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2023-05-03 17:06:31 -04:00
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<div id="conspiracy">
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<p> "Our Presidents should not be able to conduct secret
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operations which violate our principles, jeopardize our rights,
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and have not been subject to the checks and balances which
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normally keep policies in line."</p>
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<p> Morton Halperin
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Former Deputy Assistant Secretary of
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Defense for International Affairs</p>
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<p> "In its consideration of covert action, the Committee was
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struck by the basic tension--if not incompatibility--of covert
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operations and the demands of a constitutional system. Secrecy
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is essential to covert operations; secrecy can, however, become a
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source of power, a barrier to serious policy debate within the
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government, and a means of circumventing the established checks
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and procedures of government. The Committee found that secrecy
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and compartmentation contributed to a temptation on the part of
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the Executive to resort to covert operations in order to avoid
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bureaucratic, congressional, and public debate."</p>
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<p> The Church Committee</p>
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<p> "The nation must to a degree take it on faith that we too
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are honorable men, devoted to her service."
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Richard Helms, then DCI
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April, 1971
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Table of Contents</p>
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<p>CHAPTER ONE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
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Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1</p>
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<p>CHAPTER TWO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
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<span class="ORG" title="ORG">CIA</span> Proprietaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
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Propaganda . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
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Political Action . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
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Economic Covert Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
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Paramilitary Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10</p>
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<p>CHAPTER THREE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
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Project NKNAOMI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
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Project <span class="ORG" title="ORG">MKULTRA</span> . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
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LSD Experimentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
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Project BLUEBIRD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
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Project ARTICHOKE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18</p>
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<p>CHAPTER FOUR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
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The National Security Act of July 1947 . . . . . . 19
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Radio Free Europe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
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Radio Liberty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
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Taiwan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
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Operation Mongoose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
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Guatemala . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
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The Bay of Pigs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
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Laos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
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The Phoenix Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
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Chile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38</p>
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<p>CHAPTER FIVE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
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Plausible Deniability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
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<span class="ORG" title="ORG">CIA</span> Case Officers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
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Congress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44</p>
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<p> CHAPTER ONE</p>
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<p> INTRODUCTION</p>
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<p> On January 22, 1946, President Harry S. Truman issued an
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executive order setting up a National Intelligence Authority,
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and under it, a Central Intelligence Group, which was the
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forerunner of the Central Intelligence Agency. Truman
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recognized the need for a centralized intelligence apparatus
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in peacetime to help ensure that nothing like the <span class="NORP" title="NORP">Japanese</span>
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surprise attack on Pearl Harbor would ever again happen.
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The organization that was to become the <span class="ORG" title="ORG">CIA</span> took on a life of
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its own and over the past four decades has become the secret
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army of the President of the United States. Presidents from
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Truman to Ronald <span class="PERSON" title="PERSON">Reagan</span> have used this secret army whenever
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they found it impossible to achieve their policy goals
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through overt means.
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Over the years, the <span class="ORG" title="ORG">CIA</span> has evolved from an agency whose
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primary assignment was to gather intelligence into a powerful
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entity whose help is enlisted to help attain American foreign
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policy goals. Since 1947, the Agency has been involved in
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the internal affairs of over fifty countries on six different
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continents. Although an exact number is impossible to
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determine, there are over 20000 employees affiliated with
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the organization. Of these, more than 6000 serve in the
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clandestine services, the arm of the <span class="ORG" title="ORG">CIA</span> that is responsible
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for covert operations.
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The purpose of this work will be to survey the covert
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operations that have been undertaken by the <span class="ORG" title="ORG">CIA</span> in the past
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forty years and to assess the effectiveness of a number of
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these activities. We shall begin by examining the various
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shapes that covert operations may take. They are propaganda;
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political action; economic activities; and paramilitary
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operations. After surveying the various types of covert
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operations, we will look at examples of <span class="ORG" title="ORG">CIA</span> involvement
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around the world. Since there have been eighty-five or so
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such operations since 1948, we will not attempt to look at
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every one (See Appendix I). However, we will examine a
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number of covert operations to get an idea of what exactly
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the <span class="ORG" title="ORG">CIA</span> does and continues to do. We will evaluate both the
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particular operations examined in this work and covert
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operations in general. Afterwards, we should be able to
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establish a number of criteria that separate good covert
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operations from bad ones. Finally, we will look towards the
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future and try to see what it has in store for the Central
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Intelligence Agency.
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</p>
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<p> CHAPTER TWO</p>
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<p> According to the <span class="ORG" title="ORG">CIA</span>'s own definition, covert action
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means "any clandestine or secret activities designed to
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influence foreign governments, events, organizations, or
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persons in support of U.S. foreign policy conducted in such
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manner that the involvement of the U.S. Government is not
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apparent." Before we explore the various types of covert
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operations in which the Agency engages, we should examine one
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of the methods that the <span class="ORG" title="ORG">CIA</span> uses to mask its activities.
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What is being referred to is the establishment of "front"
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organizations, better known as proprietaries.
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<span class="ORG" title="ORG">CIA</span> proprietaries are businesses that are wholly owned
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by the Agency which do business, or appear to do business,
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under commercial guise. Proprietaries have been used by the
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<span class="ORG" title="ORG">CIA</span> for espionage as well as covert operations. Many of the
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larger proprietaries are also, and have been in the past,
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used for paramilitary purposes.
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The best-known of the <span class="ORG" title="ORG">CIA</span> proprietaries were Radio Free
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Europe and Radio Liberty. The corporate structures of the
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two radio stations served as a prototype for later Agency
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proprietaries. Each functioned under the cover provided by a
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board of directors made up of prominent Americans, who in the
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case of Radio Free Europe incorporated as the National
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Committee for a Free Europe and in the case of Radio Liberty
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as the American Committee for Liberation. However, <span class="ORG" title="ORG">CIA</span>
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officers in the key management positions at the stations made
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all of the important decisions regarding the activities of
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the station.
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Other <span class="ORG" title="ORG">CIA</span> proprietaries, organized in the 1960s, were
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the <span class="ORG" title="ORG">CIA</span> airlines--Air America, Air Asia, Civil Air Transport,
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Intermountain Aviation, and Southern Air Transport--and
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certain holding companies involved with the airlines or the
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Bay of Pigs project, such as the Pacific Corporation and
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Double-Chek corporation. In early 1967, it became known that
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the <span class="ORG" title="ORG">CIA</span> had subsidized the nation's largest student
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organization, the National Student Association. This
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revelation prompted increased press interest in <span class="ORG" title="ORG">CIA</span> fronts
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and conduits. Eventually, it became known that the <span class="ORG" title="ORG">CIA</span>
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channeled money directly or indirectly into a multitude of
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business, labor, and church groups; universities; charitable
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organizations; and educational and cultural groups.
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<span class="NORP" title="NORP">PROPAGANDA</span>
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</p>
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<p> Propaganda is any action that is "intended to undermine the
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beliefs, perceptions, and value systems of the people under the
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rule of the adversary government..." The ultimate aim of
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propaganda is to convert the people under the opposition
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government into accepting the belief system of the country which
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is distributing the propaganda. Half of the battle is won if the
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people of the target country begin to question the belief system
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of the government under whose authority they live.
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Propaganda is among the oldest of techniques employed by
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governments in dealing with their foes. There are many different
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propaganda methods that are used by governments to undermine the
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political machinery in other countries, some of which are overt.
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One of these is the use of radio broadcasts. Radio provides a
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way to reach the people of the adversary country that cannot be
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kept out by building walls.
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In addition to the overt means of distributing propaganda
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that have been mentioned, there are covert means that are
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sometimes employed. Covert action is used and becomes relevant
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when a country attempts to control the media of the enemy state.
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This control is accomplished by influencing writers, journalists,
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printers, publishers, and so forth through money, exchanges of
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favors, or other means. In the case of radio, covert action
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involves the operation of "black radio" which will be discussed
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in a moment.
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In their book The Invisible Government, authors David Wise
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and Thomas B. Ross make the following observations about the
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radio activities of the Central Intelligence Agency: </p>
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<p>United States radio activities have ranged all the
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way from overt, openly acknowledged and advertised
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programs of the Voice of America to highly secret
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<span class="ORG" title="ORG">CIA</span> transmitters in the Middle East and other areas
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of the world. In between, is a whole spectrum of
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black, gray, secret and semi-secret radio
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operations. The <span class="ORG" title="ORG">CIA</span>'s Radio Swan, because it
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became operationally involved at the Bay of Pigs,
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never enjoyed more than the thinnest of covers.
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But Radio Swan was a relatively small black-radio
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operation. Other radio operations, financed and
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controlled in whole or in part by the Invisible
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Government [The <span class="ORG" title="ORG">CIA</span> and the U.S. Intelligence
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Community as a whole], are more skillfully
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concealed and much bigger.</p>
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<p> It may now be helpful to examine exactly what is meant
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by black and white propaganda. Black propaganda conceals its
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origin while white propaganda is an open, candid charge
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against an opponent. An example of black propaganda would be
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the <span class="ORG" title="ORG">CIA</span>'s circulation of a supposedly Soviet anti-Islamic
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pamphlet in Egypt in October 1964. The effort was intended
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to hurt the image of the Soviet Union in that country.
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"Black radio", in the specialized language of the
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intelligence community, is generally understood to mean the
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operation of a radio broadcasting system which, after being
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captured by the intelligence network of the adversary nation,
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is operated in the name of the original owner to conduct
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|
|
|
hostile, but subtle, propaganda against the owner while
|
|
|
|
|
pretending that the station is still in the original hands.
|
|
|
|
|
Sometimes "black radio" simply means radio operations
|
|
|
|
|
controlled directly or indirectly by any intelligence
|
|
|
|
|
apparatus. "Black radio" operations of this sort have been
|
|
|
|
|
conducted by both super-powers on a large scale in every form
|
|
|
|
|
since the beginning of the Cold War. U.S. activities have
|
|
|
|
|
ranged from the open Voice of America broadcasting station to
|
2023-04-28 08:18:41 -04:00
|
|
|
secret <span class="ORG" title="ORG">CIA</span> transmitters in different parts of the world.
|
2023-04-27 21:33:38 -04:00
|
|
|
One more type of propaganda effort which deserves
|
|
|
|
|
further mention here is printed propaganda. Every year, the
|
2023-04-28 08:18:41 -04:00
|
|
|
<span class="ORG" title="ORG">CIA</span> engages in publishing slightly misleading newspaper and
|
2023-04-27 21:33:38 -04:00
|
|
|
magazine articles, books, and even occasionally the memoirs
|
|
|
|
|
of Soviet officials or soldiers who have defected. The
|
|
|
|
|
Agency also wages a silent war through disinformation and
|
|
|
|
|
various other counterespionage techniques. The distribution
|
|
|
|
|
through this method sometimes proves to be more difficult
|
|
|
|
|
than conducting radio broadcasts.</p>
|
2023-05-03 17:06:31 -04:00
|
|
|
<p> POLITICAL ACTION</p>
|
|
|
|
|
<p> Another type of influence that may be exerted through
|
2023-04-27 21:33:38 -04:00
|
|
|
covert means is political action. Such action may be defined
|
|
|
|
|
as attempts to change the power structure and policies of
|
|
|
|
|
another state through secret contacts and secret funds by
|
|
|
|
|
means which are stronger than mere persuasion (propaganda)
|
|
|
|
|
and less severe than military action. Following the Korean
|
|
|
|
|
War and the shift in the perception of the Soviet threat as
|
2023-04-28 08:18:41 -04:00
|
|
|
more political and less military, the <span class="ORG" title="ORG">CIA</span> concentrated its
|
2023-04-27 21:33:38 -04:00
|
|
|
operations on political action, particularly in the form of
|
|
|
|
|
covert support for electoral candidates and political
|
|
|
|
|
parties.
|
|
|
|
|
Covert political action may be carried out in the form
|
|
|
|
|
of support of a friendly government or against its domestic
|
|
|
|
|
opposition, a type of covert action known as subversive. It
|
|
|
|
|
may also manifest itself in the form of support to a group
|
|
|
|
|
that is the domestic opposition of an unfriendly government.
|
|
|
|
|
The latter type of covert action is known as benign.
|
|
|
|
|
Another and somewhat darker form of covert political
|
|
|
|
|
activity is assassination. From time to time, a dictator
|
|
|
|
|
unfriendly to the United States or its interests will take
|
|
|
|
|
control of a country that the U.S. deems to be of vital
|
|
|
|
|
significance. Perhaps the leader has a heavy Marxist bent
|
|
|
|
|
like Fidel Castro or a somewhat unpredictable tendency to
|
|
|
|
|
cause turmoil in the world like Moammar Gadhafi. In cases
|
|
|
|
|
where such a person has seized power, the U.S. is often
|
|
|
|
|
interested in removing the dictator by any means available.
|
|
|
|
|
In cases where the leaders in the United States feel that the
|
|
|
|
|
immediate removal of an unfriendly dictator is absolutely
|
|
|
|
|
necessary if the U.S. is to enjoy continued security, U.S.
|
|
|
|
|
leaders may resort to the unpleasant option of assassination.
|
|
|
|
|
In 1975, in light of questions about the conduct of the
|
2023-04-28 08:18:41 -04:00
|
|
|
<span class="ORG" title="ORG">CIA</span> in domestic affairs in the United States, the Senate
|
2023-04-27 21:33:38 -04:00
|
|
|
Select Committee on Intelligence, headed by Senator Frank
|
2023-04-28 08:18:41 -04:00
|
|
|
Church of Idaho, began hearings on the <span class="ORG" title="ORG">CIA</span> and its
|
2023-04-27 21:33:38 -04:00
|
|
|
activities. The Church Committee (as it become known) issued
|
|
|
|
|
a report in 1975 entitled "Alleged Assassination Plots
|
|
|
|
|
Involving Foreign Leaders" which provided a unique inside
|
2023-04-28 08:18:41 -04:00
|
|
|
account of how such plans originate. The <span class="ORG" title="ORG">CIA</span> was allegedly
|
2023-04-27 21:33:38 -04:00
|
|
|
involved in assassination plots against Fidel Castro of Cuba,
|
|
|
|
|
Patrice Lumumba of the Congo, and Ngo Din Diem of South
|
|
|
|
|
Vietnam. The Agency also allegedly schemed to assassinate
|
|
|
|
|
President Sukarno of Indonesia and Francois "Papa Doc"
|
|
|
|
|
Duvalier of Haiti. The Agency had provided arms to
|
|
|
|
|
dissidents within Indonesia and Haiti, but witnesses before
|
|
|
|
|
the Church Committee swore that those weapons were never
|
|
|
|
|
given for the purpose of murdering either man.
|
|
|
|
|
In addition to plotting to assassinate foreign leaders,
|
2023-04-28 08:18:41 -04:00
|
|
|
the <span class="ORG" title="ORG">CIA</span> often supplied dissidents within foreign countries
|
2023-04-27 21:33:38 -04:00
|
|
|
controlled by unfriendly governments with arms and
|
2023-04-28 08:18:41 -04:00
|
|
|
ammunition. In Chile, the <span class="ORG" title="ORG">CIA</span> passed three .45 calibre
|
2023-04-27 21:33:38 -04:00
|
|
|
machine guns, ten tear-gas grenades, and five-hundred rounds
|
|
|
|
|
of ammunition. For Castro dissidents, the Agency prepared a
|
|
|
|
|
cache composed of a rifle with a telescope and silencer and
|
|
|
|
|
several bombs which could be concealed in a suitcase.
|
|
|
|
|
Finally, in the Dominican Republic, where the United States
|
2023-04-28 08:18:41 -04:00
|
|
|
disliked Rafael Trujillo, the <span class="ORG" title="ORG">CIA</span> prepared to drop twelve
|
2023-04-27 21:33:38 -04:00
|
|
|
untraceable rifles with scopes. That drop was never
|
|
|
|
|
executed.
|
|
|
|
|
In all of the plots in which the Agency was involved, it
|
|
|
|
|
made sure that its role was indirect. Never once did an
|
2023-04-28 08:18:41 -04:00
|
|
|
American <span class="ORG" title="ORG">CIA</span> agent actually make any of the assassination
|
2023-04-27 21:33:38 -04:00
|
|
|
attempts. According to Loch Johnson in A Season of Inquiry: </p>
|
2023-05-03 17:06:31 -04:00
|
|
|
<p>In no case was an American finger actually on the
|
2023-04-27 21:33:38 -04:00
|
|
|
trigger of these weapons. And even though the
|
|
|
|
|
officials of the United States had clearly
|
|
|
|
|
initiated assassination plots against Castro and
|
|
|
|
|
Lumumba, it was technically true--as Richard Helms
|
2023-04-28 08:18:41 -04:00
|
|
|
had claimed--that neither the <span class="ORG" title="ORG">CIA</span> nor any other
|
2023-04-27 21:33:38 -04:00
|
|
|
agency of the American government had murdered a
|
|
|
|
|
foreign leader. Through others, however, we had
|
|
|
|
|
tried, but had either been too inept...or too late
|
|
|
|
|
to succeed.
