<p> Nothing has been more effective in establishing the authenticity of the <enttype='EVENT'>Holocaust</ent> in the minds of <enttype='NORP'>Americans</ent> than the terrible scenes U.S. GI's discovered when they entered the <enttype='NORP'>German</ent> concentration camps at the close of <enttype='EVENT'>World War</ent> II.</p>
<p> At <enttype='LOC'>Dachau</ent>, <enttype='GPE'>Buchenwald</ent>, Dora, Mauthausen, and other work and detention camps, horrified <enttype='NORP'>American</ent> infantrymen encountered heaps of dead and dying inmates, emaciated and diseased. Survivors told them hair-raising stories of torture and slaughter, and backed up their claims by showing the GI's crematory ovens, alleged gas chambers, supposed implements of torture, even shrunken heads and lampshades, gloves, and handbags purportedly made from skin flayed from dead inmates.</p>
<p> U.S. government authorities, mindful that most <enttype='NORP'>Americans</ent>, who remembered the atrocity stories fed them during <enttype='EVENT'>World War</ent> I, still doubted the <enttype='ORG'>Allied</ent> propaganda directed against the <enttype='PERSON'>Hitler</ent> regime, resolved to "document" what the GI's had found in the camps. Prominent newsmen and politicians were flown in to see the harrowing evidence, while the U.S. <enttype='ORG'>Army</ent> Signal Corps filmed and photographed the scenes for posterity. The famous journalist <enttype='PERSON'>Edward</ent> R. <enttype='PERSON'>Murrow</ent> reported, in tones of horror, but no longer of disbelief, what he had been told and shown, and <enttype='LOC'>Dachau</ent> and <enttype='GPE'>Buchenwald</ent> were branded on the hearts and minds of the <enttype='NORP'>American</ent> populace as names of infamy unmatched in the sad and bloody history of this planet.</p>
<p> For <enttype='NORP'>Americans</ent>, what was "discovered" at the camps - the dead and the diseased, the terrible stories of the inmates, all the props of torture and terror - became the basis not simply of a transitory propaganda campaign but of the conviction that yes, it was true: the <enttype='NORP'>German</ent>s DID exterminate six million <enttype='NORP'>Jews</ent>, most of them in lethal gas chambers. What the GI's found was used, by way of films which were mandatory viewing for the vanquished populace of <enttype='NORP'>German</ent>y, to "re-educate" the <enttype='NORP'>German</ent> people b
destroying their national pride and their will to a united, independant national state, imposing in their place overwhelming feelings of collective guilt and political impotence. And when the testimony, and the verdict, at <enttype='GPE'>Nuremberg</ent> incorporated mos, if not all, of the horror stories <enttype='NORP'>Americans</ent> were told about <enttype='LOC'>Dachau</ent>, <enttype='GPE'>Buchenwald</ent>, and other places captured by the U.S. <enttype='ORG'>Army</ent>, the <enttype='EVENT'>Holocaust</ent> could pass for one of the most documented, one of the most authenticated, one of the most proven historical episodes in the human record.</p>
<p> When <enttype='NORP'>American</ent> and <enttype='NORP'>British</ent> forces overran western and central <enttype='NORP'>German</ent>y in the spring of 1945, they were followed by troops charged with discovering and securing any evidence of <enttype='NORP'>German</ent> war crimes. Among them was Dr. <enttype='PERSON'>Charles Larson</ent>, one of America's
leading forensic pathologists, who was assigned to the Judge Advocate General's Department. Dr. <enttype='ORG'>Larson</ent> performed autopsies at <enttype='LOC'>Dachau</ent> and some twenty other <enttype='NORP'>German</ent> camps, examining on some days more than 100 corpses. After his grim work at <enttype='LOC'>Dachau</ent>, he was questioned for three days by U.S. <enttype='ORG'>Army</ent> prosecutors.^1</p>
<p> Dr. Larson's findings? According to an interview he gave to an <enttype='NORP'>American</ent> journalist in 1980, "What we've heard is that six million <enttype='NORP'>Jews</ent> were exterminated. Part of that is a hoax."^2 And what part was the hoax? Dr. <enttype='ORG'>Larson</ent>, who told his biographer that to his knowledge he "was the only forensic pathologist on duty in the entire European Theater,"^3 informed "<enttype='ORG'>Wichita Eagle</ent>" reporter <enttype='PERSON'>Jan Floerchinger</ent> that "never was a case of poison gas uncovered."^4 Neither Dr. <enttype='ORG'>Larson</ent> nor any other forensic specialist has ever been cited by any <enttype='EVENT'>Holocaust</ent> historian to substantiate a single case of death by poison gas, whether <enttype='ORG'>Zyklon</ent>-B or any other variety.</p>
