of China; Chinese Uniformity; Shi
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huangdi searches for the "Isle of the Immortals"
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240-220 Carthaginians conquer Iberia; Ionian/Seleucid city of
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Pergamum is the "Athens of Asia Minor"
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220-200 2nd Punic War; Hannibal leads Carthaginian Iberia against
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Romans
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214-150 Macedonian Wars (Rome forces Greece to surrender)
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200 Rome possesses Iberia, Medit & N Africa; 5th Syrian War
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(Seleucia regains Syria & S Anatolia); Han Dynasty;
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Confucianism; Proto-Japan
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200-100 Citizens of Roman Empire flock to cities
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190 Rome takes Anatolia & Syria; Asoka becomes Emperor of India
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180 End of Mauryan Dynasty
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170 Rome takes Macedonia; Judas Maccabeus leads Jewish revolt
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170-140 Parthian Empire: Parthians take Babylonia, Media, Elam &
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Persia from Seleucids, then conquer Bactria & extend to the
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Persian Gulf
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150 3rd Punic War (Rome destroys Carthage & conquers Gaul); Rome
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takes Greece; Greek art enthralls Romans; China expands; Silk
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Road opened by Chinese traders
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150-62 Roman Republic collapses; Romans attack Parthia & fail;
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Caesar
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135 Parthia beset by nomads from the N (Eurasians) & E (Sacae);
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Sacaeans seize Bactria & Punjab
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130-120 Pergamum becomes Roman province; Gracchius brothers killed
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for supporting agrarian land reforms
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100 Spartacus; 1st Triumvirate (Caesar/Pompey/Crassus); Armenians
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fight the Parthians, greatly reducing size of Empire; Etruria
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dissolving; Cimbri attack Gaul & Roman holdings, put down by
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Rome; Trade btw China & Japan
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90 Babylonia and Armenia revolt from Parthian rule
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85 Civil War in Rome
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60 Caesar leads Roman forces against Helvetian Tribes and
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conquers most of south-central Europe
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53 Crassus killed
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50-15 Caesar killed; Rome is officially an Empire; 2nd Triumvirate;
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Antony & Cleopatra; Augustus; Silk Road controlled by
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Parthians, who enjoy their role as middlemen btw Rome &
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China; Rome annexes Egypt & N Europe, but fails to conquer
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Teutonic Celts
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35 Marc Antony attacks Parthia & fails; conquers Armenia
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----------------------------------------------------------------------
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>> THE FIRST (ALEPH) YEAR ZERO <<
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----------------------------------------------------------------------
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0-30 Reinterest in Greek culture; Tiberius; Christ; the Kushan
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Kingdom; Parthia balkanizing, Empire dissolving
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0 to 300 Rise of Christianity
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35-40 Caligula
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40-55 Claudius; Rome struggles for Briton (no conquest until 85)
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55-65 Nero; Rome burns
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70 Judean revolt put down; Temple destroyed
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65-80 Christians persecuted; Jews/Judeans oppressed; Vespasian puts
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the Empire on good ground again; Vesuvius erupts; Buddhism
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spreads
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76-180 The "Five Good Emperors"
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100 Hadrian; Wall of Briton
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|
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130-135 Judean revolt results in the denationalization of the Jews
|
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|
|
("The Dispersion"); Masada; Roman works throughout
|
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|
|
Europe/Briton
|
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|
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|
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|
|
150 Marcus Arelius
|
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|
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166-167 Great Pestilence in Rome (Smallpox from Parthia/Silk Road)
|
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|
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200 Sassanian Empire (Persia); Zoroastrianism; Han Dynasty
|
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|
|
crumbles; Civil Wars in China due to Han court intrigues
|
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|
|
|
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|
|
200-280 Rome holds back Euro & Eurasian barbarians; Rome attacks E
|
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|
|
Parthia; Persia >! Syria & Mesopotamia; Alamanni storm S
|
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|
|
Europe, repelled repeatedly; Roman Govt begins to falter:
|
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|
|
inflation, taxation, & brigandage rise; Chaotic succession of
|
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|
|
despotic military leaders
|
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|
|
|
|||
|
|
200-800 The Venidi (Slavs) differentiate: Poles/Chzecks/Slovaks;
|
|||
|
|
Bulgarians/Serbs/Croats; Lithuanians; Russians/Ukrainians
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
250 Kushan regime in India toppled by Sassanians
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
250-260 Visigoths >! Balkans & SW Germany from a weakened Rome, and
|
|||
|
|
freq raid N Italy; Franks >! Gaul & E Spain; Sassanians >!