|
|
|
|
|
</p>
|
2023-05-03 17:06:31 -04:00
|
|
|
<p> ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES </p>
|
|
|
|
|
<p> Economic covert operations are those in which an attempt
|
2023-04-27 21:33:38 -04:00
|
|
|
is made to affect the economic machinery within a country
|
|
|
|
|
with the aim of achieving a desired result. An example would
|
2023-04-28 08:18:41 -04:00
|
|
|
be the <span class="ORG" title="ORG">CIA</span>'s involvement in trying to contaminate part of a
|
|
|
|
|
cargo of <span class="NORP" title="NORP">Cuban</span> sugar that was bound for the Soviet Union.
|
2023-04-27 21:33:38 -04:00
|
|
|
This type of activity might also come in the form of helping
|
|
|
|
|
a country become more economically efficient and hoping that
|
|
|
|
|
the success will be noticed by other countries who will then
|
|
|
|
|
embrace the democratic ideals and methods through which the
|
|
|
|
|
"model" country has become prosperous.</p>
|
2023-05-03 17:06:31 -04:00
|
|
|
<p> PARAMILITARY OPERATIONS</p>
|
|
|
|
|
<p> Perhaps the most tangible type of covert action engaged
|
2023-04-28 08:18:41 -04:00
|
|
|
in by the <span class="ORG" title="ORG">CIA</span> is in the form of paramilitary operations.
|
2023-04-27 21:33:38 -04:00
|
|
|
This category of covert operations is also potentially the
|
|
|
|
|
most politically dangerous. With the onset of the Cold War
|
|
|
|
|
and the proliferation of nuclear weapons, military operations
|
|
|
|
|
became both necessary and dangerous at the same time. In
|
|
|
|
|
countries where other forms of persuasion did not seem to be
|
|
|
|
|
working, it often seemed necessary to use military forces to
|
|
|
|
|
further the foreign policy goals of the United States. The
|
|
|
|
|
perceived threat of Soviet domination of the Third World
|
|
|
|
|
served to increase the pressure for military intervention.
|
|
|
|
|
It was thus decided by U.S. leaders that the nation should
|
|
|
|
|
have paramilitary capabilities. The responsibility for
|
|
|
|
|
devising and carrying out these operations naturally settled
|
2023-04-28 08:18:41 -04:00
|
|
|
upon the shoulders of the <span class="ORG" title="ORG">CIA</span>.
|
2023-04-27 21:33:38 -04:00
|
|
|
Though the United States began to work on developing a
|
|
|
|
|
paramilitary capability after World War II, with the
|
|
|
|
|
exception of an operation in Guatemala in 1954, the scale of
|
|
|
|
|
activities was minimal before 1961. When President John F.
|
|
|
|
|
Kennedy took office in 1961, he and his closest advisors were
|
|
|
|
|
convinced of the need for the U.S. to develop an
|
|
|
|
|
unconventional warfare capability to counter the growing
|
|
|
|
|
evidence of communist guerilla activities in Southeast Asia
|
|
|
|
|
and Africa. The aim of "counterinsurgency" (as it became
|
|
|
|
|
known) was to prevent communist supported military victories
|
|
|
|
|
without causing a major U.S./Soviet confrontation.
|
2023-04-28 08:18:41 -04:00
|
|
|
Simultaneously, Kennedy directed the <span class="ORG" title="ORG">CIA</span> to develop and use
|
2023-04-27 21:33:38 -04:00
|
|
|
its paramilitary capabilities around the world. Thus, in the
|
|
|
|
|
decade of the 1960s, developing a paramilitary capability
|
2023-04-28 08:18:41 -04:00
|
|
|
became the primary objective of the <span class="ORG" title="ORG">CIA</span>'s clandestine
|
2023-04-27 21:33:38 -04:00
|
|
|
activities, and by 1967, spending on paramilitary activities
|
|
|
|
|
had surpassed both psychological and political action in the
|
|
|
|
|
amount of budgetary allocation.
|
|
|
|
|
In the early 1960s, the decolonization of Africa sparked
|
2023-04-28 08:18:41 -04:00
|
|
|
an increase in the scale of <span class="ORG" title="ORG">CIA</span> clandestine activities on
|
|
|
|
|
that continent. <span class="ORG" title="ORG">CIA</span> activities there paralleled the growing
|
2023-04-27 21:33:38 -04:00
|
|
|
interest within the State Department and the Kennedy
|
|
|
|
|
Administration in Third World Countries, which were regarded
|
|
|
|
|
as the first line of defense against the Soviets. The U.S.
|
|
|
|
|
Government assumed that the Soviets would attempt to encroach
|
2023-04-28 08:18:41 -04:00
|
|
|
upon the newly independent states. Thus the <span class="NORP" title="NORP">African</span>
|
|
|
|
|
continent, which prior to 1960 was included in the <span class="ORG" title="ORG">CIA</span>'s
|
2023-04-27 21:33:38 -04:00
|
|
|
Middle-Eastern Division became a separate division. In
|
2023-04-28 08:18:41 -04:00
|
|
|
addition, between 1959 and 1963, the number of <span class="ORG" title="ORG">CIA</span> stations
|
2023-04-27 21:33:38 -04:00
|
|
|
in Africa increased by 55.5%. Also, the perception of a
|
|
|
|
|
growing Soviet presence both politically and through guerilla
|
|
|
|
|
activity in Peru, Bolivia, and Colombia, resulted in a 40%
|
|
|
|
|
increase in the size of the Western Hemisphere Division
|
|
|
|
|
between 1960 and 1965.
|
2023-04-28 08:18:41 -04:00
|
|
|
Throughout the 1960s, the <span class="ORG" title="ORG">CIA</span> was involved in
|
2023-04-27 21:33:38 -04:00
|
|
|
paramilitary operations in a number of countries. Its
|
|
|
|
|
involvement included efforts in Angola, Vietnam, Laos, and
|
2023-04-28 08:18:41 -04:00
|
|
|
Cuba. Many of the <span class="ORG" title="ORG">CIA</span>'s undertakings were either
|
2023-04-27 21:33:38 -04:00
|
|
|
unsuccessful or without any clear result and some of them
|
|
|
|
|
will be discussed later. Before leaving this category of
|
|
|
|
|
covert operations, it is interesting to consider a story
|
|
|
|
|
recounted by Fred Branfman, in a book entitled Uncloaking the
|
2023-04-28 08:18:41 -04:00
|
|
|
<span class="ORG" title="ORG">CIA</span> by Howard Frazier.</p>
|
2023-05-03 17:06:31 -04:00
|
|
|
<p>There are many stories I could tell about him, but
|
2023-04-27 21:33:38 -04:00
|
|
|
I will tell just one. In the late 1960s a friend
|
2023-04-28 08:18:41 -04:00
|
|
|
of mine was a pilot for a private <span class="ORG" title="ORG">CIA</span> airline. The
|
2023-04-27 21:33:38 -04:00
|
|
|
agent threw a box on the airplane one day and said
|
|
|
|
|
"Take this to Landry in Udorn". (Pat Landry was
|
2023-04-28 08:18:41 -04:00
|
|
|
the head of the <span class="ORG" title="ORG">CIA</span> in Udorn, coordinating the
|
|
|
|
|
Burma-Thailand-Laos-<span class="LOC" title="LOC">North Vietnam</span> theatre). My
|
2023-04-27 21:33:38 -04:00
|
|
|
friend started flying the plane and noticed a bad
|
|
|
|
|
odor coming from the box. After some time he could
|
|
|
|
|
not stand it anymore and opened up the box. Inside
|
|
|
|
|
was a fresh human head. This was a joke. The idea
|
|
|
|
|
was to see what Pat Landry would do when someone
|
|
|
|
|
put this box on his desk. You cannot throw a human
|
|
|
|
|
head in the wastepaper basket, you cannot throw it
|
2023-04-28 08:18:41 -04:00
|
|
|
in the garbage can. <span class="ORG" title="ORG">CIA</span> paramilitary activities
|
2023-04-27 21:33:38 -04:00
|
|
|
were and are being carried out by people, like this
|
|
|
|
|
agent, who have gone beyond the pale of civilized
|
|
|
|
|
behavior. There are hundreds of these people now
|
|
|
|
|
working in the Third World. This fact is, of
|
|
|
|
|
course, not just a disgrace, but a clear and
|
|
|
|
|
present danger.
|
|
|
|
|
</p>
|
2023-05-03 17:06:31 -04:00
|
|
|
<p> CHAPTER THREE</p>
|
|
|
|
|
<p> In the first two decades following its establishment,
|
2023-04-28 08:18:41 -04:00
|
|
|
the <span class="ORG" title="ORG">CIA</span> initiated a number of programs to develop a chemical
|
2023-04-27 21:33:38 -04:00
|
|
|
and biological warfare capacity. Project NKNAOMI was begun
|
2023-04-28 08:18:41 -04:00
|
|
|
to provide the <span class="ORG" title="ORG">CIA</span> with a covert support base to meet its
|
2023-04-27 21:33:38 -04:00
|
|
|
clandestine operational requirements. This was to be
|
|
|
|
|
accomplished by stockpiling several incapacitating and lethal
|
|
|
|
|
materials for specific use by the Technical Services Division
|
2023-04-28 08:18:41 -04:00
|
|
|
of the <span class="ORG" title="ORG">CIA</span>. Under this plan, the TSD was to maintain in
|
2023-04-27 21:33:38 -04:00
|
|
|
operational readiness special and unique items for the
|
|
|
|
|
dissemination of biological and chemical materials. The
|
|
|
|
|
project also provided for the required surveillance, testing,
|
|
|
|
|
upgrading, and evaluation of materials and items in order to
|
|
|
|
|
assure the absence of defects and the complete predictability
|
|
|
|
|
of results to be expected under operational conditions. In
|
|
|
|
|
1952, the Special Operations Division of the U.S. Army was
|
2023-04-28 08:18:41 -04:00
|
|
|
asked to assist the <span class="ORG" title="ORG">CIA</span> in developing, testing, and
|
2023-04-27 21:33:38 -04:00
|
|
|
maintaining biological agents and delivery systems for the
|
|
|
|
|
purposes mentioned above.
|
2023-04-28 08:18:41 -04:00
|
|
|
The SOD helped the <span class="ORG" title="ORG">CIA</span> develop darts coated with
|
2023-04-27 21:33:38 -04:00
|
|
|
biological agents and different types of pills. The two also
|
|
|
|
|
devised a special gun which could fire darts enabling an
|
|
|
|
|
agent to incapacitate guard dogs, enter the installation the
|
|
|
|
|
dogs were guarding, and return the dogs to consciousness upon
|
2023-04-28 08:18:41 -04:00
|
|
|
departure from the facility. In addition, the <span class="ORG" title="ORG">CIA</span> asked the
|
2023-04-27 21:33:38 -04:00
|
|
|
SOD to study the feasibility of using biological agents
|
2023-04-28 08:18:41 -04:00
|
|
|
against crops and animals. Indeed, a <span class="ORG" title="ORG">CIA</span> memo written in
|
2023-04-27 21:33:38 -04:00
|
|
|
1967 and uncovered by the Church Committee gives evidence of
|
|
|
|
|
at least three methods of covert attack against crops which
|
|
|
|
|
had been developed and evaluated under field conditions.
|
|
|
|
|
Project NKNAOMI was discontinued in 1970, and on
|
|
|
|
|
November 25, 1969, President Richard Nixon renounced the use
|
|
|
|
|
of any form of biological weapons that could kill or
|
|
|
|
|
incapacitate. Nixon also ordered the disposal of existing
|
|
|
|
|
stockpiles of bacteriological weapons. On February 14, 1970,
|
|
|
|
|
Nixon clarified the extent of his earlier order and indicated
|
|
|
|
|
that toxins--chemicals that are not living organisms but
|
|
|
|
|
produced by living organisms--were considered bacteriological
|
|
|
|
|
weapons subject to his previous directive. Despite the
|
2023-04-28 08:18:41 -04:00
|
|
|
presidential order, a <span class="ORG" title="ORG">CIA</span> scientist acquired around 11 grams
|
2023-04-27 21:33:38 -04:00
|
|
|
of a deadly shellfish toxin from SOD personnel at Fort
|
2023-04-28 08:18:41 -04:00
|
|
|
Detrick and stored it in a little-used <span class="ORG" title="ORG">CIA</span> laboratory where
|
2023-04-27 21:33:38 -04:00
|
|
|
it remained, undetected, for over five years.
|
2023-04-28 08:18:41 -04:00
|
|
|
Another project, <span class="ORG" title="ORG">MKULTRA</span>, provided for the research and
|
2023-04-27 21:33:38 -04:00
|
|
|
development of chemical, biological, and radiological
|
|
|
|
|
materials which could be employed in clandestine operations
|
|
|
|
|
to control human behavior. According to the Church
|
2023-04-28 08:18:41 -04:00
|
|
|
Committee, a <span class="ORG" title="ORG">CIA</span> memo was uncovered which stated the purpose
|
|
|
|
|
of the project. The memo indicated that <span class="ORG" title="ORG">MKULTRA</span>'s purpose
|
2023-04-27 21:33:38 -04:00
|
|
|
was </p>
|
2023-05-03 17:06:31 -04:00
|
|
|
<p>to develop a capability in the covert use of
|
2023-04-27 21:33:38 -04:00
|
|
|
biological and chemical materials...Aside from the
|
|
|
|
|
offensive potential, the development of a
|
|
|
|
|
comprehensive capability in this field of covert
|
|
|
|
|
chemical and biological warfare gives us a thorough
|
|
|
|
|
knowledge of the enemy's theoretical potential,
|
|
|
|
|
thus enabling us to defend ourselves against a foe
|
|
|
|
|
who might not be as restrained in the use of these
|
|
|
|
|
techniques as we are.</p>
|
2023-05-03 17:06:31 -04:00
|
|
|
<p>Eighty-six universities or institutions were involved to some
|
2023-04-27 21:33:38 -04:00
|
|
|
extent in the project.
|
2023-04-28 08:18:41 -04:00
|
|
|
As early as 1947, the <span class="ORG" title="ORG">CIA</span> had begun experimentation with
|
2023-04-27 21:33:38 -04:00
|
|
|
different types of mind-altering chemicals and drugs. One
|
|
|
|
|
Project, CHATTER, involved the testing of "truth drugs" for
|
|
|
|
|
interrogation and agent recruitment. The research included
|
|
|
|
|
laboratory experiments on animals and human volunteers
|
|
|
|
|
involving scopolamine, mescaline, and Anabasis aphylla in
|
|
|
|
|
order to determine their speech-inducing qualities. The
|
|
|
|
|
project, which was expanded substantially during the Korean
|
|
|
|
|
War, ended in 1953.
|
|
|
|
|
Another, more controversial, program involved testing
|
|
|
|
|
the hallucinogenic drug LSD on human subjects. LSD testing
|
2023-04-28 08:18:41 -04:00
|
|
|
by the <span class="ORG" title="ORG">CIA</span> involved three phases. In the first phase, the
|
2023-04-27 21:33:38 -04:00
|
|
|
Agency administered LSD to 1000 soldiers who volunteered for
|
|
|
|
|
the testing. Agency scientists observed the subjects and
|
|
|
|
|
noted their reactions to the drug. In the second phase of
|
|
|
|
|
research, Material Testing Programme EA 1729, 95 volunteers
|
|
|
|
|
received LSD to test the potential intelligence-gathering
|
|
|
|
|
value of the drug. The third phase of the testing, Projects
|
|
|
|
|
THIRD CHANCE and DERBY HAT, involved the interrogation of
|
|
|
|
|
eighteen unwitting non-volunteers in Europe and the Far East
|
|
|
|
|
who had received LSD as part of operational field tests.
|
|
|
|
|
A tragic twist in the LSD experimentation occurred on
|
|
|
|
|
November 27, 1953. Dr. Frank Olson, a civilian employee of
|
2023-04-28 08:18:41 -04:00
|
|
|
the U.S. Army died following participation in a <span class="ORG" title="ORG">CIA</span>
|
2023-04-27 21:33:38 -04:00
|
|
|
experiment with LSD. He unknowingly received 70 micrograms
|
|
|
|
|
of LSD which was placed in his drink by Dr. Robert Lashbrook,
|
2023-04-28 08:18:41 -04:00
|
|
|
a <span class="ORG" title="ORG">CIA</span> officer, as part of an experiment. Shortly after the
|
2023-04-27 21:33:38 -04:00
|
|
|
experiment, Olson exhibited the symptoms of paranoia and
|
|
|
|
|
schizophrenia. Accompanied by Lashbrook, Olson began
|
|
|
|
|
visiting Dr. Harold Abrahamsom for psychological assistance.
|
|
|
|
|
Abrahamson's research on LSD had been funded indirectly by
|
2023-04-28 08:18:41 -04:00
|
|
|
the <span class="ORG" title="ORG">CIA</span>. Olson jumped to his death from a ten-story window
|
2023-04-27 21:33:38 -04:00
|
|
|
in the Statler Hotel while receiving treatment.