<p> If not by gassing, how did the unfortunate victims at <enttype='LOC'>Dachau</ent>, <enttype='GPE'>Buchenwald</ent>, and Bergen-<enttype='PERSON'>Belsen</ent> perish? Were they tortured to death? Deliberately starved? The answers to these questions are known as well. As Dr. <enttype='ORG'>Larson</ent> and other <enttype='ORG'>Allied</ent> medical men discovered, the chief cause of death at <enttype='LOC'>Dachau</ent>, <enttype='PERSON'>Belsen</ent>, and the other camps was disease, above all typhus, an old and terrible scourge of mankind which until recently flourished in places where populations were crowded together in circumstances where public health measures were unknown or had broken down. Such was the case in the overcrowded internment camps in <enttype='NORP'>German</ent>y at war's end, where, despite such measures as systematic delousing, quarantine of the sick, and cremation of the dead, the virtual collapse of <enttype='NORP'>German</ent>y's food, transport, and public health systems led to catastrophe.</p>
<p> Perhaps the most authoritative statement of the facts as to typhus and mortality in the camps has been made by Dr. <enttype='PERSON'>John</ent> E. <enttype='PERSON'>Gordon</ent>, M.D., Ph.D., a professor of preventive medicine and epidemiology at <enttype='ORG'>the Harvard University School</ent> of Public Health
who was with U.S. forces in <enttype='NORP'>German</ent>y in 1945. Dr. <enttype='PERSON'>Gordon</ent> reported in 1948 that "The outbreaks in concentration camps and prisons made up the great bulk of typhus infection encountered in <enttype='NORP'>German</ent>y." Dr. <enttype='PERSON'>Gordon</ent> summarized the causes for the outbreaks as
follows:</p>
<div> * * *</div>
<p><enttype='NORP'>German</ent>y was in chaos. The destruction of whole cities and the path left by advancing armies produced a disruption of living conditions contributing to the spread of the disease. <enttype='ORG'>Sanitation</ent> was low grade, public utilities were seriously disrupted
food supply and food distribution was poor, housing was inadequate and order and discipline were everywhere lacking. Still more important, a shifting of populations was occurring such as few countries and few times have experienced.^5</p>
<p> Dr. Gordon's findings are corroborated by Dr. <enttype='PERSON'>Russel Barton</ent>, today a psychiatrist of international repute, who entered Bergen-<enttype='PERSON'>Belsen</ent> with <enttype='NORP'>British</ent> forces as a young medical student in 1945. <enttype='PERSON'>Barton</ent>, who volunteered to care for the diseased survivors, testified under sworn oath in a <enttype='GPE'>Toronto</ent> courtroom in 1985 that "Thousands of prisoners who died at the Bergen-<enttype='PERSON'>Belsen</ent> concentration camp during <enttype='EVENT'>World War</ent> II weren't deliberately starved to death but died from a rash of diseases."^6 Dr. <enttype='PERSON'>Barton</ent> further testified that on entering the camp he had credited stories of deliberate starvations but had decided such stories were untrue after inspecting the well-equipped kitchens and the meticulously maintained ledgers, dating back to 1942, of food cooked and dispensed each day. Despite noisily publicized claims and widespread popular notions to the contrary, no researcher has been able to document a <enttype='NORP'>German</ent> policy of extermination through starvation in the <enttype='NORP'>German</ent> camps.</p>
<p> What of the ghoulish stories of concentration camp inmates skinned for their tattoos, flayed to make lampshades and handbags, or other artifacts? What of the innumerable "torture racks," "meathooks," whipping posts, gallows, and other tools of torment and death that are reported to have abounded at every <enttype='NORP'>German</ent> camp? These allegations, and even more grotesque ones profferred by <enttype='NORP'>Soviet</ent> prosecutors, found their way into the record at <enttype='GPE'>Nuremberg</ent>.</p>