|
|||
|
|
Armenia, Mesopotamia & Syria, repelled by city of Palmyra;
|
|||
|
|
Emperor-Worship required in Rome; Christians persecuted (by
|
|||
|
|
law)
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
260-270 Goth ships on Black Sea wreak havoc in Anatolia/N Greece
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
267 Palmyra secedes & claims much of Rome's E holdings; At this
|
|||
|
|
point, Rome controls only Italy, N Africa & Illyria
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
270-280 Goths repelled from Balkans; Aurelian reclaims much of the
|
|||
|
|
Empire; New walls of Rome; Palmyra sacked; Alamanni & Franks
|
|||
|
|
repelled from Gaul; Goths deteated in Anatolia; Neo-Platonism
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
280-325 Diocletian divides the Empire into 2 districts (E/W),
|
|||
|
|
co-ruled by Maximian; City of Rome shifts into background of
|
|||
|
|
Roman affairs; Roman Paganism; Empire socially/financially
|
|||
|
|
united again; secret police; more Christians persecuted;
|
|||
|
|
Diocletian & Maximian abdicate
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
300-500 Mystery sects; Barbarian raids/border skirmishes; Scoti
|
|||
|
|
(Irish) & Picts raid Roman holds; Vikings (Norwegians, Danes
|
|||
|
|
& Swedes) begin expansion/travels; Gupta Era in India;
|
|||
|
|
Hinduism; Indian science & literature; India expands
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
325-350 Constantine accepts Christianity; Council of Nicaea;
|
|||
|
|
Constantinople (built upon Byzantium) = "Nova Roma"; Peace
|
|||
|
|
treaty with Visigoths; Visigoths accept Christianity; Hagia
|
|||
|
|
Sophia built; Frankish battles
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
370-380 Huns >W to Caspian, >! Alans, >! Ostrogoths, & raid
|
|||
|
|
Visigoths, who appeal to Rome for protection, but are so
|
|||
|
|
mistreated that they sack Constantinople; Church schisms (E/W
|
|||
|
|
Theology); Ambrose; Augustine
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
400 The "Split Empire" is by now a permanent structure; Vandals >
|
|||
|
|
Gaul, Spain & Africa
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
400-450 Attila; Anglo-Saxon Kingdoms; Arthur
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
450 Attila defeated; Vandals raid Rome
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
500 Islamic Empire; Rise of Irish monastic scholarship;
|
|||
|
|
Ostrogoths invade Italy; Franks take Gaul; Buddhist cave
|
|||
|
|
temples; Huns topple Guptas; Turks & Mongols invade China;
|
|||
|
|
Teotihuacan playing feilds
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
550 Justinian; Byzantine Empire; Mohammed; Koran; Buddhism in
|
|||
|
|
Japan; Lombards take Italy
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
600 Carolingians; Tang Dynasty; Moslem expansion begins (toward
|
|||
|
|
Persia and Egypt); missionaries sent to convert Anglo-Saxons;
|
|||
|
|
Mayan temple-pyramids
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
700 Japan (Nara period); Fall of Lombards; Bulgars; Arab attack
|
|||
|
|
on Constantinople fails due to newly-invented "Greek Fire."
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
=======================================================================
|
|||
|
|
|