|
|
|
|
|
It was disclosed by Senate Committees investigating the
|
2023-04-28 08:18:41 -04:00
|
|
|
activities of the <span class="ORG" title="ORG">CIA</span> in 1977 that the Agency was involved in
|
2023-04-27 21:33:38 -04:00
|
|
|
testing drugs like LSD on "unwitting subjects in social
|
|
|
|
|
situations". In some situations, heroin addicts were enticed
|
|
|
|
|
into participating in order to get a reward--heroin. Perhaps
|
|
|
|
|
most disturbing of all is the fact that the extent of
|
|
|
|
|
experimentation on human subjects cannot readily be
|
2023-04-28 08:18:41 -04:00
|
|
|
determined, since the records of all <span class="ORG" title="ORG">MKULTRA</span> activities were
|
|
|
|
|
destroyed in January 1973 at the instruction of then <span class="ORG" title="ORG">CIA</span>
|
2023-04-27 21:33:38 -04:00
|
|
|
director Richard Helms.
|
2023-04-28 08:18:41 -04:00
|
|
|
At least one project undertaken by the <span class="ORG" title="ORG">CIA</span> in 1950 was
|
2023-04-27 21:33:38 -04:00
|
|
|
aimed at finding ways to protect the security of agents in
|
|
|
|
|
the field. Project BLUEBIRD attempted to discover means of
|
|
|
|
|
conditioning personnel to prevent unauthorized extraction of
|
|
|
|
|
information from them by known means. The project
|
|
|
|
|
investigated the possibility of controlling an individual by
|
|
|
|
|
employing special interrogation techniques. BLUEBIRD also
|
|
|
|
|
looked into memory enhancement and ways to establish
|
|
|
|
|
defensive means against the hostile control of Agency
|
|
|
|
|
personnel. As a result of interrogations conducted overseas
|
|
|
|
|
during the project, another goal was established--the
|
|
|
|
|
evaluation of the offensive uses of unconventional
|
|
|
|
|
interrogation methods, including the use of hypnosis and
|
|
|
|
|
various drugs.
|
|
|
|
|
In August 1951, the project was renamed ARTICHOKE.
|
|
|
|
|
Project ARTICHOKE included "in-house experiments on
|
|
|
|
|
interrogation techniques, conducted 'under medical and
|
|
|
|
|
security controls which would ensure that no damage was done
|
|
|
|
|
to the individuals who volunteer for the experiments'".
|
2023-04-28 08:18:41 -04:00
|
|
|
Although the <span class="ORG" title="ORG">CIA</span> maintains that the project ended in 1956,
|
2023-04-27 21:33:38 -04:00
|
|
|
evidence indicates that the Office of Security and Office of
|
|
|
|
|
Medical Services use of "special interrogation" techniques
|
|
|
|
|
continued for several years thereafter.
|
|
|
|
|
</p>
|
2023-05-03 17:06:31 -04:00
|
|
|
<p> CHAPTER FOUR</p>
|
|
|
|
|
<p> The National Security Act of July 1947 established the
|
2023-04-28 08:18:41 -04:00
|
|
|
<span class="ORG" title="ORG">CIA</span> as it exists today. Under the Act, the <span class="ORG" title="ORG">CIA</span>'s mission was
|
2023-04-27 21:33:38 -04:00
|
|
|
loosely defined, since any efforts to flesh out its duties in
|
|
|
|
|
specific terms would have unduly limited the scope of its
|
2023-04-28 08:18:41 -04:00
|
|
|
activities. Therefore, under the Act, the <span class="ORG" title="ORG">CIA</span> was charged to
|
2023-04-27 21:33:38 -04:00
|
|
|
perform five general tasks. The first is to advise the
|
|
|
|
|
National Security Council on matters relating to national
|
|
|
|
|
security. The second is to make recommendations to the NSC
|
|
|
|
|
regarding the coordination of intelligence activities of the
|
|
|
|
|
various departments. The third duty is to correlate and
|
|
|
|
|
evaluate intelligence data and provide for its appropriate
|
2023-04-28 08:18:41 -04:00
|
|
|
dissemination. Fourth, the <span class="ORG" title="ORG">CIA</span> is to carry out "service of
|
|
|
|
|
common concern". Finally, the <span class="ORG" title="ORG">CIA</span> is authorized "to perform
|
2023-04-27 21:33:38 -04:00
|
|
|
all other functions and duties related to intelligence
|
|
|
|
|
affecting the national security as the NSC will from time to
|
|
|
|
|
time direct...".
|
|
|
|
|
It is from this final directive that the wide-ranging
|
|
|
|
|
power to do everything from plotting political assassinations
|
|
|
|
|
and government overthrows to buying off local newspaper
|
|
|
|
|
owners and mining harbors has come. The wording of that
|
|
|
|
|
final directive has allowed presidents of the United States
|
|
|
|
|
to organize and use secret armies to achieve covertly the
|
|
|
|
|
policy aims that they are not able to achieve through overt
|
|
|
|
|
means. It allows presidents both present and future to use
|
|
|
|
|
the resources of the nation's top intelligence agency as they
|
|
|
|
|
see fit.
|
|
|
|
|
Now that we have become more educated regarding the
|
|
|
|
|
Central Intelligence Agency and some of its numerous
|
|
|
|
|
activities, we shall proceed to the main purpose of this
|
|
|
|
|
analysis. This work is intended to give the reader a clear
|
|
|
|
|
understanding of the types of covert operations in which the
|
2023-04-28 08:18:41 -04:00
|
|
|
<span class="ORG" title="ORG">CIA</span> involves itself. We will then assess the effectiveness
|
2023-04-27 21:33:38 -04:00
|
|
|
of various techniques used by the Agency. Doing so will help
|
2023-04-28 08:18:41 -04:00
|
|
|
us draw conclusions about the proper scope of <span class="ORG" title="ORG">CIA</span> activities
|
2023-04-27 21:33:38 -04:00
|
|
|
and will enable us to address questions about areas of
|
2023-04-28 08:18:41 -04:00
|
|
|
legitimate involvement by the <span class="ORG" title="ORG">CIA</span>. We shall begin by looking
|
|
|
|
|
at a number of <span class="ORG" title="ORG">CIA</span> covert operations since 1947.</p>
|
2023-05-03 17:06:31 -04:00
|
|
|
<p> RADIO FREE EUROPE AND RADIO LIBERTY
|
2023-04-27 21:33:38 -04:00
|
|
|
|
2023-04-28 08:18:41 -04:00
|
|
|
In 1949, the <span class="ORG" title="ORG">CIA</span> founded the National Committee for a
|
2023-04-27 21:33:38 -04:00
|
|
|
Free Europe and the Committee for the Liberation of Peoples
|
|
|
|
|
of Russia. The immediate result of the establishment of
|
|
|
|
|
these two committees was the founding of two broadcasting
|
|
|
|
|
stations, Radio Free Europe in Munich and Radio Liberation.
|
|
|
|
|
These stations were staffed with emigres who broadcast to
|
|
|
|
|
their countrymen in their native languages. Radio
|
|
|
|
|
Liberation, which became Radio Liberty in 1956, was targeted
|
|
|
|
|
mainly at the Soviet Union and broadcast in fourteen
|
|
|
|
|
different languages. The main target of Radio Free Europe
|
|
|
|
|
was the satellite countries of Eastern Europe. The primary
|
|
|
|
|
advantage of the emigre staffs was that the broadcasters were
|
|
|
|
|
able to keep abreast of recent developments in their former
|
|
|
|
|
homelands by communicating to recent emigres and direct
|
|
|
|
|
contacts inside their native countries. As a result of the
|
|
|
|
|
close contact, broadcasters were able to speak knowledgeably
|
|
|
|
|
and intimately to their fellow countrymen.
|
|
|
|
|
The initial broadcasts by Radio Free Europe and Radio
|
|
|
|
|
Liberation were designed to intensify the passive resistance
|
|
|
|
|
of the people in the target countries in hopes that such
|
|
|
|
|
action would undermine European regimes by weakening the
|
|
|
|
|
control of the Communist party. The broadcasts were also
|
|
|
|
|
intended to give the targeted listeners the strength to hold
|
|
|
|
|
on to their hope for ultimate freedom. Later, after Stalin
|
|
|
|
|
died and relations between the East and West began to
|
|
|
|
|
improve, U.S. leaders began to realize that slow change was
|
|
|
|
|
more likely than a dramatic shift in power. Therefore, the
|
|
|
|
|
messages which were broadcast dwelt less on liberation and
|
|
|
|
|
more on themes involving political and social change.
|
2023-04-28 08:18:41 -04:00
|
|
|
In addition to broadcasting in Europe, the <span class="ORG" title="ORG">CIA</span> used this
|
2023-04-27 21:33:38 -04:00
|
|
|
persuasive propaganda technique elsewhere, most notably, in
|
|
|
|
|
Cuba. In 1961, the Agency used a broadcasting station in
|
|
|
|
|
conjunction with other arrangements that were made to support
|
2023-04-28 08:18:41 -04:00
|
|
|
the invasion at the Bay of Pigs. The <span class="ORG" title="ORG">CIA</span> used Radio Swan to
|
|
|
|
|
mislead the <span class="NORP" title="NORP">Cuban</span> government, encourage the rebels, and to
|
2023-04-27 21:33:38 -04:00
|
|
|
make it seem like there was massive support for a rebellion
|
|
|
|
|
within Cuba. </p>
|
2023-05-03 17:06:31 -04:00
|
|
|
<p> ECONOMIC COVERT ACTIVITIES: TAIWAN</p>
|
|
|
|
|
<p> A good example of the positive type of economic covert
|
2023-04-27 21:33:38 -04:00
|
|
|
action is the success story of Taiwan. The Republic of China
|
|
|
|
|
is an example of the successful use of economic assistance
|
|
|
|
|
(especially in agriculture) to further the interests of the
|
|
|
|
|
United States. In Taiwan, early land reform gave ownership
|
|
|
|
|
of the land to those who worked it. Coupled with
|
|
|
|
|
technological guidance on modern farming techniques, the
|
|
|
|
|
system provided a praiseworthy model for other developing
|
|
|
|
|
countries. The introduction of miracle seeds and chemical
|
|
|
|
|
fertilizers helped to make Taiwan an economic showcase.
|
|
|
|
|
Around 1960, the U.S. came up with the idea of helping the
|
|
|
|
|
Chinese Nationalists set up food-growing demonstration
|
|
|
|
|
projects in Africa, the Middle East, and Latin America, where
|
|
|
|
|
both their techniques and personnel were suited to the task
|
|
|
|
|
of helping primitive agricultural societies.
|
|
|
|
|
The project in Taiwan was not only an economic aid
|
|
|
|
|
program helping to build prestige and political contacts for
|
|
|
|
|
the Nationalist Chinese, it also provided a demonstration of
|
|
|
|
|
what Chinese people working under a free market system were
|
|
|
|
|
capable of doing. The prosperity of the Taiwanese as seen
|
|
|
|
|
against the backdrop of the economic shortcomings of Mao's
|
|
|
|
|
programs on the mainland was the kind of creative propaganda
|
|
|
|
|
campaign that supported U.S. policies and principles. The
|
2023-04-28 08:18:41 -04:00
|
|
|
<span class="ORG" title="ORG">CIA</span>'s role was to use its contacts in the other developing
|
2023-04-27 21:33:38 -04:00
|
|
|
countries to explain the mutual benefits and get the
|
|
|
|
|
undertaking going. The economic assistance program that was
|
|
|
|
|
implemented could have been an overt one, but acknowledged
|
|
|
|
|
U.S. sponsorship would have caused some governments to shy
|
|
|
|
|
away from it. Furthermore, an overt pushing of the program
|
|
|
|
|
by the United States might have embarrassed Taiwan by giving
|
|
|
|
|
the impression that it was forced to do the job by the U.S.
|
2023-04-28 08:18:41 -04:00
|
|
|
Ray Cline, then a touring case officer for the <span class="ORG" title="ORG">CIA</span>,
|
2023-04-27 21:33:38 -04:00
|
|
|
explained the project in "off the record talks with Chiang
|
|
|
|
|
Ching-kuo, the savvy son of Chiang Kai-shek, who was perhaps
|
|
|
|
|
the most far-sighted political leader in Taiwan." Cline
|
|
|
|
|
added,</p>
|
2023-05-03 17:06:31 -04:00
|
|
|
<p>Ching-kuo grasped the concept immediately and saw
|
2023-04-27 21:33:38 -04:00
|
|
|
the benefits, as did other Taiwanese Foreign and
|
|
|
|
|
Agricultural policy officials. The program was
|
|
|
|
|
organized by the Chinese with a minimum of American
|
|
|
|
|
help and it worked well for about ten years. In
|
|
|
|
|
some regions, it continued to work even longer, and
|
|
|
|
|
everyone has profited from the program.</p>
|
2023-05-03 17:06:31 -04:00
|
|
|
<p>Thus, the success of the program in Taiwan was a testimonial
|
2023-04-27 21:33:38 -04:00
|
|
|
to the potential for success for well planned economic covert
|
|
|
|
|
actions conducted by the Central Intelligence Agency.</p>
|
2023-05-03 17:06:31 -04:00
|
|
|
<p> OPERATION MONGOOSE</p>
|
|
|
|
|
<p> In order to get a better idea of the kind of planning
|
2023-04-28 08:18:41 -04:00
|
|
|
that went into the assassination schemes devised by the <span class="ORG" title="ORG">CIA</span>,
|
2023-04-27 21:33:38 -04:00
|
|
|
we will look at the case of Fidel Castro. In addition, at
|
|
|
|
|
the end of this work appears a number of messages that were
|
2023-04-28 08:18:41 -04:00
|
|
|
transmitted between the <span class="ORG" title="ORG">CIA</span> station chief in Leopoldville and
|
|
|
|
|
headquarters in Washington regarding the <span class="ORG" title="ORG">CIA</span> attempts to
|
2023-04-27 21:33:38 -04:00
|
|
|
assassinate Patrice Lumumba (Appendix II). Now let us look
|
2023-04-28 08:18:41 -04:00
|
|
|
at the story behind Operation Mongoose, the <span class="ORG" title="ORG">CIA</span> plan to
|
2023-04-27 21:33:38 -04:00
|
|
|
eliminate Fidel Castro.
|
|
|
|
|
When Castro took power in Cuba in 1959, U.S. leadership
|
|
|
|
|
made it a top priority to remove him. According to Ray
|
2023-04-28 08:18:41 -04:00
|
|
|
Cline, former Deputy-Director of the <span class="ORG" title="ORG">CIA</span>,</p>
|
2023-05-03 17:06:31 -04:00
|
|
|
<p>The <span class="ORG" title="ORG">CIA</span> had advocated the 'elimination of Fidel
|
2023-04-27 21:33:38 -04:00
|
|
|
Castro' as early as December 1959, and the matter
|
|
|
|
|
was discussed at Special Group meetings in January
|
|
|
|
|
and March of 1960. At an NSC meeting on March 10,
|
|
|
|
|
1960, terminology was used suggesting that the
|
|
|
|
|
assassination of Castro, his brother Raul, and Che
|
|
|
|
|
Guevara was at least theoretically considered.</p>
|
2023-05-03 17:06:31 -04:00
|
|
|
<p>Describing the political climate by the time Kennedy took
|
2023-04-27 21:33:38 -04:00
|
|
|
office, Cline comments in his book Secrets, Spies, and
|
|
|
|
|
Scholars, "There was almost an obsession with Cuba on the
|
|
|
|
|
part of policy matters" and it was widely believed in the
|
|
|
|
|
Kennedy Administration "that the assassination of Castro by a
|
2023-04-28 08:18:41 -04:00
|
|
|
<span class="NORP" title="NORP">Cuban</span> might have been viewed as not very different in the
|
2023-04-27 21:33:38 -04:00
|
|
|
benefits that would have accrued from the assassination of
|
|
|
|
|
Hitler in 1944." It should also be noted that after the
|
|
|
|
|
failure at the Bay of Pigs in 1961, the pride of the United
|
|
|
|
|
States was hurt and U.S. leaders wanted more than ever to
|
|
|
|
|
dispose of Castro.
|
2023-04-28 08:18:41 -04:00
|
|
|
The number of strategies devised by the <span class="ORG" title="ORG">CIA</span> to carry out
|
2023-04-27 21:33:38 -04:00
|
|
|
the deed and the diversity of their applications illustrates
|
|
|
|
|
the creativity and shrewdness of planners within the agency.