<p> The lampshade and tattooed-skin charges were made against <enttype='PERSON'>Ilse Koch</ent>, dubbed by journalists the "Bitch of <enttype='GPE'>Buchenwald</ent>," who was reported to have furnished her house with objects manufactured from the tanned hides of luckless inmates. But General <enttype='PERSON'>Lucius Clay</ent>, military governor of the U.S. zone of occupied <enttype='NORP'>German</ent>y, who reviewed her case in 1948, told his superiors in <enttype='GPE'>Washington</ent>: "There is no convincing evidence that she [<enttype='PERSON'>Ilse Koch</ent>] selected inmates for extermination in order to secure tattooed sins or that she possessed any articles made of human skin."^7 In an interview General <enttype='PERSON'>Clay</ent> gave years later, he stated about the material for the infamous lampshades: "Well, it turned out actually that it was goat flesh. But at the trial it was still
human flesh. It was almost impossible for her to have gotten a fair trial."^8 <enttype='PERSON'>Ilse Koch</ent> hanged herself in a West <enttype='NORP'>German</ent> jail in 1967.</p>
<p> It would be tedius to itemize and refute the thousands of bizarre claims as to <enttype='NORP'>Nazi</ent> atrocities. That there were instances of <enttype='NORP'>German</ent> cruelty, however, is clear from the testimony of Dr. <enttype='PERSON'>Konrad Morgen</ent>, a legal investigator attached to <enttype='ORG'>the Reich Criminal Police</ent>, whose statements on the witness stand at <enttype='GPE'>Nuremberg</ent> have never been challenged by believers in the <enttype='NORP'>Jewish</ent><enttype='EVENT'>Holocaust</ent>. Dr. <enttype='PERSON'>Morgen</ent> informed the court that he had been given full authority by <enttype='PERSON'>Heinrich Himmler</ent>, commander of Hitler's SS and th
dread <enttype='ORG'>Gestapo</ent>, to enter any <enttype='NORP'>German</ent> concentration camp and investigate instances of cruelty and corruption on the part of the camp staffs. According to Dr. Morgen's sworn testimony at <enttype='GPE'>Nuremberg</ent>, he investigated 800 such cases, in which over 200 convictions resulted.^9 Punishments included the death penalty for the worst offenders, including <enttype='PERSON'>Hermann Karl Koch</ent>, Ilse's husband, commandant of <enttype='GPE'>Buchenwald</ent>.</p>
<p> In reality, while camp commandants in certain cases did inflict physical punishment, such acts had to be approved by authorities in <enttype='GPE'>Berlin</ent>, and it was required that a camp physician first certify the good health of the prisoner to be disciplined
and then be on hand at the actual beating.^10 After all, the camps were throughout most of the war important centers of industrial activity. The good health and morale of the prisoners was critical to the <enttype='NORP'>German</ent> war effort, as is evidenced by a 1942
order issued by SS-Brigadefuhrer <enttype='PERSON'>Richard Glucks</ent>, chief of the office which controlled the concentration camps, which held camp commanders "personally responsible for exhausting every possibility to preserve the physical strength of the detainees."^11</p>
<p> U.S. <enttype='ORG'>Army</ent> investigators, working at <enttype='GPE'>Buchenwald</ent> and other camps, quickly ascertained what was common knowledge among veteran inmates: that the worst offenders, the cruelest denizens of the camps were not the guards but the prisoners themselves. Common criminals of the same stripe as those who populate U.S. prisons today committed many <enttype='GPE'>villainies</ent>, particularly when they held positions of authority, and fanatical <enttype='NORP'>Communists</ent>, highly organized to combat their many political enemies among the inmates, eliminated their foes with <enttype='NORP'>Stalinist</ent> ruthlessness.</p>
<p> Two U.S. <enttype='ORG'>Army</ent> investigators at <enttype='GPE'>Buchenwald</ent>, Egon W. <enttype='PERSON'>Fleck</ent> and <enttype='PERSON'>Edward</ent> A. <enttype='ORG'>Tenenbaum</ent>, carefully investigated circumstances in the camp before its liberation. In a detailed report submitted to their superiors, they revealed, in the words of <enttype='PERSON'>Alfred Tombs</ent>, their commander, who wrote a preface to the report, "how the prisoners themselves organized a deadly terror within the <enttype='NORP'>Nazi</ent> terror."^12</p>