|
|
|
|
|
Johnson points out a number of ingenious plots that were at
|
|
|
|
|
least considered by planners within the agency at one time or
|
|
|
|
|
another. This brief excerpt from his book is by no means an
|
|
|
|
|
exhaustive list.</p>
|
2023-05-03 17:06:31 -04:00
|
|
|
<p>The several plots planned at <span class="ORG" title="ORG">CIA</span> headquarters
|
2023-04-27 21:33:38 -04:00
|
|
|
included treating a box of Castro's favorite cigars
|
|
|
|
|
with a botulinum toxin so potent that it would
|
|
|
|
|
cause death immediately upon being placed to the
|
|
|
|
|
lips; concocting highly poisonous tablets that
|
|
|
|
|
would work quickly when immersed in just about
|
|
|
|
|
anything but boiling soup; contaminating a diving
|
|
|
|
|
suit with a fungus guaranteed to produce a chronic
|
|
|
|
|
skin disease called Madura foot and, through and
|
|
|
|
|
intermediary, offering the suit as a gift to
|
|
|
|
|
Castro; constructing an exotic seashell that could
|
|
|
|
|
be placed in reefs where Castro often went skin-diving and then exploded at the right moment from a
|
|
|
|
|
small submarine nearby; and providing an agent with
|
|
|
|
|
a ballpoint pen that contained a hypodermic needle
|
|
|
|
|
filled with the deadly poison Black-leaf 40 and had
|
|
|
|
|
so fine a point it could pierce the skin of the
|
|
|
|
|
victim without his knowledge.</p>
|
2023-05-03 17:06:31 -04:00
|
|
|
<p> Perhaps more frightening than any of the above plots was
|
2023-04-28 08:18:41 -04:00
|
|
|
the revelation that the <span class="ORG" title="ORG">CIA</span> also attempted to launch a plot
|
2023-04-27 21:33:38 -04:00
|
|
|
against Castro through its contacts with underworld figures
|
|
|
|
|
with connections in Cuba. The fact that the agency was
|
|
|
|
|
willing to resort to such desperate action illustrates the
|
|
|
|
|
desire of the men in charge in Washington to eliminate
|
|
|
|
|
Castro. One source told a reporter in 1962 that then
|
|
|
|
|
Attorney-General Robert Kennedy had stopped a deal between
|
2023-04-28 08:18:41 -04:00
|
|
|
the <span class="ORG" title="ORG">CIA</span> and the Mafia to murder Fidel Castro.
|
|
|
|
|
The <span class="ORG" title="ORG">CIA</span> asked a mobster named Roselli to go to Florida
|
2023-04-27 21:33:38 -04:00
|
|
|
on its behalf in 1961 and 1962 to organize assassination
|
2023-04-28 08:18:41 -04:00
|
|
|
teams of <span class="NORP" title="NORP">Cuban</span> exiles who would infiltrate their homeland and
|
2023-04-27 21:33:38 -04:00
|
|
|
assassinate Castro. Rosselli called upon two other crime
|
|
|
|
|
figures, Sam Giancana, a mobster from Chicago, and the Costra
|
|
|
|
|
Nostra chieftain for Cuba, Santos Trafficante, to help him.
|
|
|
|
|
Giancana, using the name "Sam Gold" in his dealings with the
|
2023-04-28 08:18:41 -04:00
|
|
|
<span class="ORG" title="ORG">CIA</span>, was on the Attorney General's "Ten Most Wanted
|
2023-04-27 21:33:38 -04:00
|
|
|
Criminals" list.
|
|
|
|
|
Castro was still permitting the Mafia gambling syndicate
|
|
|
|
|
to operate in Havana, for tourists only, and Trafficante
|
|
|
|
|
traveled back and forth between Havana and Miami in that
|
|
|
|
|
connection. The mobsters were authorized to offer $150000
|
|
|
|
|
to anyone who would kill Castro and were promised any support
|
|
|
|
|
the Agency could yield. Giancana was to locate someone who
|
|
|
|
|
was close enough to Castro to be able to drop pills into his
|
|
|
|
|
food while Trafficante would serve as courier to Cuba,
|
|
|
|
|
helping to make arrangements for the murder on the island.
|
|
|
|
|
Rosselli was to be the main link between all of the
|
|
|
|
|
participants in the plot.
|
2023-04-28 08:18:41 -04:00
|
|
|
Fortunately for the <span class="ORG" title="ORG">CIA</span>, the Attorney General intervened
|
2023-04-27 21:33:38 -04:00
|
|
|
before the plan was carried out. Had the plan succeeded and
|
2023-04-28 08:18:41 -04:00
|
|
|
it then become public knowledge that the <span class="ORG" title="ORG">CIA</span> and the Mafia
|
2023-04-27 21:33:38 -04:00
|
|
|
worked together intimately to murder Castro, the startling
|
|
|
|
|
revelation might have been too much for the American public
|
|
|
|
|
to stomach. It most likely would have done serious damage to
|
|
|
|
|
the credibility of an agency which was already beginning to
|
|
|
|
|
rouse public suspicion.</p>
|
2023-05-03 17:06:31 -04:00
|
|
|
<p> GUATEMALA: THE OVERTHROW OF ARBENZ</p>
|
|
|
|
|
<p> In 1951, leftist leader Juan Jose Arevalo was succeeded
|
2023-04-27 21:33:38 -04:00
|
|
|
by his minister of defense, Jacobo Arbenz, who continued to
|
|
|
|
|
pursue Arevalo's hard leftist policy both domestically and in
|
|
|
|
|
Foreign Affairs. The United States Government found Arbenz's
|
|
|
|
|
policy objectives unacceptable and cut off all military aid
|
2023-04-28 08:18:41 -04:00
|
|
|
to Guatemala. President Eisenhower encouraged the <span class="ORG" title="ORG">CIA</span> to
|
2023-04-27 21:33:38 -04:00
|
|
|
overthrow the Arbenz government in 1954.
|
|
|
|
|
Arbenz had angered the Eisenhower Administration by
|
|
|
|
|
legalizing the Communist party and inviting it to join his
|
|
|
|
|
government. The real trigger for the action in Guatemala,
|
|
|
|
|
however, was Arbenz's brazen rejection on September 5, 1953,
|
|
|
|
|
of an American protest denouncing Guatemala's proposed
|
|
|
|
|
"expropriation " from the American owned United Fruit Company
|
|
|
|
|
of 355000 acres on the Pacific and 174000 acres on the
|
|
|
|
|
Atlantic side of the country. The protest said that the
|
|
|
|
|
$600000 in agrarian bonds proposed to be paid for these
|
|
|
|
|
acres "bears not the slightest resemblance to a true
|
|
|
|
|
evaluation." In addition, John Foster Dulles, who by that
|
|
|
|
|
time realized there would be no roll-back of communism in
|
|
|
|
|
Eastern Europe, was determined to block communist regimes
|
|
|
|
|
from taking power elsewhere in the world, and especially in
|
|
|
|
|
the Western Hemisphere. As a matter of fact, the Eisenhower
|
|
|
|
|
administration had earmarked $20 million for an operation
|
|
|
|
|
against Guatemala.
|
|
|
|
|
The U.S. put political and economic pressure on the
|
2023-04-28 08:18:41 -04:00
|
|
|
Arbenz government at the public level while the <span class="ORG" title="ORG">CIA</span>
|
2023-04-27 21:33:38 -04:00
|
|
|
diligently worked behind the scenes. On the covert level,
|
2023-04-28 08:18:41 -04:00
|
|
|
the <span class="ORG" title="ORG">CIA</span> began trying to convince top Guatemalan military
|
2023-04-27 21:33:38 -04:00
|
|
|
officers to defect while simultaneously launching a campaign
|
2023-04-28 08:18:41 -04:00
|
|
|
of radio and leaflet propaganda against Arbenz. The <span class="ORG" title="ORG">CIA</span>
|
2023-04-27 21:33:38 -04:00
|
|
|
engineered a brilliant campaign (considered as much a
|
|
|
|
|
propaganda success as a paramilitary one) using small-scale
|
|
|
|
|
military action along with psychological warfare to cause
|
|
|
|
|
quite a disturbance in the Latin American country.
|
2023-04-28 08:18:41 -04:00
|
|
|
The main attempt by the <span class="ORG" title="ORG">CIA</span> was to support a military
|
2023-04-27 21:33:38 -04:00
|
|
|
plot to overthrow the government that was already in
|
|
|
|
|
progress. Colonel Carlos Castillo Armas had begun plotting a
|
|
|
|
|
coup against the Arbenz regime in 1952 with the help of
|
|
|
|
|
leaders in Nicaragua and Honduras, and the encouragement of
|
2023-04-28 08:18:41 -04:00
|
|
|
the United Fruit Company. The <span class="ORG" title="ORG">CIA</span> action was aimed mainly at
|
|
|
|
|
alienating the Guatemalan Army from Arbenz. <span class="ORG" title="ORG">CIA</span> operatives
|
2023-04-27 21:33:38 -04:00
|
|
|
sought to attain this goal by inciting the Army through radio
|
|
|
|
|
broadcasts and other propaganda, and by supplying arms to the
|
|
|
|
|
insurgents.
|
|
|
|
|
The operation began on May 1, 1954, a Guatemalan
|
|
|
|
|
holiday. Steadily escalating psychological pressures were
|
|
|
|
|
brought to bear on the Arbenz government. It was no secret
|
|
|
|
|
that Castillo Armas was training an army of several hundred
|
|
|
|
|
men in Honduras, and the United States officially denounced
|
|
|
|
|
the Arbenz regime, leading the Guatemalan dictator to believe
|
|
|
|
|
that a large-scale U.S. effort to help overthrow him was
|
|
|
|
|
underway. Since the poorly equipped Guatemalan Army was no
|
|
|
|
|
match for a U.S.-backed invasion, Arbenz was alarmed and his
|
|
|
|
|
top advisors were divided over how to deal with the
|
|
|
|
|
situation.
|
|
|
|
|
On June 17, 1954, Colonel Castillo, using about 450
|
|
|
|
|
troops, initiated a paramilitary operation against Arbenz
|
|
|
|
|
which ended on the 18th. Castillo and his men crossed over
|
|
|
|
|
into Guatemala from Honduras to attack the Arbenz government.
|
|
|
|
|
Castillo set-up camp six miles inside Guatemala, and his Air-Force, a mixed handful of B-26s and P-47 fighters, dropped
|
|
|
|
|
leaflets, made strafing runs in outlying districts, and
|
|
|
|
|
dropped a few bombs. The attacks were militarily
|
|
|
|
|
insignificant, but they contributed to the wide-spread fear
|
|
|
|
|
of all-out raids.
|
2023-04-28 08:18:41 -04:00
|
|
|
Meanwhile, the Voice of Liberation, the <span class="ORG" title="ORG">CIA</span>-run
|
2023-04-27 21:33:38 -04:00
|
|
|
broadcasting station, was active around the clock, reporting
|
|
|
|
|
phantom "battles" and spreading rumors. Arbenz was bombarded
|
|
|
|
|
with conflicting reports. Without even one serious military
|
|
|
|
|
engagement having occurred, Arbenz found himself confused,
|
|
|
|
|
excited, undecided, and alone.
|
|
|
|
|
In mid-campaign, Castillo Armas had lost two of his
|
|
|
|
|
three P-47s without which he would be incapable of
|
|
|
|
|
maintaining a show of force. The United States negotiated
|
2023-04-28 08:18:41 -04:00
|
|
|
the "sale" of a number of planes to the <span class="NORP" title="NORP">Nicaraguan</span> Air-Force.
|
|
|
|
|
Sorties were flown in the planes for Castillo Armas by <span class="ORG" title="ORG">CIA</span>
|
2023-04-27 21:33:38 -04:00
|
|
|
pilots.
|
|
|
|
|
Arbenz was forced to flee, and on June 25, 1954, he
|
|
|
|
|
sought asylum in the Mexican Embassy. Two days later, he
|
|
|
|
|
resigned. A few days later, Castillo Armas, having taken
|
|
|
|
|
charge, arrived victorious in Guatemala on the plane of U.S.
|
|
|
|
|
Ambassador John Peurifoy. Peurifoy's wrote the following
|
|
|
|
|
jingle which appeared in Time magazine July 28, 1954, which
|
2023-04-28 08:18:41 -04:00
|
|
|
seemed to sum up nicely the U.S. attitude about the <span class="ORG" title="ORG">CIA</span>-sponsored operation in Guatemala:</p>
|
2023-05-03 17:06:31 -04:00
|
|
|
<p>Sing a song of quetzals, pockets full of peace!
|
2023-04-27 21:33:38 -04:00
|
|
|
The junta's in the palace, they've taken out a lease.
|
|
|
|
|
The Commies are in hiding, just across the street;
|
|
|
|
|
To the embassy of Mexico they beat a quick retreat.
|
|
|
|
|
And pistol-packing Peurifoy looks mighty optimistic
|
|
|
|
|
For the land of Guatemala is no longer Communistic.</p>
|
2023-05-03 17:06:31 -04:00
|
|
|
<p> CUBA: THE BAY OF PIGS</p>
|
|
|
|
|
<p> As surely as the successful operation in Guatemala was an
|
2023-04-27 21:33:38 -04:00
|
|
|
example of how to conduct a covert action, the debacle in Cuba
|
|
|
|
|
was a primary example of what not to do. The disaster at the Bay
|
2023-04-28 08:18:41 -04:00
|
|
|
of Pigs in Cuba seriously altered the perception of the <span class="ORG" title="ORG">CIA</span>'s
|
2023-04-27 21:33:38 -04:00
|
|
|
ability to plan and conduct covert paramilitary operations.
|
2023-04-28 08:18:41 -04:00
|
|
|
Indeed, as Satish Kumar pointed out in his book The <span class="ORG" title="ORG">CIA</span> in the
|
2023-04-27 21:33:38 -04:00
|
|
|
Third World: A Study in Crypto-Diplomacy, "it is certain that
|
2023-04-28 08:18:41 -04:00
|
|
|
the <span class="NORP" title="NORP">Cuban</span> operation cast serious doubts as to the efficacy of
|
2023-04-27 21:33:38 -04:00
|
|
|
large-scale para-military operations as an instrument of covert
|
2023-04-28 08:18:41 -04:00
|
|
|
action." Says Harry Rositzke, a former <span class="ORG" title="ORG">CIA</span> operative, </p>
|
2023-05-03 17:06:31 -04:00
|
|
|
<p>Para-military operations are the "noisiest" of all
|
2023-04-27 21:33:38 -04:00
|
|
|
covert actions. When they fail, they become public
|
|
|
|
|
fiascos, and no official denials are plausible.
|
|
|
|
|
The history of American para-military operations as
|
|
|
|
|
an element of America's containment policy is one
|
|
|
|
|
of almost uniform failure.</p>
|
2023-05-03 17:06:31 -04:00
|
|
|
<p>Such was the case with the ill-fated Bay of Pigs operation in
|
2023-04-27 21:33:38 -04:00
|
|
|
Cuba.
|
|
|
|
|
The idea of a Soviet-oriented communist dictatorship a mere
|
|
|
|
|
ninety miles from the United States was a grave concern for U.S.
|
|
|
|
|
leaders in the late 1950s and early 1960s. Neither President
|
|
|
|
|
Eisenhower nor his predecessor John Fitzgerald Kennedy were
|
|
|
|
|
pleased to have a neighbor with such undemocratic ideals. As
|
2023-04-28 08:18:41 -04:00
|
|
|
early as 1959, the <span class="ORG" title="ORG">CIA</span> had advocated the elimination of Castro,
|
2023-04-27 21:33:38 -04:00
|
|
|
and as has already been pointed out, the Agency began an
|
|
|
|
|
operation (Operation MONGOOSE) aimed at accomplishing just that.
|
|
|
|
|
The alternative of initiating guerilla operations against
|
2023-04-28 08:18:41 -04:00
|
|
|
Castro had been abandoned by the <span class="ORG" title="ORG">CIA</span> in 1960. Instead,
|
|
|
|
|
Eisenhower set-up a <span class="ORG" title="ORG">CIA</span>-run program for training hundreds of
|
|
|
|
|
highly motivated anti-Castro <span class="NORP" title="NORP">Cuban</span> refugees in the arts of
|
2023-04-27 21:33:38 -04:00
|
|
|
guerilla combat, planning to possibly use the force to overthrow
|
|
|
|
|
the Castro government. Vice President Richard Nixon was a strong
|
|
|
|
|
supporter of a program to topple the Castro regime, and
|
|
|
|
|
Eisenhower, upon the advice of the NSC Subcommittee responsible
|
|
|
|
|
for reviewing covert action schemes, approved the paramilitary
|
|
|
|
|
training project as a contingency plan, leaving the decision of
|
|
|
|
|
whether or not to execute it up to the incoming Kennedy
|
|
|
|
|
administration.
|
|
|
|
|
President Kennedy decided to go ahead with the plan after
|
|
|
|
|
taking office. Senate Foreign Relations Chairman William
|
|
|
|
|
Fulbright, upon learning of plans for the proposed invasion, sent
|
|
|
|
|
a memorandum to the White House that said that if American forces
|
|
|
|
|
were drawn into the battle in Cuba,</p>
|
2023-05-03 17:06:31 -04:00
|
|
|
<p>We would have undone the work of thirty years in
|
2023-04-27 21:33:38 -04:00
|
|
|
trying to live down earlier interventions...To give
|
|
|
|
|
this activity even covert support is of a piece
|
|
|
|
|
with the hypocrisy and cynicism for which the
|
|
|
|
|
United States is constantly denouncing the Soviet
|
|
|
|
|
Union in the United Nations and elsewhere. This
|
|
|
|
|
point will not be lost on the rest of the world nor
|
|
|
|
|
our own consciences. And remember always, the
|
|
|
|
|
Castro regime is a thorn in the side but not a
|
|
|
|
|
dagger in the heart.</p>
|
2023-05-03 17:06:31 -04:00
|
|
|
<p>The Senator's views were no doubt on Kennedy's mind when he
|
2023-04-27 21:33:38 -04:00
|
|
|
later declined to commit American troops after the invasion
|
|
|
|
|
began to fall apart.
|
2023-04-28 08:18:41 -04:00
|
|
|
The <span class="ORG" title="ORG">CIA</span> trained some 1400 <span class="NORP" title="NORP">Cuban</span> emigres for action
|
|
|
|
|
against Castro. Some of the <span class="NORP" title="NORP">Cuban</span>s were trained as ground
|
2023-04-27 21:33:38 -04:00
|
|
|
forces and the remainder as pilots. It was eventually
|
|
|
|
|
decided that the guerilla brigade would make an amphibious
|
|
|
|
|
landing in the Bay of Pigs. Air support for the operation
|
|
|
|
|
was to be supplied for the operation by emigre pilots flying
|
2023-04-28 08:18:41 -04:00
|
|
|
in American B-26s made up to look like <span class="NORP" title="NORP">Cuban</span> Air Force
|
2023-04-27 21:33:38 -04:00
|
|
|
planes. This would help create the illusion that Castro's
|
|
|
|
|
own men were rebelling against him. On April 15, 1961, eight
|
2023-04-28 08:18:41 -04:00
|
|
|
U.S.-made planes conducted air strikes against three <span class="NORP" title="NORP">Cuban</span>
|
|
|
|
|
air bases with the intention of destroying the <span class="NORP" title="NORP">Cuban</span> Air
|
2023-04-27 21:33:38 -04:00
|
|
|
Force on the ground. These attempts proved to be
|
|
|
|
|
unsuccessful. The events that followed spelled disaster for
|
2023-04-28 08:18:41 -04:00
|
|
|
the <span class="NORP" title="NORP">Cuban</span> guerrillas and the <span class="ORG" title="ORG">CIA</span>.
|
2023-04-27 21:33:38 -04:00
|
|
|
When the invasion force landed at the Bay of Pigs, it
|
|
|
|
|
met considerably more resistance than had been expected.
|
2023-04-28 08:18:41 -04:00
|
|
|
Despite broadcasts by the <span class="ORG" title="ORG">CIA</span> run Radio Swan, the <span class="NORP" title="NORP">Cuban</span>
|
2023-04-27 21:33:38 -04:00
|
|
|
militia and citizens were not incited to rebel against the
|
2023-04-28 08:18:41 -04:00
|
|
|
Castro regime as the <span class="ORG" title="ORG">CIA</span> had estimated. Instead, the <span class="NORP" title="NORP">Cuban</span>
|
2023-04-27 21:33:38 -04:00
|
|
|
forces fought valiantly against the exile force. The Castro
|
|
|
|
|
Air Force, which had not been completely destroyed, began to
|
|
|
|
|
inflict severe damages on both the rebel air and ground
|
|
|
|
|
forces. For all intents and purposes, the invasion was over
|
|
|
|
|
almost as quickly as it had begun, with Castro's forces
|
|
|
|
|
easily quashing the rebellion.
|
|
|
|
|
Fatal to the operation were a number of bad breaks.
|
|
|
|
|
U.S. air cover that was to be provided for one hour at the
|
|
|
|
|
onset of the invasion never materialized because of a
|
|
|
|
|
miscommunication between the rebels and the U.S. Air Force.
|
2023-04-28 08:18:41 -04:00
|
|
|
The rebel Air Force sustained such heavy casualties that <span class="ORG" title="ORG">CIA</span>
|
2023-04-27 21:33:38 -04:00
|
|
|
pilots had to fly missions in a futile attempt to salvage
|
2023-04-28 08:18:41 -04:00
|
|
|
the operation. As has already been mentioned, the <span class="NORP" title="NORP">Cuban</span>
|
2023-04-27 21:33:38 -04:00
|
|
|
people did not react as had been expected, and without
|
|
|
|
|
popular support, the invasion had little chance of success.
|
2023-04-28 08:18:41 -04:00
|
|
|
Even before the operation was a confirmed failure, the <span class="ORG" title="ORG">CIA</span>
|
2023-04-27 21:33:38 -04:00
|
|
|
cover story began to fall apart and later revelations about
|
|
|
|
|
U.S. involvement in the fiasco greatly embarrassed the United
|
|
|
|
|
States.
|
|
|
|
|
The Castro forces took more than eleven-hundred
|
|
|
|
|
prisoners during the fighting. Most of them were traded on
|
|
|
|
|
Christmas eve of 1962 to the United States for $10 million in
|
|
|
|
|
cash and $53 million in medicines, baby foods, and other
|
|
|
|
|
supplies and equipment exempted from the American embargo on
|
|
|
|
|
shipments to Cuba. Of the approximately 1300 guerrillas that
|
|
|
|
|
actually had gone ashore, 114 were killed during the three
|
|
|
|
|
fatal days of the operation.
|
|
|
|
|
|
2023-04-28 08:18:41 -04:00
|
|
|
<span class="LOC" title="LOC">LAOS</span>: THE SECRET ARMY</p>
|
2023-05-03 17:06:31 -04:00
|
|
|
<p> The <span class="ORG" title="ORG">CIA</span> was involved in what has been regarded by many
|
2023-04-27 21:33:38 -04:00
|
|
|
experts as the most outstanding example of the depth and
|
|
|
|
|
magnitude of the clandestine operations of a major power in
|
2023-04-28 08:18:41 -04:00
|
|
|
the post-war period. What is being referred to is the <span class="ORG" title="ORG">CIA</span>'s
|
|
|
|
|
operations in Laos, known as the "secret army". The <span class="ORG" title="ORG">CIA</span>'s
|
2023-04-27 21:33:38 -04:00
|
|
|
"secret war" in Laos went on for over a decade, involving "a
|
|
|
|
|
military force of over 100000 men, and in which were dropped
|
|
|
|
|
over two million tons of bombs, as much as had been loosed on
|
|
|
|
|
all Europe and the Pacific Theatre in World War II".
|
2023-04-28 08:18:41 -04:00
|
|
|
The <span class="ORG" title="ORG">CIA</span> involvement in Laos began with a presence in the
|
2023-04-27 21:33:38 -04:00
|
|
|
country in the late 1950s. Initially, the operation involved
|
2023-04-28 08:18:41 -04:00
|
|
|
air supply and paramilitary training of the <span class="NORP" title="NORP">Meo</span> tribesmen to
|
|
|
|
|
help them defend their country against the <span class="LOC" title="LOC">North</span>
|
2023-05-03 17:06:31 -04:00
|
|
|
<span class="NORP" title="NORP">Vietnamese</span>.
|
2023-04-27 21:33:38 -04:00
|
|
|
However, the operation gradually evolved into a full-scale
|
2023-04-28 08:18:41 -04:00
|
|
|
management of the ground war in Laos by the <span class="ORG" title="ORG">CIA</span>.
|
|
|
|
|
According to Fred Branfman, what the <span class="ORG" title="ORG">CIA</span> did in Laos was
|
2023-04-27 21:33:38 -04:00
|
|
|
very simple.</p>
|
2023-05-03 17:06:31 -04:00
|
|
|
<p>It created an army of its own, an army paid,
|
2023-04-28 08:18:41 -04:00
|
|
|
controlled, and directed by American <span class="ORG" title="ORG">CIA</span> officials
|
2023-04-27 21:33:38 -04:00
|
|
|
entirely separately from the normal Laotian
|
|
|
|
|
government structure...Some troops from every
|
|
|
|
|
people in Southeast Asia were bought into Laos as
|
|
|
|
|
part of what became known as "the secret army".
|
2023-04-28 08:18:41 -04:00
|
|
|
The <span class="ORG" title="ORG">CIA</span> trained the secret army; directed it in
|
2023-04-27 21:33:38 -04:00
|
|
|
combat; decided when it would fight; and had it
|
|
|
|
|
carry out espionage missions, assassinations of
|
|
|
|
|
military and civilian figures, and sabotage.</p>
|
2023-05-03 17:06:31 -04:00
|
|
|
<p> As was mentioned earlier, the U.S. dropped over two-million tons of bombs on Laos. The majority of those raids
|
2023-04-28 08:18:41 -04:00
|
|
|
were targeted by <span class="ORG" title="ORG">CIA</span> officials, not Air Force officials. The
|
|
|
|
|
<span class="ORG" title="ORG">CIA</span> officials worked at Udorn Air Force base. They were a
|
2023-04-27 21:33:38 -04:00
|
|
|
special team of photo reconnaissance people who, because the
|
2023-04-28 08:18:41 -04:00
|
|
|
<span class="ORG" title="ORG">CIA</span> had men at Udorn and on the ground, bureaucratically
|
2023-04-27 21:33:38 -04:00
|
|
|
decided which targets would be bombed.
|
2023-04-28 08:18:41 -04:00
|
|
|
In Laos, the <span class="ORG" title="ORG">CIA</span> put a great deal of emphasis on
|
2023-04-27 21:33:38 -04:00
|
|
|
psychological warfare. Americans were told in the early '60s
|
|
|
|
|
that the core of our program in Laos would be to win the
|
|
|
|
|
"minds and hearts" of the people. Indeed, a tremendous
|
|
|
|
|
attempt was made to do just that through land reform,
|
|
|
|
|
education, and economic assistance. However, by the time
|
|
|
|
|
President Nixon took office, winning the "hearts and minds"
|
|
|
|
|
of the people had failed and the emphasis was shifted to
|
|
|
|
|
controlling their behavior. The reasoning behind the shift
|
|
|
|
|
in emphasis was simple. Although the United States might not
|
|
|
|
|
be able to change the way the people thought, it could
|
|
|
|
|
certainly control their political behavior.</p>
|
2023-05-03 17:06:31 -04:00
|
|
|
<p> SOUTH VIETNAM: THE PHOENIX PROGRAM</p>
|
|
|
|
|
<p> Another country in Asia in which the <span class="ORG" title="ORG">CIA</span> found itself
|
2023-04-28 08:18:41 -04:00
|
|
|
heavily involved was Vietnam. From 1962-1965, the <span class="ORG" title="ORG">CIA</span> worked
|
|
|
|
|
with the South <span class="NORP" title="NORP">Vietnamese</span> government to organize police
|
|
|
|
|
forces and paramilitary units. After 1965, the <span class="ORG" title="ORG">CIA</span> became
|
2023-04-27 21:33:38 -04:00
|
|
|
engaged in a full-scale paramilitary assistance program to
|
2023-04-28 08:18:41 -04:00
|
|
|
the South <span class="NORP" title="NORP">Vietnamese</span> Government. The <span class="ORG" title="ORG">CIA</span> commitment
|
2023-04-27 21:33:38 -04:00
|
|
|
paralleled the growing U.S. commitment to South Vietnam.
|
2023-04-28 08:18:41 -04:00
|
|
|
Perhaps one of the most grisly of all <span class="ORG" title="ORG">CIA</span> paramilitary
|
2023-04-27 21:33:38 -04:00
|
|
|
operations in any country was the Phoenix Program, which was
|
|
|
|
|
initiated in South Vietnam in 1968. The program was
|
|
|
|
|
originally designed to "neutralize", assassinate, or imprison
|
|
|
|
|
members of the civilian infrastructure of the National
|
|
|
|
|
Liberation Front (NLF). Offices were set up from Saigon all
|
2023-04-28 08:18:41 -04:00
|
|
|
the way down to the district level. <span class="ORG" title="ORG">CIA</span> advisors were
|
2023-04-27 21:33:38 -04:00
|
|
|
present at every level. The function of the Phoenix offices
|
|
|
|
|
was to collate intelligence about the "Vietcong
|
|
|
|
|
infrastructure", interrogate civilians picked up at random by
|
|
|
|
|
military units carrying out sweeps through villages, and
|
|
|
|
|
"neutralize" targeted members of the NLF. The task of
|
2023-04-28 08:18:41 -04:00
|
|
|
"neutralizing" NLF members was carried out by <span class="ORG" title="ORG">CIA</span>-led South
|
|
|
|
|
<span class="NORP" title="NORP">Vietnamese</span> soldiers, organized into Provincial Reconnaissance
|
2023-04-27 21:33:38 -04:00
|
|
|
Units.
|
|
|
|
|
The original concept of the Phoenix Program was quickly
|
|
|
|
|
diluted for two major reasons. One was that the pressure
|
|
|
|
|
from the top to fill numerical quotas of persons to be
|
|
|
|
|
neutralized was very great. The second was the difficulties
|
|
|
|
|
encountered at the bottom levels in identifying members of
|
|
|
|
|
the NLF civilian infrastructure who were often
|
|
|
|
|
indistinguishable from the general population. The end
|
|
|
|
|
result of these two problems was an increase in the numbers
|
|
|
|
|
of innocent persons rounded up, detained, imprisoned, and
|
|
|
|
|
murdered in an effort to show results.
|
|
|
|
|
William Colby, the director of the Phoenix Program,
|
|
|
|
|
testified before Congress in 1971 that Phoenix was an
|
|
|
|
|
American responsibility: </p>
|
2023-05-03 17:06:31 -04:00
|
|
|
<p>The Americans had a great deal to do with starting
|
2023-04-27 21:33:38 -04:00
|
|
|
the program...we had a great deal to do in terms of
|
|
|
|
|
developing the ideas, discussing the need,
|
|
|
|
|
developing some of the procedures, and so
|
|
|
|
|
forth...maybe more than half the initiative came
|
|
|
|
|
from us originally. </p>
|
2023-05-03 17:06:31 -04:00
|
|
|
<p>
|
2023-04-27 21:33:38 -04:00
|
|
|
According to Fred Branfman, high-ranking American
|
|
|
|
|
officials in South Vietnam bear the sole responsibility for
|
|
|
|
|
the practice of setting quotas of civilians to be rounded up
|
|
|
|
|
under the program each month. Branfman continues, "The
|
|
|
|
|
United States clearly set quotas in an attempt to force the
|
|
|
|
|
GVN (Government of South Vietnam) officials into something
|
|
|
|
|
they preferred not to undertake". As a matter of fact,
|
|
|
|
|
Vietnam Information Notes, published by the U.S. State
|
|
|
|
|
Department in July 1969 reported that, "The target for 1969
|
|
|
|
|
calls for the elimination of 1800 VCI per month" as
|
|
|
|
|
fulfillment of the quotas set by those running the Phoenix
|
|
|
|
|
Program.
|
2023-04-28 08:18:41 -04:00
|
|
|
The <span class="ORG" title="ORG">CIA</span>-backed Phoenix Program assassinated and jailed
|
|
|
|
|
large numbers of <span class="NORP" title="NORP">Vietnamese</span> civilians without evidence of
|
2023-04-27 21:33:38 -04:00
|
|
|
judicial procedure. This fact was confirmed by Colby in an
|
|
|
|
|
admission to Representative Reid in his July 1971 testimony
|
|
|
|
|
before Congress. According to Colby, the Phoenix Program had
|
|
|
|
|
resulted in the deaths of 20587 persons as of May 1971.
|
|
|
|
|
That number, proportionate to population, would have totaled
|
|
|
|
|
over 200000 Americans deliberately assassinated over a
|
|
|
|
|
three-year period had Phoenix been conducted in the United
|
|
|
|
|
States. </p>
|
2023-05-03 17:06:31 -04:00
|
|
|
<p> CHILE: ACTIVITIES AGAINST ALLENDE </p>
|
|
|
|
|
<p> A good example of the <span class="ORG" title="ORG">CIA</span>'s use of the type of political
|
2023-04-27 21:33:38 -04:00
|
|
|
action mentioned above is the Agency's involvement in the
|
|
|
|
|
internal political affairs of Chile beginning in 1963 and
|
|
|
|
|
reaching a climax in 1973. In 1964, the United States became
|
2023-04-28 08:18:41 -04:00
|
|
|
involved in a covert assistance program to <span class="PERSON" title="PERSON">Eduardo</span> Frei in
|
2023-04-27 21:33:38 -04:00
|
|
|
his campaign for the presidency of Chile. Frei was running
|
|
|
|
|
against Salvador Allende, a candidate disliked by U.S.
|
2023-04-28 08:18:41 -04:00
|
|
|
leaders for his leftist leanings. The <span class="ORG" title="ORG">CIA</span> had judged
|
2023-04-27 21:33:38 -04:00
|
|
|
previously that Frei would come to power regardless, with a
|
|
|
|
|
plurality of the vote, and the assistance given by it to Frei
|
|
|
|
|
was supposedly to help strengthen the Democratic process in
|
|
|
|
|
Chile. Although Frei won the election, the United States
|
|
|
|
|
continued to meddle in the internal affairs of Chile for
|
|
|
|
|
another nine years.