<p><enttype='PERSON'>Fleck</ent> and <enttype='ORG'>Tenenbaum</ent> described the power exercised by criminals and <enttype='NORP'>Communists</ent> as follows:
<p>. . . The <enttype='ORG'>trusties</ent>, who in time became almost exclusively <enttype='NORP'>Communist</ent><enttype='NORP'>German</ent>s, had the power of life and death over all other inmates. They could sentence a man or a group to almost certain death . . . The <enttype='NORP'>Communist</ent><enttype='ORG'>trusties</ent> were directly responsible for a large part of the brutalities at <enttype='GPE'>Buchenwald</ent>.</p>
<p> Colonel <enttype='PERSON'>Donald</ent> B. <enttype='PERSON'>Robinson</ent>, chief historian of the <enttype='NORP'>American</ent> military government in <enttype='NORP'>German</ent>y, summarized the <enttype='PERSON'>Fleck</ent>-<enttype='ORG'>Tenenbaum</ent> report in an article which appeared in "The <enttype='NORP'>American</ent><enttype='ORG'>Mercury</ent>" shortly after the war. Colonel <enttype='PERSON'>Robinson</ent> wrote succinctly of
the <enttype='NORP'>American</ent> investigators' findings: "It appeared that the prisoners who agreed with the <enttype='NORP'>Communists</ent> ate; those who didn't starved to death."^13</p>
<p> Additional corroboration of inmate brutality has been provided by <enttype='PERSON'>Ellis</ent> E. Spackman, who, as Chief of Counter-Intelligence Arrests and Detentions for the Seventh U.S. <enttype='ORG'>Army</ent>, was involved in the liberation of <enttype='LOC'>Dachau</ent>. Spackman, later a professor of
history at San Bernardino Valley College in <enttype='GPE'>California</ent>, wrote in 1966 that at <enttype='LOC'>Dachau</ent> "the prisoners were the actual instruments that inflicted the barbarities on their fellow prisoners."^14</p>
<p> On December 9, 1944 Col. <enttype='PERSON'>Paul Kirk</ent> and Lt. Col. <enttype='PERSON'>Edward</ent> J. <enttype='PERSON'>Gully</ent> inspected the <enttype='NORP'>German</ent> concentration camp at <enttype='PERSON'>Natzweiler</ent> in <enttype='GPE'>Alsace</ent>. They reported their findings to their superiors at the headquarters of the U.S. 6th <enttype='ORG'>Army</ent> Group, which subsequently forwarded <enttype='PERSON'>Kirk</ent> and Gully's report to <enttype='ORG'>the War Crimes Division</ent>. While, significantly, the full text of their report has never been published, it has been revealed, by an author supportive of <enttype='EVENT'>Holocaust</ent> claims, that the two investigators were careful to characterize equipment exhibited to them by <enttype='NORP'>French</ent> informants as a "SO-CALLED lethal gas chamber," and claim it was "<enttype='ORG'>ALLEGEDLY</ent> used as a lethal gas chamber"^15 [emphasis added].</p>
<p> Both the careful phraseology of the <enttype='PERSON'>Natzweiler</ent> report, and its effective suppression, stand in stark contrast to the credulity, the confusion, and the blaring publicity which accompanied official reports of alleged gas chambers at <enttype='LOC'>Dachau</ent>. At first, a U.S. <enttype='ORG'>Army</ent> photo depicting a GI gazing mournfully at a steel door marked with a skull and crossbones and the <enttype='NORP'>German</ent> words for: "Caution! Gas! Mortal danger! Don't open!" was identified as showing the murder weapon. Later, however, it was evidently
decided that the apparatus in question was merely a standard delousing chamber for clothing, and another alleged gas chamber, this one cunningly disguised as a shower room, was exhibited to <enttype='NORP'>American</ent> congressmen and journalists as the site where thousands breathed their last. While there exist numerous reports in the press as to the operation of this second "gas chamber," no official report by trained <enttype='ORG'>Army</ent> investigators has yet surfaced to reconcile such problems as the function of the shower heads: Were they "dummies," or did lethal cyanide gas stream through them? (Each theory has appreciable support in journalistic and historiographical literature.)</p>