|
|
|
|
|
The largest covert operation in Chile from 1963-1973 was
|
2023-04-28 08:18:41 -04:00
|
|
|
propaganda. The <span class="ORG" title="ORG">CIA</span> station in Santiago placed materials in
|
2023-04-27 21:33:38 -04:00
|
|
|
the Chilean media, maintained a number of assets or agents on
|
|
|
|
|
major Chilean newspapers, radio, and television stations, and
|
|
|
|
|
manufactured and disseminated "black" propaganda. Examples
|
2023-04-28 08:18:41 -04:00
|
|
|
of <span class="ORG" title="ORG">CIA</span> activities ranged from support of the establishment of
|
2023-04-27 21:33:38 -04:00
|
|
|
a commercial television service in Chile to the placement of
|
|
|
|
|
anti-Soviet propaganda on eight radio news stations and in
|
|
|
|
|
five provincial newspapers. The most significant
|
|
|
|
|
contribution in this area of covert activity was the money
|
|
|
|
|
provided to El Mercurio, the major Santiago daily newspaper
|
2023-04-28 08:18:41 -04:00
|
|
|
during the Allende regime. The <span class="ORG" title="ORG">CIA</span> spent over $12 million on
|
2023-04-27 21:33:38 -04:00
|
|
|
the Chilean operation.
|
2023-04-28 08:18:41 -04:00
|
|
|
Another category of <span class="ORG" title="ORG">CIA</span> involvement in Chile was that of
|
2023-04-27 21:33:38 -04:00
|
|
|
political action. The most impressive of these actions
|
|
|
|
|
undertaken was the massive effort made from 1963 to 1974 to
|
2023-04-28 08:18:41 -04:00
|
|
|
influence elections. The <span class="ORG" title="ORG">CIA</span> spent over $3 million in
|
2023-04-27 21:33:38 -04:00
|
|
|
election programs alone. In addition to attempting to
|
|
|
|
|
influence elections, the Agency combatted the principle
|
|
|
|
|
Communist-dominated labor union in Chile and wrested control
|
|
|
|
|
of Chilean university student organizations from the
|
|
|
|
|
Communists.
|
|
|
|
|
As was discussed earlier, the United States never liked
|
2023-04-28 08:18:41 -04:00
|
|
|
Salvador Allende, and in 1970, the <span class="ORG" title="ORG">CIA</span> began covert political
|
2023-04-27 21:33:38 -04:00
|
|
|
operations against the government of Allende under express
|
|
|
|
|
orders from President Richard Nixon and his National Security
|
2023-04-28 08:18:41 -04:00
|
|
|
Assistant, Dr. Henry Kissinger. Both the <span class="ORG" title="ORG">CIA</span> and the State
|
2023-04-27 21:33:38 -04:00
|
|
|
Department were apparently reluctant to become involved in
|
|
|
|
|
what appeared to be an infeasible program to keep President
|
|
|
|
|
Salvador Allende out of office, even though he had won by
|
|
|
|
|
plurality in the September, 1970 election.
|
|
|
|
|
Nevertheless, the President and Mr. Kissinger directed
|
2023-04-28 08:18:41 -04:00
|
|
|
the <span class="ORG" title="ORG">CIA</span>, much against its officers' better judgments, to
|
2023-04-27 21:33:38 -04:00
|
|
|
stage a coup in Chile. The project never developed into
|
2023-04-28 08:18:41 -04:00
|
|
|
anything substantial. However, the <span class="ORG" title="ORG">CIA</span> provided large sums
|
2023-04-27 21:33:38 -04:00
|
|
|
of money (around $8 million) to support parliamentary
|
|
|
|
|
opposition to Allende and to keep alive an opposition press.
|
2023-04-28 08:18:41 -04:00
|
|
|
For all its efforts, the <span class="ORG" title="ORG">CIA</span> was unsuccessful in defeating
|
2023-04-27 21:33:38 -04:00
|
|
|
Allende although on September 11, 1973, he was overthrown in
|
|
|
|
|
a coup which, though not under U.S. control, may well have
|
|
|
|
|
been caused by U.S. anti-Allende pressures.</p>
|
2023-05-03 17:06:31 -04:00
|
|
|
<p> CHAPTER FIVE</p>
|
|
|
|
|
<p> A major requirement of covert operations over the years
|
2023-04-27 21:33:38 -04:00
|
|
|
has been that in the event something goes wrong, the
|
|
|
|
|
president, as head of state in the U.S., should be able to
|
|
|
|
|
believably deny any knowledge of the clandestine activity.
|
|
|
|
|
This concept is known as plausible deniability and it has
|
|
|
|
|
been a cornerstone in the foundation of presidential
|
|
|
|
|
decisions to authorize covert operations. The misconception
|
|
|
|
|
that plausible deniability is a valid method of concealing
|
|
|
|
|
U.S. involvement in covert activities has led to a number of
|
|
|
|
|
problems over the years.
|
|
|
|
|
The doctrine of plausible deniability led to many of the
|
2023-04-28 08:18:41 -04:00
|
|
|
widespread abuses of power that occurred in the <span class="ORG" title="ORG">CIA</span> before
|
2023-04-27 21:33:38 -04:00
|
|
|
the Intelligence Reform Era in the mid-1970s. It led the
|
2023-04-28 08:18:41 -04:00
|
|
|
agency to believe that <span class="ORG" title="ORG">CIA</span> officers had a green light to
|
2023-04-27 21:33:38 -04:00
|
|
|
conduct almost any actions they saw fit to reach their goals.
|
|
|
|
|
McGeorge Bundy, a former Special Assistant for National
|
|
|
|
|
Security Affairs to President's Kennedy and Johnson, has
|
|
|
|
|
stated:</p>
|
2023-05-03 17:06:31 -04:00
|
|
|
<p>While in principle it has always been the
|
2023-04-27 21:33:38 -04:00
|
|
|
understanding of senior government officials
|
2023-04-28 08:18:41 -04:00
|
|
|
outside the <span class="ORG" title="ORG">CIA</span> that no covert operations would be
|
2023-04-27 21:33:38 -04:00
|
|
|
undertaken without the explicit approval of "higher
|
|
|
|
|
authority", there has also been a general
|
|
|
|
|
expectation within the Agency that it was proper
|
|
|
|
|
business to generate attractive proposals and to
|
|
|
|
|
stretch them, in operation, to the furthest limit
|
|
|
|
|
of any authorization actually received.</p>
|
2023-05-03 17:06:31 -04:00
|
|
|
<p> It is easy to see how this misperception on the part of
|
2023-04-28 08:18:41 -04:00
|
|
|
the <span class="ORG" title="ORG">CIA</span> developed. A president, hoping to pursue his goals,
|
2023-04-27 21:33:38 -04:00
|
|
|
would communicate his desire for a sensitive operation
|
2023-04-28 08:18:41 -04:00
|
|
|
indirectly, thereby creating sort of a "blank check". <span class="ORG" title="ORG">CIA</span>
|
2023-04-27 21:33:38 -04:00
|
|
|
officers, intending to carry out the wishes of the president,
|
|
|
|
|
would then set about furthering the expressed desires of the
|
|
|
|
|
Commander in Chief. However, instead of informing the
|
|
|
|
|
president of the progress of the covert planning, the
|
|
|
|
|
officers would be tempted to keep him unaware of it, thereby
|
|
|
|
|
enabling him to "plausibly deny" any knowledge of the scheme.
|
|
|
|
|
Darrel Garwood, the author of a comprehensive work on
|
2023-04-28 08:18:41 -04:00
|
|
|
<span class="ORG" title="ORG">CIA</span> activities entitled Under Cover writes,</p>
|
2023-05-03 17:06:31 -04:00
|
|
|
<p>"Plausible deniability" could be regarded as one of
|
2023-04-27 21:33:38 -04:00
|
|
|
the most wretched theories ever invented. Its
|
|
|
|
|
application...was based on the idea that in an
|
|
|
|
|
unholy venture a president could be kept so
|
|
|
|
|
isolated from events that when exposure came he
|
|
|
|
|
could truthfully emerge as shiningly blameless. In
|
|
|
|
|
practice, whether he deserved it or not, a
|
|
|
|
|
president almost always had to take the blame for
|
|
|
|
|
whatever happened.</p>
|
2023-05-03 17:06:31 -04:00
|
|
|
<p>Also, as the Senate Intelligence Committee pointed out about
|
2023-04-27 21:33:38 -04:00
|
|
|
plausible deniability, "this concept...has been expanded to
|
|
|
|
|
mask decisions of the President and his senior staff
|
|
|
|
|
members."
|
|
|
|
|
A recent example of how problems linked to this concept
|
|
|
|
|
can occur is the so-called "Iran-Contra Affair" which made
|
|
|
|
|
the headlines in late 1986 and earlier this year. The fiasco
|
|
|
|
|
was an embarrassing illustration of the example which was
|
2023-04-28 08:18:41 -04:00
|
|
|
discussed above. Although the <span class="ORG" title="ORG">CIA</span> itself was not directly
|
|
|
|
|
implicated in the scandal, Colonel Oliver <span class="LOC" title="LOC">North</span> and other
|
2023-04-27 21:33:38 -04:00
|
|
|
members of the government were discovered to have been
|
|
|
|
|
carrying out the aims of the President--by channeling funds
|
|
|
|
|
from arms sales to Iran to the Contras in Nicaragua--
|
|
|
|
|
supposedly without his knowledge. Whether or not President
|
2023-04-28 10:48:13 -04:00
|
|
|
<span class="PERSON" title="PERSON">Reagan</span> actually knew about the diversion of funds is unclear,
|
2023-04-27 21:33:38 -04:00
|
|
|
but in any event, top level planners of the operation
|
|
|
|
|
believed that the President would be able to plausibly deny
|
|
|
|
|
any knowledge of the diversion of funds. However, because of
|
|
|
|
|
the intense scrutiny placed upon the operation by the media
|
2023-04-28 10:48:13 -04:00
|
|
|
and Congress, President <span class="PERSON" title="PERSON">Reagan</span> was unable to convince them
|
2023-04-27 21:33:38 -04:00
|
|
|
and the country as a whole that he had no knowledge of the
|
|
|
|
|
diversion. As the president and his men learned the hard
|
|
|
|
|
way, "inevitably, the truth prevails and policies pursued on
|
|
|
|
|
the premise that they could be plausibly denied in the end
|
|
|
|
|
damage America's reputation and the faith of her people in
|
|
|
|
|
their government".
|
2023-04-28 08:18:41 -04:00
|
|
|
One of the major reasons that the <span class="ORG" title="ORG">CIA</span> has gone astray
|
2023-04-27 21:33:38 -04:00
|
|
|
over the last forty years is the veritable freedom from any
|
|
|
|
|
type of control or restriction that it has enjoyed. Though
|
|
|
|
|
Congress investigated the activities of the Agency in 1975
|
|
|
|
|
and subsequently instituted more stringent oversight
|
2023-04-28 08:18:41 -04:00
|
|
|
procedures, the <span class="ORG" title="ORG">CIA</span> of today is once again an agency that is
|
2023-04-27 21:33:38 -04:00
|
|
|
able to do almost as it pleases. The strictures placed on
|
2023-04-28 08:18:41 -04:00
|
|
|
the <span class="ORG" title="ORG">CIA</span> by the Ford and Carter Administrations were relaxed
|
2023-04-28 10:48:13 -04:00
|
|
|
in 1981 when Ronald <span class="PERSON" title="PERSON">Reagan</span> took office. To understand how
|
2023-04-27 21:33:38 -04:00
|
|
|
the Agency has become so omnipotent since 1947 will require a
|
|
|
|
|
look back to a time when the Agency really did as it pleased.
|
|
|
|
|
To get an idea of the characteristics of the men in the
|
|
|
|
|
Agency during its first three decades, we shall look at a
|
2023-04-28 08:18:41 -04:00
|
|
|
description of <span class="ORG" title="ORG">CIA</span> case officers.</p>
|
2023-05-03 17:06:31 -04:00
|
|
|
<p>
|
|
|
|
|
<span class="ORG" title="ORG">CIA</span> men abroad were called case officers within the
|
2023-04-27 21:33:38 -04:00
|
|
|
organization. As individuals, they were generally
|
|
|
|
|
efficient, dedicated, highly motivated and
|
2023-04-28 08:18:41 -04:00
|
|
|
incorruptible. The trouble in the <span class="ORG" title="ORG">CIA</span> was likely
|
2023-04-27 21:33:38 -04:00
|
|
|
to be that, for anything short of the meanest of
|
|
|
|
|
all-out wars, they were too highly motivated. A
|
|
|
|
|
severe beating administered to a reluctant
|
|
|
|
|
informant, or the assassination of a would-be left-wing dictator, could seem trivial to them in the
|
|
|
|
|
light of their goal of outscoring the nation's
|
|
|
|
|
potential enemies. And naturally, until one
|
|
|
|
|
happened, they could not imagine a nationwide furor
|
|
|
|
|
over actions which to them seemed unimportant.</p>
|
2023-05-03 17:06:31 -04:00
|
|
|
<p>In a speech before the American Society of Newspaper Editors
|
2023-04-27 21:33:38 -04:00
|
|
|
in April, 1971, then DCI Richard Helms said, "The nation must
|
|
|
|
|
to a degree take it on faith that we too are honorable men,
|
|
|
|
|
devoted to her service."
|
2023-04-28 08:18:41 -04:00
|
|
|
<span class="ORG" title="ORG">CIA</span> officials were not the only ones who believed that
|
|
|
|
|
the <span class="ORG" title="ORG">CIA</span> could be trusted to carry out the objectives of the
|
2023-04-27 21:33:38 -04:00
|
|
|
United States Government. The Agency had a number of
|
|
|
|
|
champions in the Congress of the United States as well.
|
|
|
|
|
Feelings about the sanctity of sensitive information dealt
|
|
|
|
|
with by the Agency led to wide support for a laissez faire
|
2023-04-28 08:18:41 -04:00
|
|
|
policy in Congress regarding the <span class="ORG" title="ORG">CIA</span>. For example, Richard
|
2023-04-27 21:33:38 -04:00
|
|
|
Russell, the Democratic Senator from Georgia, once gave the
|
|
|
|
|
following explanation of why he led the fight against a
|
|
|
|
|
resolution to provide for closer Congressional surveillance
|
2023-04-28 08:18:41 -04:00
|
|
|
of the <span class="ORG" title="ORG">CIA</span>.</p>
|
2023-05-03 17:06:31 -04:00
|
|
|
<p>Russell noted that the statement had been made on
|
2023-04-27 21:33:38 -04:00
|
|
|
the floor that the Armed Services subcommittee of
|
|
|
|
|
which he was a member had not revealed to the
|
2023-04-28 08:18:41 -04:00
|
|
|
country what it had learned about <span class="ORG" title="ORG">CIA</span> operations.</p>
|
2023-05-03 17:06:31 -04:00
|
|
|
<p>"No, Mr. President," Russell said, "we have not
|
2023-04-27 21:33:38 -04:00
|
|
|
told the country, and I do not propose to tell the
|
|
|
|
|
country in the future, because if there is anything
|
|
|
|
|
in the United States which should be held sacred
|
|
|
|
|
behind the curtain of classified matter, it is
|
|
|
|
|
information regarding the activities of this
|
|
|
|
|
agency...It would be better to abolish it out of
|
|
|
|
|
hand than it would be to adopt a theory that such
|
|
|
|
|
information should be spread and made available to
|
|
|
|
|
every member of Congress and to the members of the
|
|
|
|
|
staff of any committee.</p>
|
2023-05-03 17:06:31 -04:00
|
|
|
<p>With such a powerful man and others like him on its side, it
|
2023-04-28 08:18:41 -04:00
|
|
|
is small wonder that the <span class="ORG" title="ORG">CIA</span> got away with the things that it
|
2023-04-27 21:33:38 -04:00
|
|
|
did prior to 1975.