<p> As with <enttype='LOC'>Dachau</ent>, so with <enttype='GPE'>Buchenwald</ent>, Bergen-<enttype='PERSON'>Belsen</ent>, and the other camps captured by the <enttype='ORG'>Allies</ent>. There was no end of propaganda about "gas chambers," "gas ovens," and the like, but so far not a single detailed description of the murder weapon and its function, not a single report of the kind that is mandatory for the successful prosecution of any assault or murder case in <enttype='GPE'>America</ent> at the time and today, has come to light.</p>
<p> Furthermore, a number of <enttype='EVENT'>Holocaust</ent> authorities have now publicly decreed that there were no gassings, no extermination camps in <enttype='NORP'>German</ent>y after all! All these things, we are told, were located in what is now <enttype='GPE'>Poland</ent>, in areas captured by the <enttype='NORP'>Soviet</ent>
Red <enttype='ORG'>Army</ent> and off-limits to <enttype='NORP'>Western</ent> investigators. In 1960 Dr. <enttype='PERSON'>Martin Broszat</ent>, who is now director of the <enttype='GPE'>Munich</ent>-based <enttype='ORG'>Institute for Contemporary History</ent>, which is funded by the West <enttype='NORP'>German</ent> government to SUPPORT the <enttype='EVENT'>Holocaust</ent> story, wrote a letter to
he <enttype='NORP'>German</ent> weekly "Die <enttype='ORG'>Zeit</ent>" in which he stated categorically: "Neither in <enttype='LOC'>Dachau</ent> nor in Bergen-<enttype='PERSON'>Belsen</ent> nor in <enttype='GPE'>Buchenwald</ent> were <enttype='NORP'>Jews</ent> or other prisoners gassed."^16 Professional <enttype='NORP'>Nazi</ent>-hunter <enttype='PERSON'>Simon Wiesenthal</ent> wrote in 1975 that "there were no extermination
camps on <enttype='NORP'>German</ent> soil."^17 And <enttype='LOC'>Dachau</ent> "gas chamber" No. 2, which was once presented to a stunned and grieving world as a weapon which claimed hundreds of thousands of lives, is now described in the brochure issued to tourists at the modern <enttype='LOC'>Dachau</ent> "memorial site" in these words: "This gas chamber, camouflaged as a shower room, was not used."^18</p>
<p> More than forty years after <enttype='NORP'>American</ent> troops entered <enttype='LOC'>Dachau</ent>, <enttype='GPE'>Buchenwald</ent>, and the other <enttype='NORP'>German</ent> camps, and trained <enttype='NORP'>American</ent> investigators established the facts as to what had gone on in them, the government in <enttype='GPE'>Washington</ent>, the entertainment media in
<enttype='GPE'>Hollywood</ent>, and the print media in <enttype='GPE'>New York</ent> continue to churn out millions of words and images annually on the horrors of the camps and the infamy of the <enttype='EVENT'>Holocaust</ent>. Despite the fact that, with the exception of the defeated Confederacy, no enemy of <enttype='GPE'>America</ent> has ever so suffered so complete and devestating defeat as did <enttype='NORP'>German</ent>y in 1945, the mass media and the politicians and bureaucrats behave as if <enttype='PERSON'>Hitler</ent>, his troops, and his concentration camps continue to exist in an eternal present, and our opinion makers continue to distort, through ignorance or malice, the facts about the camps.</p>
<p> It is time that the government and the professional historians revealed the facts about <enttype='LOC'>Dachau</ent>, <enttype='GPE'>Buchenwald</ent>, and the other camps. It is time that they let the <enttype='NORP'>American</ent> public know how the inmates died, and how they didn't die. It is time that the
claims as to mass murder by gassing were clarified and investigated in the same manner as any other claims of murder are dealt with. It is time that the free ride certain groups have enjoyed as the result of unchallenged <enttype='EVENT'>Holocaust</ent> claims be terminate, just as it is time that other groups, including <enttype='NORP'>German</ent>s, eastern Europeans, the <enttype='NORP'>Roman Catholic</ent> hierarchy, and the wartime leadership of <enttype='GPE'>America</ent> and <enttype='GPE'>Britain</ent> stop being scapegoated, either for their alleged role in the <enttype='EVENT'>Holocaust</ent> or their supposed failure to stop it.</p>
<p> Above all, it is time that the citizens of this great democratic Republic have the facts about the camps, facts which they possess a right to know, a right that is fundamental to the exercise of their authority and their will in the governance o
their country. As citizens and as taxpayers, <enttype='NORP'>Americans</ent> of all ethnic backgrounds, of all faiths, have a basic right and an overriding interest in determining the facts of incidents which are deemed by those in positions of power to be determinative in America's foreign policy, in its educational policy, in its selection of past events to be memorialized in our civic life. The alleged facts of the <enttype='EVENT'>Holocaust</ent> are today at issue all over the civilized world: in <enttype='NORP'>German</ent>y, in <enttype='GPE'>France</ent>, in <enttype='GPE'>Italy</ent>, in <enttype='GPE'>Britain</ent>, in the Low Countries and Scandinavia, in <enttype='GPE'>Japan</ent>, across our border in <enttype='GPE'>Canada</ent> and in <enttype='GPE'>the United</ent> States of <enttype='GPE'>America</ent> itself. The truth will be decided only by recourse to the facts, in the public forum: not by concealing the facts, denying the truth, stonewalling reality. The truth will out, and it is time the government of this country, and governments and international bodies throughout the world, made public and patent the evidence of what actually transpired in the <enttype='NORP'>German</ent> concentration camps in
the years 1933-1945, so that we may put paid to the lies, without fear or favor, and carry out the work of reconciliation and renewal that is and must be the granite foundation of mutual tolerance between peoples and of a peace based on justice, rather than on guns, barbed wire, prisons, and lies.</p>
<p>12. _<enttype='GPE'>Buchenwald</ent>: A Preliminary Report_, Egon W. <enttype='PERSON'>Fleck</ent> and <enttype='PERSON'>Edward</ent> A. <enttype='ORG'>Tenenbaum</ent>,
U.S. <enttype='ORG'>Army</ent>, 12th <enttype='ORG'>Army</ent> Group, 24 April 1945. <enttype='ORG'>National Archives</ent>, Record Group
<p>13. "<enttype='NORP'>Communist</ent> Atrocities at <enttype='GPE'>Buchenwald</ent>," <enttype='PERSON'>Donald</ent> B. <enttype='PERSON'>Robinson</ent>, in _<enttype='NORP'>American</ent>
<p><enttype='PERSON'>Theodore</ent> J. O'Keefe is the editor of "<enttype='ORG'>The Journal</ent> of Historical Review." Educated at <enttype='ORG'>Harvard</ent>, he has studied history and literature on three continents, and has published many articles on historical and political subjects.
The conclusions of the early U.S. <enttype='ORG'>Army</ent> investigations as to the
truth about the wartime <enttype='NORP'>German</ent> concentration camps have since been
corroborated by all subsequent investigators and can be summarized:
1. The harrowing scenes of dead and dying inmates were not the result of
a <enttype='NORP'>German</ent> policy of "extermination," but rather the result of epidemics of
typhus and other disease brought about largely by the effects of <enttype='ORG'>Allied</ent>
aerial attacks.
2. Stories of <enttype='NORP'>Nazi</ent> supercriminals and sadists who turned <enttype='NORP'>Jews</ent> and others
into handbags and lampshades for their private profit or amusement were
sick lies or diseased fantasies; indeed, the <enttype='NORP'>German</ent> authorities
consistently punished corruption AND cruelty on the part of camp
commanders and guards.
3. On the other hand, the representations of the newly liberated inmates
to have been saints and martyrs of <enttype='PERSON'>Hitler</ent>ism were quite often very far
from the truth; indeed, most of the brutalities inflicted on camp
detainees were the work of their fellow prisoners, in contravention of
<enttype='NORP'>German</ent> policy and <enttype='NORP'>German</ent> orders.
4. The alleged homicidal showers and gas chambers had been used either
for bathing camp inmates or delousing their clothes; the claim that they
had been used to murder <enttype='NORP'>Jews</ent> or other human beings is a contemptible
fabrication. Orthodox, Establishment historians and professional "<enttype='NORP'>Nazi</ent>-hunters" have quietly dropped claims that inmates were gassed at <enttype='LOC'>Dachau</ent>,
<enttype='GPE'>Buchenwald</ent>, and other camps in <enttype='NORP'>German</ent>y. They continue, however, to keep
silent regarding the lies about <enttype='LOC'>Dachau</ent> and <enttype='GPE'>Buchenwald</ent>, as well as to
evade an open discussion of the evidence for homicidal gassing at
Auschwitz and the other camps captured by the <enttype='NORP'>Soviet</ent>s.
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