|
2023-04-28 08:18:41 -04:00
|
|
|
<span class="ORG" title="ORG">CIA</span> officers cleverly played upon the fears of Congress
|
|
|
|
|
to consolidate the power of the Agency. Former <span class="ORG" title="ORG">CIA</span> director
|
2023-04-27 21:33:38 -04:00
|
|
|
Allen Dulles, speaking before a Congressional committee,
|
|
|
|
|
warned,
|
|
|
|
|
Any investigation, whether by a congressional
|
|
|
|
|
committee or any other body, which results in
|
|
|
|
|
disclosure of our secret activities and operations
|
|
|
|
|
or uncovers our personnel, will help a potential
|
|
|
|
|
enemy just as if the enemy had been able to
|
|
|
|
|
infiltrate his own agents right into our shop.</p>
|
2023-05-03 17:06:31 -04:00
|
|
|
<p>Such statements led Senators like John Stennis to comment,
|
2023-04-27 21:33:38 -04:00
|
|
|
"If you are going to have an intelligence agency, you have to
|
|
|
|
|
protect it as such...and shut your eyes some, and take what's
|
|
|
|
|
coming".</p>
|
2023-05-03 17:06:31 -04:00
|
|
|
<p> Appendix I</p>
|
|
|
|
|
<p>The following is a partial list of United States Covert
|
2023-04-27 21:33:38 -04:00
|
|
|
action abroad to impose or restore favorable political
|
|
|
|
|
conditions, 1946-1983. The list was prepared by Tom Gervasi
|
|
|
|
|
of the Center for Military Research and Analysis in 1984, and
|
|
|
|
|
it was compiled using information available in the public
|
|
|
|
|
domain.</p>
|
2023-05-03 17:06:31 -04:00
|
|
|
<p>1946: GREECE. Restore monarch after overthrow of Metaxas
|
2023-04-27 21:33:38 -04:00
|
|
|
government. Successful.</p>
|
2023-05-03 17:06:31 -04:00
|
|
|
<p>1946-1955: WEST <span class="GPE" title="GPE">GERMANY</span>. Average of $6 million annually to
|
2023-04-27 21:33:38 -04:00
|
|
|
support former Nazi intelligence network of General
|
|
|
|
|
Reinhard Gehlen. Successful.</p>
|
2023-05-03 17:06:31 -04:00
|
|
|
<p>1948-1968: ITALY. Average of $30 million annually in
|
2023-04-27 21:33:38 -04:00
|
|
|
payments to political and labor leaders to supportanti-Communist candidates in Italian elections. Successful.</p>
|
2023-05-03 17:06:31 -04:00
|
|
|
<p>1949: GREECE. Military assistance to anti-Communist forces
|
2023-04-27 21:33:38 -04:00
|
|
|
in Greek civil war. Successful.</p>
|
2023-05-03 17:06:31 -04:00
|
|
|
<p>1949-1953: UKRAINE. Organize and support a Ukrainian
|
2023-04-27 21:33:38 -04:00
|
|
|
resistance movement. Unsuccessful.</p>
|
2023-05-03 17:06:31 -04:00
|
|
|
<p>1949-1961: BURMA. Support 12000 Nationalist China troops
|
2023-04-27 21:33:38 -04:00
|
|
|
in Burma under General Li Mi as an incursion force into
|
|
|
|
|
People's Republic of China. Unsuccessful.</p>
|
2023-05-03 17:06:31 -04:00
|
|
|
<p>1950-1952: POLAND. Financial and military assistance for
|
2023-04-27 21:33:38 -04:00
|
|
|
Polish Freedom and Independence Movement. Unsuccessful.</p>
|
2023-05-03 17:06:31 -04:00
|
|
|
<p>1950: ALBANIA. Overthrow government of Enver Hoxha.
|
2023-04-27 21:33:38 -04:00
|
|
|
Unsuccessful.</p>
|
2023-05-03 17:06:31 -04:00
|
|
|
<p>1951-1954: CHINA. Airdrop guerilla teams into People's
|
2023-04-27 21:33:38 -04:00
|
|
|
Republic of China. Unsuccessful.</p>
|
2023-05-03 17:06:31 -04:00
|
|
|
<p>1953: IRAN. Overthrow Mossadegh government and install
|
2023-04-27 21:33:38 -04:00
|
|
|
Zahedi. Cost: $10 million. Successful.</p>
|
2023-05-03 17:06:31 -04:00
|
|
|
<p>1953: PHILLIPINES. Assassination and propaganda campaign to
|
2023-04-27 21:33:38 -04:00
|
|
|
overcome Huk resistance and install government of Ramon
|
|
|
|
|
Magsaysay. Successful.</p>
|
2023-05-03 17:06:31 -04:00
|
|
|
<p>@Copyright 1984 by the Center for Military Research and
|
2023-04-27 21:33:38 -04:00
|
|
|
Analysis</p>
|
2023-05-03 17:06:31 -04:00
|
|
|
<p>1953: COSTA RICA. Overthrow government of Jose Figueres.
|
2023-04-27 21:33:38 -04:00
|
|
|
Unsuccessful.</p>
|
2023-05-03 17:06:31 -04:00
|
|
|
<p>1954: SOUTH VIETNAM. Install government of Ngo Dinh Diem.
|
2023-04-27 21:33:38 -04:00
|
|
|
Successful.</p>
|
2023-05-03 17:06:31 -04:00
|
|
|
<p>1954: WEST <span class="GPE" title="GPE">GERMANY</span>. Arrange abduction and discreditation of
|
2023-04-27 21:33:38 -04:00
|
|
|
West German intelligence chief Otto John, and replace
|
|
|
|
|
with Reinhard Gehlen. Successful.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1954: GUATEMALA. Overthrow government of Jacobo Arbenz
|
|
|
|
|
Guzman and replace with Carlos Castillo Armas.
|
|
|
|
|
Successful.</p>
|
2023-05-03 17:06:31 -04:00
|
|
|
<p>1955: CHINA. Assassinate Zhou Enlai en route to Bandung
|
2023-04-27 21:33:38 -04:00
|
|
|
Conference. Unsuccessful.</p>
|
2023-05-03 17:06:31 -04:00
|
|
|
<p>1956: HUNGARY. Financial and military assistance to
|
2023-04-27 21:33:38 -04:00
|
|
|
organize and support a Hungarian resistance movement,
|
|
|
|
|
and broad propaganda campaign to encourage it.
|
|
|
|
|
Unsuccessful.</p>
|
2023-05-03 17:06:31 -04:00
|
|
|
<p>1956: CUBA. Establish anti-Communist police force, Buro de
|
2023-04-27 21:33:38 -04:00
|
|
|
Represion Actividades Communistas (BRAC) under Batista
|
|
|
|
|
regime. Successful.</p>
|
2023-05-03 17:06:31 -04:00
|
|
|
<p>1956: EGYPT. Overthrow Nasser government. Unsuccessful.
|
2023-04-27 21:33:38 -04:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1956: SYRIA. Overthrow Ghazzi government. Aborted by
|
|
|
|
|
Israeli invasion of Egypt.</p>
|
2023-05-03 17:06:31 -04:00
|
|
|
<p>1956-1957: JORDAN. Average of $750000 annually in personal
|
2023-04-27 21:33:38 -04:00
|
|
|
payments to King Hussein. According to United States
|
|
|
|
|
government, payments ceased when disclosed in 1976.</p>
|
2023-05-03 17:06:31 -04:00
|
|
|
<p>1957: LEBANON. Financial assistance for the election of
|
2023-04-27 21:33:38 -04:00
|
|
|
pro-American candidates to Lebanese Parliament.
|
|
|
|
|
Successful.</p>
|
2023-05-03 17:06:31 -04:00
|
|
|
<p>1958: INDONESIA. Financial and military assistance,
|
2023-04-27 21:33:38 -04:00
|
|
|
including B-26 bombers, for revel forces attempting to
|
|
|
|
|
overthrow Sukarno government. Unsuccessful.</p>
|
2023-05-03 17:06:31 -04:00
|
|
|
<p>1958-1961: TIBET. Infiltrate Tibetan guerrillas trained in
|
2023-04-27 21:33:38 -04:00
|
|
|
United States to fight Chinese Communists. Unsuccessful.</p>
|
2023-05-03 17:06:31 -04:00
|
|
|
<p>1959: CAMBODIA. Assassinate Prince Norodum Shianouk.
|
2023-04-27 21:33:38 -04:00
|
|
|
Unsuccessful.</p>
|
2023-05-03 17:06:31 -04:00
|
|
|
<p>1960: GUATEMALA. Military assistance, including the use of
|
2023-04-27 21:33:38 -04:00
|
|
|
B-26 bombers for government of Miguel Ydigoras Fuentes
|
|
|
|
|
to defeat rebel forces. Successful.</p>
|
2023-05-03 17:06:31 -04:00
|
|
|
<p>1960: ANGOLA. Financial and military assistance to rebel
|
2023-04-27 21:33:38 -04:00
|
|
|
forces of Holden Roberto. Inconclusive.</p>
|
2023-05-03 17:06:31 -04:00
|
|
|
<p>1960: <span class="LOC" title="LOC">LAOS</span>. Military assistance, including 400 United
|
2023-04-27 21:33:38 -04:00
|
|
|
States Special Forces troops, to deny the Plain of Jars
|
|
|
|
|
bad Mekong Basin to Pathet Lao. Inconclusive.</p>
|
2023-05-03 17:06:31 -04:00
|
|
|
<p>1961-1965: <span class="LOC" title="LOC">LAOS</span>. Average of $300 million annually to
|
2023-04-27 21:33:38 -04:00
|
|
|
recruit and maintain L'Armee Clandestine of 35000 Hmong
|
2023-04-28 08:18:41 -04:00
|
|
|
and <span class="NORP" title="NORP">Meo</span> tribesmen and 17000 Thai mercenaries in support
|
2023-04-27 21:33:38 -04:00
|
|
|
of government of Phoumi Nosavan to resist Pathet Lao.
|
|
|
|
|
Successful.</p>
|
2023-05-03 17:06:31 -04:00
|
|
|
<p>1961-1963: CUBA. Assassinate Fidel Castro. Six attempts in
|
2023-04-27 21:33:38 -04:00
|
|
|
this period. Unsuccessful.</p>
|
2023-05-03 17:06:31 -04:00
|
|
|
<p>1961: CUBA. Train and support invasion force of <span class="NORP" title="NORP">Cuban</span>
|
2023-04-27 21:33:38 -04:00
|
|
|
exiles to overthrow Castro government, and assist their
|
|
|
|
|
invasion at the Bay of Pigs. Cost: $62 million.
|
|
|
|
|
Unsuccessful.</p>
|
2023-05-03 17:06:31 -04:00
|
|
|
<p>1961: ECUADOR. Overthrow government of Hose Velasco Ibarra.
|
2023-04-27 21:33:38 -04:00
|
|
|
Successful.</p>
|
2023-05-03 17:06:31 -04:00
|
|
|
<p>1961: CONGO. Precipitate conditions leading to
|
2023-04-27 21:33:38 -04:00
|
|
|
assassination of Patrice Lumumba. Successful.</p>
|
2023-05-03 17:06:31 -04:00
|
|
|
<p>1961: DOMINICAN REPUBLIC. Precipitate conditions leading to
|
2023-04-27 21:33:38 -04:00
|
|
|
assassination of Rafael Trujillo. Successful.</p>
|
2023-05-03 17:06:31 -04:00
|
|
|
<p>1961-1966: CUBA. Broad sabotage program, including
|
2023-04-27 21:33:38 -04:00
|
|
|
terrorist attacks on coastal targets and bacteriological
|
|
|
|
|
warfare, in effort to weaken Castro government.
|
|
|
|
|
Unsuccessful.</p>
|
2023-05-03 17:06:31 -04:00
|
|
|
<p>1962: THAILAND. Brigade of 5000 United States Marines to
|
2023-04-27 21:33:38 -04:00
|
|
|
resist threat to Thai government from Pathet Lao.
|
|
|
|
|
Successful. </p>
|
2023-05-03 17:06:31 -04:00
|
|
|
<p>1962-1964: BRITISH GUIANA. Organize labor strikes and riots
|
2023-04-27 21:33:38 -04:00
|
|
|
to overthrow government of Cheddi Jagan. Successful.</p>
|
2023-05-03 17:06:31 -04:00
|
|
|
<p>1962-1964: BRAZIL. Organize campaign of labor strike and
|
2023-04-27 21:33:38 -04:00
|
|
|
propaganda to overthrow government of Joao Goulart.
|
|
|
|
|
Successful.</p>
|
2023-05-03 17:06:31 -04:00
|
|
|
<p>1963: DOMINICAN REPUBLIC. Overthrow government of Juan
|
2023-04-27 21:33:38 -04:00
|
|
|
Bosch in military coup. Successful.</p>
|
2023-05-03 17:06:31 -04:00
|
|
|
<p>1963: SOUTH VIETNAM. Precipitate conditions leading to
|
2023-04-27 21:33:38 -04:00
|
|
|
assassination of Ngo Dinh Diem. Successful.</p>
|
2023-05-03 17:06:31 -04:00
|
|
|
<p>1963: ECUADOR. Overthrow government of Carlos Julio
|
2023-04-27 21:33:38 -04:00
|
|
|
Arosemena. Successful.</p>
|
2023-05-03 17:06:31 -04:00
|
|
|
<p>1963-1984: EL SALVADOR. Organize ORDEN and ANSESAL domestic
|
2023-04-27 21:33:38 -04:00
|
|
|
intelligence networks under direction of General Jose
|
|
|
|
|
Alberto Medrano and Colonel Nicolas Carranza, and
|
|
|
|
|
provide intelligence support and training in
|
|
|
|
|
surveillance, interrogation and assassination
|
|
|
|
|
techniques. Successful.</p>
|
2023-05-03 17:06:31 -04:00
|
|
|
<p>1963-1973: <span class="GPE" title="GPE">IRAQ</span>. Financial and military assistance for
|
2023-04-27 21:33:38 -04:00
|
|
|
Freedom Party of Mulla Mustafa al Barzani in effort to
|
|
|
|
|
establish independent Kurdistan. Unsuccessful.</p>
|
2023-05-03 17:06:31 -04:00
|
|
|
<p>1964: CHILE. $20 million in assistance for <span class="PERSON" title="PERSON">Eduardo</span> Frei to
|
2023-04-27 21:33:38 -04:00
|
|
|
defeat Salvador Allende in Chilean elections.Successful.</p>
|
2023-05-03 17:06:31 -04:00
|
|
|
<p>1964: BRAZIL, GUATEMALA, URUGUAY, DOMINICAN REPUBLIC.
|
2023-04-27 21:33:38 -04:00
|
|
|
Provide training in assassination and interrogation
|
|
|
|
|
techniques for police and intelligence personnel.
|
|
|
|
|
Inconclusive.</p>
|
2023-05-03 17:06:31 -04:00
|
|
|
<p>1964: CONGO. Financial and military assistance, including
|
2023-04-28 08:18:41 -04:00
|
|
|
B-26 and T-28 aircraft, and American and exiled <span class="NORP" title="NORP">Cuban</span>
|
2023-04-27 21:33:38 -04:00
|
|
|
pilots, for Joseph Mobutu and Cyril Adoula, and later
|
|
|
|
|
for Moise Tshombe in Katanga, to defeat rebel forces
|
|
|
|
|
loyal to Lumumba. Successful.</p>
|
2023-05-03 17:06:31 -04:00
|
|
|
<p>1964-1967: SOUTH VIETNAM. Phoenix Program to eliminate Viet
|
2023-04-27 21:33:38 -04:00
|
|
|
Cong political infrastructure through more than 20000
|
|
|
|
|
assassinations. Infiltrated by Viet Cong and only
|
|
|
|
|
partially successful.</p>
|
2023-05-03 17:06:31 -04:00
|
|
|
<p>1964-1971: NORTH VIETNAM. Sabotage and ambush missions
|
2023-04-27 21:33:38 -04:00
|
|
|
under Operations Plan 34A by United States Special
|
|
|
|
|
Forces and Nung tribesmen. Inconclusive.</p>
|
2023-05-03 17:06:31 -04:00
|
|
|
<p>1965-1971: <span class="LOC" title="LOC">LAOS</span>. Under Operations Shining Brass and Prairie
|
2023-04-27 21:33:38 -04:00
|
|
|
Fire, sabotage and ambush missions by United States
|
2023-04-28 08:18:41 -04:00
|
|
|
Special Forces personnel and Nung and <span class="NORP" title="NORP">Meo</span> tribesmen
|
2023-04-27 21:33:38 -04:00
|
|
|
under General Bang Pao. Inconclusive.</p>
|
2023-05-03 17:06:31 -04:00
|
|
|
<p>1965: THAILAND. Recruit 17000 mercenaries to support
|
2023-04-27 21:33:38 -04:00
|
|
|
Laotian government of Phoumi Nosavan resisting Pathet
|
|
|
|
|
Lao. Successful.
|
|
|
|
|
1965: PERU. Provide training in assassination and
|
|
|
|
|
interrogation techniques for Peruvian police and
|
|
|
|
|
intelligence personnel, similar to training given in
|
|
|
|
|
Uruguay, Brazil and Dominican Republic, in effort to
|
|
|
|
|
defeat resistance movement. Unsuccessful.</p>
|
2023-05-03 17:06:31 -04:00
|
|
|
<p>1965: INDONESIA. Organize campaign of propaganda to
|
2023-04-27 21:33:38 -04:00
|
|
|
overthrow Sukarno government, and precipitate conditions
|
|
|
|
|
leading to massacre of more than 500000 members of
|
|
|
|
|
Indonesian Communist Party, in order to eliminate
|
|
|
|
|
opposition to new Suharto government. Successful.</p>
|
2023-05-03 17:06:31 -04:00
|
|
|
<p>1967: BOLIVIA. Assist government in capture of Ernesto Che
|
2023-04-27 21:33:38 -04:00
|
|
|
Guevara. Successful.</p>
|
2023-05-03 17:06:31 -04:00
|
|
|
<p>1967: GREECE. Overthrow government of George Papandreou and
|
2023-04-27 21:33:38 -04:00
|
|
|
install military government of Colonel George
|
2023-04-28 08:18:41 -04:00
|
|
|
Papadopolous after abdication of King <span class="PERSON" title="PERSON">Constantine</span>.
|
2023-04-27 21:33:38 -04:00
|
|
|
Successful. </p>
|
2023-05-03 17:06:31 -04:00
|
|
|
<p>1967-1971: CAMBODIA. Under Projects Daniel Boone and Salem
|
2023-04-27 21:33:38 -04:00
|
|
|
House, sabotage and ambush missions by United States
|
2023-04-28 08:18:41 -04:00
|
|
|
Special Forces personnel and <span class="NORP" title="NORP">Meo</span> tribesmen.
|
2023-04-27 21:33:38 -04:00
|
|
|
Inconclusive.</p>
|
2023-05-03 17:06:31 -04:00
|
|
|
<p>1969-1970: CAMBODIA. Bombing campaign to crush Viet Cong
|
2023-04-27 21:33:38 -04:00
|
|
|
sanctuaries in Cambodia. Unsuccessful.</p>
|
2023-05-03 17:06:31 -04:00
|
|
|
<p>1970: CAMBODIA. Overthrow government of Prince Norodom
|
2023-04-27 21:33:38 -04:00
|
|
|
Sihanouk. Successful.</p>
|
2023-05-03 17:06:31 -04:00
|
|
|
<p>1970-1973: CHILE. Campaign of assassinations, propaganda,
|
2023-04-27 21:33:38 -04:00
|
|
|
labor strikes and demonstrations to overthrow government
|
|
|
|
|
of Salvador Allende. Cost: $8400000. Successful.</p>
|
2023-05-03 17:06:31 -04:00
|
|
|
<p>1973-1978: AFGHANISTAN. Military and financial assistance
|
2023-04-27 21:33:38 -04:00
|
|
|
to government of Mohammed Duad to resist rise to power
|
|
|
|
|
of Noor Mohammed Taraki. Unsuccessful.</p>
|
2023-05-03 17:06:31 -04:00
|
|
|
<p>1975: PORTUGAL. Overthrow government of General Vasco dos
|
2023-04-27 21:33:38 -04:00
|
|
|
Santos Goncalves. Successful.</p>
|
2023-05-03 17:06:31 -04:00
|
|
|
<p>1975: ANGOLA. Military assistance to forces of Holden
|
2023-04-27 21:33:38 -04:00
|
|
|
Roberto and Jonas Savimbi to defeat forces of Popular
|
|
|
|
|
Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA) during
|
|
|
|
|
Angolan civil war, and prevent MPLA from forming new
|
|
|
|
|
government. Unsuccessful.</p>
|
2023-05-03 17:06:31 -04:00
|
|
|
<p>1975: AUSTRALIA. Propaganda and political pressure to force
|
2023-04-27 21:33:38 -04:00
|
|
|
dissolution of labor government of Gough Whitlam.
|
|
|
|
|
Successful.
|
|
|
|
|
1976: JAMAICA. Military coup to overthrow government of
|
|
|
|
|
Michael Manley. Unsuccessful.</p>
|
2023-05-03 17:06:31 -04:00
|
|
|
<p>1976-1984: ANGOLA. Financial and military assistance to
|
2023-04-27 21:33:38 -04:00
|
|
|
forces of Jonas Savimbi to harass and destabilize Neto
|
|
|
|
|
and succeeding governments. Inconclusive.</p>
|
2023-05-03 17:06:31 -04:00
|
|
|
<p>1979: IRAN. Install military government to replace Shah and
|
2023-04-27 21:33:38 -04:00
|
|
|
resist growth of Moslem fundamentalism. Unsuccessful.</p>
|
2023-05-03 17:06:31 -04:00
|
|
|
<p>1979-1980: JAMAICA. Financial pressure to destabilize
|
2023-04-27 21:33:38 -04:00
|
|
|
government of Michael Manley, and campaign propaganda
|
|
|
|
|
and demonstrations to defeat it in elections.
|
|
|
|
|
Successful.</p>
|
2023-05-03 17:06:31 -04:00
|
|
|
<p>1979: AFGHANISTAN. Military aid to rebel forces of Zia
|
2023-04-27 21:33:38 -04:00
|
|
|
Nezri, Zia Khan Nassry, Gulbuddin Hekmatyar, Sayed Ahmed
|
|
|
|
|
Gailani and conservative mullahs to overthrow government
|
|
|
|
|
of Hafizullah Amin. Aborted by Soviet intervention and
|
|
|
|
|
installation of new government.</p>
|
2023-05-03 17:06:31 -04:00
|
|
|
<p>1980-1984: AFGHANISTAN. Continuing military aid to same
|
2023-04-27 21:33:38 -04:00
|
|
|
rebel groups to harass Soviet occupation forces and
|
|
|
|
|
challenge legitimacy of government of Babrak Karmal.</p>
|
2023-05-03 17:06:31 -04:00
|
|
|
<p>1979: SEYCHELLES. Destabilize government of France Albert
|
2023-04-27 21:33:38 -04:00
|
|
|
Rene. Successful.</p>
|
2023-05-03 17:06:31 -04:00
|
|
|
<p>1980: GRENADA. Mercenary coup to overthrow government of
|
2023-04-27 21:33:38 -04:00
|
|
|
Maurice Bishop. Successful.</p>
|
2023-05-03 17:06:31 -04:00
|
|
|
<p>1980: DOMINICA. Financial support to Freedom Party of
|
2023-04-27 21:33:38 -04:00
|
|
|
Eugenia Charles to defeat Oliver Seraphim in Dominican
|
|
|
|
|
elections. Successful.</p>
|
2023-05-03 17:06:31 -04:00
|
|
|
<p>1980: GUYANA. Assassinate opposition leader Walter Rodney
|
2023-04-27 21:33:38 -04:00
|
|
|
to consolidate power of government of Forbes Burnham.
|
|
|
|
|
Successful.</p>
|
2023-05-03 17:06:31 -04:00
|
|
|
<p>1980-1984: NICARAGUA. Military assistance to Adolfo Colero
|
2023-04-27 21:33:38 -04:00
|
|
|
Portocarrero, Alfonso Robelo, Alfonso Callejas, Fernando
|
|
|
|
|
Chamorro Rappacioli, Eden Pastora Gomez, Adrianna
|
|
|
|
|
Guillen, Steadman Fagoth and former Somoza National
|
|
|
|
|
Guard officers, to recruit, train and equip anti-Sandinista forces for sabotage and terrorist incursions
|
|
|
|
|
into Nicaragua from sanctuaries in Honduras and Costa
|
|
|
|
|
Rica, in effort to destabilize government of Daniel
|
|
|
|
|
Ortega Saavedra.</p>
|
2023-05-03 17:06:31 -04:00
|
|
|
<p>1981: SEYCHELLES. Military coup to overthrow government of
|
2023-04-27 21:33:38 -04:00
|
|
|
France Albert Rene. Unsuccessful.
|
|
|
|
|
1981-1982: MAURITIUS. Financial support to Seewoosagar
|
|
|
|
|
Ramgoolam to bring him to power in 1982 elections.
|
|
|
|
|
Unsuccessful.</p>
|
2023-05-03 17:06:31 -04:00
|
|
|
<p>1981-1984: LIBYA. Broad campaign of economic pressure,
|
2023-04-27 21:33:38 -04:00
|
|
|
propaganda, military maneuvers in Egypt, Sudan and Gulf
|
|
|
|
|
of Sidra, and organization if Libyan Liberation Front
|
|
|
|
|
exiles to destabilize government of Muammar Qaddafi.
|
|
|
|
|
Inconclusive.</p>
|
2023-05-03 17:06:31 -04:00
|
|
|
<p>1982: CHAD. Military assistance to Hissen Habre to
|
2023-04-27 21:33:38 -04:00
|
|
|
overthrow government of Goukouni Oueddei. Successful.</p>
|
2023-05-03 17:06:31 -04:00
|
|
|
<p>1982: GUATEMALA. Military coup to overthrow government of
|
2023-04-27 21:33:38 -04:00
|
|
|
Angel Anibal Guevara. Successful.</p>
|
2023-05-03 17:06:31 -04:00
|
|
|
<p>1982: BOLIVIA. Military coup to overthrow government of
|
2023-04-27 21:33:38 -04:00
|
|
|
Celso Torrelio. Successful.</p>
|
2023-05-03 17:06:31 -04:00
|
|
|
<p>1982: JORDAN. Military assistance to equip and train two
|
2023-04-27 21:33:38 -04:00
|
|
|
Jordanian brigades as an Arab strike force to implement
|
|
|
|
|
United States policy objectives without Israeli
|
|
|
|
|
assistance.</p>
|
2023-05-03 17:06:31 -04:00
|
|
|
<p>1982-1983: SURINAM. Overthrow government of Colonel Desi
|
2023-04-27 21:33:38 -04:00
|
|
|
Bouterse. Three attempts in this period. Unsuccessful.</p>
|
2023-05-03 17:06:31 -04:00
|
|
|
<p>1984: EL SALVADOR. $1.4 million in financial support for
|
2023-04-27 21:33:38 -04:00
|
|
|
the Presidential election campaign of Jose Napoleon
|
|
|
|
|
Duarte. Successful. Appendix II
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
The Congo 1960: State Terrorism and Foreign Policy*</p>
|
2023-05-03 17:06:31 -04:00
|
|
|
<p>A 1975 report of the Church Committee entitled "Alleged
|
2023-04-27 21:33:38 -04:00
|
|
|
Assassination Plots Involving Foreign Leaders" provides a
|
|
|
|
|
rare inside account of how such operations are planned and
|
2023-04-28 08:18:41 -04:00
|
|
|
carried out--in this case, the <span class="ORG" title="ORG">CIA</span>'s attempt to assassinate
|
2023-04-27 21:33:38 -04:00
|
|
|
Patrice Lumumba in the Congo in 1960. Lumumba, a popular
|
|
|
|
|
politician considered pro-Soviet by U.S. policymakers, had
|
|
|
|
|
briefly served as prime minister after the Congo gained its
|
|
|
|
|
independence from Belgium in June of that year. According to
|
|
|
|
|
the Senate report, "It is likely that President
|
|
|
|
|
Eisenhower's...strong...concern about Lumumba...was taken by
|
2023-04-28 08:18:41 -04:00
|
|
|
[<span class="ORG" title="ORG">CIA</span> director] Allen Dulles as authority to assassinate
|
|
|
|
|
Lumumba." <span class="ORG" title="ORG">CIA</span> officials ordered a staff scientist (code-named "Joe") to prepare "toxic biological materials" that
|
2023-04-27 21:33:38 -04:00
|
|
|
would "produce a disease...indigenous to that area [of
|
2023-04-28 08:18:41 -04:00
|
|
|
Africa]" and to deliver the poison to the <span class="ORG" title="ORG">CIA</span> station chief
|
2023-04-27 21:33:38 -04:00
|
|
|
in Leopoldville, who was to assassinate Lumumba. But before
|
|
|
|
|
the station chief could carry out his orders, Lumumba was
|
|
|
|
|
captured by the forces of Joseph Mobutu, the U.S. supported
|
|
|
|
|
nationalist leader who is still dictator of the country, and
|
|
|
|
|
delivered to his archenemies in Katanga, where he was
|
|
|
|
|
murdered. Following are excerpts from the cables, published
|
2023-04-28 08:18:41 -04:00
|
|
|
by the committee, that were exchanged by <span class="ORG" title="ORG">CIA</span> headquarters in
|
2023-04-27 21:33:38 -04:00
|
|
|
Washington and the officers in the Congo. </p>
|
2023-05-03 17:06:31 -04:00
|
|
|
<p>August 18, 1960. Station chief, Leopoldville, to <span class="ORG" title="ORG">CIA</span>
|
2023-04-27 21:33:38 -04:00
|
|
|
headquarters:</p>
|
2023-05-03 17:06:31 -04:00
|
|
|
<p>EMBASSY AND STATION BELIEVE CONGO EXPERIENCING CLASSIC
|
2023-04-27 21:33:38 -04:00
|
|
|
COMMUNIST EFFORT TAKEOVER GOVERNMENT...DECISIVE PERIOD NOT
|
|
|
|
|
FAR OFF. WHETHER OR NOT LUMUMBA ACTUALLY COMMIE OR JUST
|
|
|
|
|
PLAYING COMMIE GAME TO ASSIST HIS SOLIDIFYING POWER, ANTI-WEST FORCES RAPIDLY INCREASING POWER CONGO AND THERE MAY BE
|
|
|
|
|
LITTLE TIME LEFT IN WHICH TO TAKE ACTION TO AVOID ANOTHER
|
|
|
|
|
CUBA.</p>
|
2023-05-03 17:06:31 -04:00
|
|
|
<p>August 26. Headquarters to Leopoldville:</p>
|
|
|
|
|
<p>IN HIGH QUARTERS HERE IT IS THE CLEAR-CUT CONCLUSION THAT IF
|
2023-04-27 21:33:38 -04:00
|
|
|
[LUMUMBA] CONTUNUES TO HOLD HIGH OFFICE, THE INEVITABLE
|
|
|
|
|
RESULT WILL...AT WORST PAVE THE WAY TO COMMUNIST
|
|
|
|
|
TAKEOVER...WITH DISASTROUS CONSEQUENCES..FOR THE INTERESTS OF</p>
|
2023-05-03 17:06:31 -04:00
|
|
|
<p>*This excerpt appeared in Harper's Magazine in October 1984.
|
2023-04-27 21:33:38 -04:00
|
|
|
THE FREE WORLD GENERALLY. CONSEQUENTLY WE CONCLUDE THAT HIS
|
|
|
|
|
REMOVAL MUST BE AN URGENT AND PRIME OBJECTIVE...OF OUR COVERT
|
|
|
|
|
ACTION...TO THE EXTENT THAT AMBASSADOR MAY DESIRE TO BE
|
|
|
|
|
CONSULTED, YOU SHOULD SEEK HIS CONCURRENCE. IF IN ANY
|
|
|
|
|
PARTICULAR CASE, HE DOES NOT WISH TO BE CONSULTED YOU CAN ACT
|
|
|
|
|
ON YOUR AUTHORITY...</p>
|
2023-05-03 17:06:31 -04:00
|
|
|
<p>September 19. Headquarters to Leopoldville, announcing the
|
2023-04-27 21:33:38 -04:00
|
|
|
arrival of the poison:</p>
|
2023-05-03 17:06:31 -04:00
|
|
|
<p>["JOE"] SHOULD ARRIVE APPROX. 27 SEPT...WILL ANNOUNCE HIMSELF
|
2023-04-27 21:33:38 -04:00
|
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|
AS "JOE FROM PARIS"...URGENT YOU SHOULD SEE ["JOE"]
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SOONEST...HE WILL FULLY IDENTIFY HIMSELF AMD EXPLAIN HIS
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ASSIGNMENT TO YOU. ALL CABLE TRAFFIC THIS OP...HOLD ENTIRELY
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TO YOURSELF.</p>
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2023-05-03 17:06:31 -04:00
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<p>October 7. Leopoldville to headquarters:</p>
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<p>[JOE] LEFT CERTAIN ITEMS OF CONTINUING USEFULNESS. [STATION
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OFFICER] PLANS CONTINUE TRY IMPLEMENT OP.</p>
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<p>October 15. Headquarters to Leopoldville:</p>
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<p>POSSIBLE USE COMMANDO TYPE GROUP FOR ABDUCTIOM
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[LUMUMBA]...VIA ASSAULT ON HOUSE...</p>
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<p>October 17. Leopoldville to headquarters:</p>
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<p>NOT BEEN ABLE PENETRATE ENTOURAGE...RECOMMEND HQS POUCH
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SOONEST HIGH POWERED FOREIGN MAKE RIFLE WITH TELESCOPIC SCOPE
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AND SILENCER. HUNTING GOOD HERE WHEN LIGHT IS RIGHT.</p>
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2023-05-03 17:06:31 -04:00
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<p>November 14. Leopoldville to headquarters:</p>
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<p>TARGET HAS NOT LEFT BUILDING IN SEVERAL WEEKS. HOUSE GUARDED
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DAY AND NIGHT...TARGET HAS DISMISSED MOST OF SERVANTS SO
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ENTRY THIS MEANS SEEMS REMOTE. </p>
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<p>January 13. Fearing that Lumumba, who had been imprisoned by
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Mobutu's forces in December, would soon be freed by his
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supporters and seize power, Leopoldville cables headquarters:</p>
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<p>THE COMBINATION OF [LUMUMBA'S] POWERS AS DEMAGOGUE, HIS ABLE
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USE OF OF GOON SQUADS AND <span class="NORP" title="NORP">PROPAGANDA</span> AND SPIRIT OF DEFEAT
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WITHIN [GOVERNMENT]...WOULD ALMOST CERTAINLY INSURE [LUMUMBA]
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VICTORY IN PARLIAMENT...REFUSAL TAKE DRASTIC STEPS AT THIS
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TIME WILL LEAD TO DEFEAT OF [UNITED STATES] POLICY IN CONGO.</p>
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2023-05-03 17:06:31 -04:00
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<p>January 17. Mobutu and his ally Joseph Kasavubu send Lumumba
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to his enemies in Katanga province, the forces of local
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leader Moise Tshombe. Two days later, the <span class="ORG" title="ORG">CIA</span> base chief in
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Elizabethville cables headquarters:</p>
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<p>THANKS FOR PATRICE. IF WE HAD KNOWN HE WAS COMING WE WOULD
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HAVE BAKED A SNAKE.
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A U.N. inquiry later concluded Lumumba was killed by his
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enemies on or shortly after his arrival in Katanga. The
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Church Committee investigation found that "the toxic
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substances were never used. But there is, however, no
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suggestion of a connection between the assassination plot and
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the events which actually led to Lumumba's death". </p>
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</div>
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