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Kernel Hardening; Protect Linux User Accounts against Brute Force Attacks; Improve Entropy Collection; Strong Linux User Account Separation; Enhances Misc Security Settings - https://www.kicksecure.com/wiki/Security-misc
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README.md

Enhances miscellaneous security settings

Kernel hardening

This section is inspired by the Kernel Self Protection Project (KSPP). It implements all recommended Linux kernel settings by the KSPP and many more.

sysctl

sysctl settings are configured via the /usr/lib/sysctl.d/990-security-misc.conf configuration file.

Significant hardening is applied by default to a myriad of components within kernel space, user space, core dumps, and swap space.

  • Restrict kernel addresses regardless of user privileges.

  • Restrict access to the kernel logs to CAP_SYSLOG as the often contain sensitive information.

  • Prevent kernel information leaks in the console during boot.

  • Restrict eBPF access to CAP_BPF and enable associated JIT compiler hardening.

  • Restrict loading TTY line disciplines to CAP_SYS_MODULE.

  • Restricts the userfaultfd() syscall to CAP_SYS_PTRACE which reduces the likelihood of use-after-free exploits.

  • Disable kexec as it can be used to replace the running kernel.

  • Entirely disables the SysRq key so that the Secure Attention Key (SAK) can no longer be utilised.

  • Provide option to disable unprivileged user namespaces as they can lead to privilege escalation.

  • Restrict kernel profiling and the performance events system to CAP_PERFMON.

  • Randomise the addresses (ASLR) for mmap base, stack, VDSO pages, and heap.

  • Disable asynchronous I/O (when using Linux kernel version >= 6.6).

  • Restrict usage of ptrace() to only processes with CAP_SYS_PTRACE as it enables programs to inspect and modify other active processes. Provide option to also entirely disable the use of ptrace() for all processes.

  • Prevent hardlink and symlink TOCTOU races in world-writable directories.

  • Disallow unintentional writes to attacker-controlled files.

  • Increase the maximum number of memory map areas a process is able to utilise.

  • Disable core dump files and prevent their creation. If core dump files are enabled, they will be nammed based on core.PID instead of the default core.

  • Limit the copying of potentially sensitive content in memory to the swap device.

Various networking components of the TCP/IP stack are hardened for IPv4/6.

  • Enable TCP SYN cookie protection to assist against SYN flood attacks.

  • Protect against TCP time-wait assassination hazards.

  • Enables reverse path filtering (source validation) of packets received from all interfaces to prevent IP spoofing.

  • Disable ICMP redirect acceptance and redirect sending messages to prevent man-in-the-middle attacks and minimise information disclosure.

  • Ignore ICMP echo requests to prevent clock fingerprinting and Smurf attacks.

  • Ignore bogus ICMP error responses.

  • Disable source routing which allows users redirect network traffic that can result in man-in-the-middle attacks.

  • Do not accept IPv6 router advertisements and solicitations.

  • Provide option to disable SACK and DSACK as they have historically been a vector for exploitation.

  • Disable TCP timestamps as it can allow detecting the system time.

  • Provide option to log of packets with impossible source or destination addresses to enable inspection and further analysis.

mmap ASLR

  • The bits of entropy used for mmap ASLR are maxed out via /usr/libexec/security-misc/mmap-rnd-bits (set to the values of CONFIG_ARCH_MMAP_RND_BITS_MAX and CONFIG_ARCH_MMAP_RND_COMPAT_BITS_MAX that the kernel was built with), therefore improving its effectiveness.

Boot parameters

Boot parameters are outlined in configuration files located in the etc/default/grub.d/ directory.

  • Slab merging is disabled which significantly increases the difficulty of heap exploitation by preventing overwriting objects from merged caches and by making it harder to influence slab cache layout.

  • Memory zeroing at allocation and free time is enabled to mitigate some use-after-free vulnerabilities and erase sensitive information in memory.

  • Page allocator freelist randomization is enabled.

  • Kernel Page Table Isolation is enabled to mitigate Meltdown and increase KASLR effectiveness.

  • vsyscalls are disabled as they are obsolete, are at fixed addresses and thus, are a potential target for ROP.

  • The kernel panics on oopses to thwart certain kernel exploits.

  • Enables randomisation of the kernel stack offset on syscall entries.

  • Mitigations for known CPU vulnerabilities are enabled and SMT is disabled.

  • IOMMU is enabled to prevent DMA attacks along with strict enforcement of IOMMU TLB invalidation so devices will never be able to access stale data contents.

  • Distrust the 'randomly' generated CPU and bootloader seeds.

Kernel Modules

Kernel Module Signature Verification

Not yet due to issues:

See:

  • /etc/default/grub.d/40_only_allow_signed_modules.cfg

Disables the loading of new modules to the kernel after the fact

Not yet due to issues:

A systemd service dynamically sets the kernel parameter modules_disabled to 1, preventing new modules from being loaded. Since this isn't configured directly within systemctl, it does not break the loading of legitimate and necessary modules for the user, like drivers etc., given they are plugged in on startup.

Blacklist and disable kernel modules

Certain kernel modules are blacklisted by default to reduce attack surface via /etc/modprobe.d/30_security-misc_blacklist.conf. Blacklisting prevents kernel modules from automatically starting.

  • CD-ROM/DVD: Blacklist modules required for CD-ROM/DVD devices.

  • Conntrack: Deactivates Netfilter's connection tracking helper - this module increases kernel attack surface by enabling superfluous functionality such as IRC parsing in the kernel. Hence, this feature is disabled.

  • Framebuffer Drivers: Blacklisted as they are well-known to be buggy, cause kernel panics, and are generally only used by legacy devices.

  • Miscellaneous: Blacklist an assortment other modules to prevent them from automatically loading.

Specific kernel modules are entirely disabled to reduce attack surface via /etc/modprobe.d/30_security-misc_disable.conf. Disabling prohibits kernel modules from starting. This approach should not be considered comprehensive, rather it is a form of badness enumeration.

  • File Systems: Disable uncommon and legacy file systems.

  • FireWire (IEEE 1394): Disabled as they are often vulnerable to DMA attacks.

  • GPS: Disables GPS-related modules responsible systems such as for Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS).

  • Intel Management Engine (ME): Provides some disabling of the interface between the Intel ME and the OS.

  • Network File Systems: Disable uncommon and legacy network file systems.

  • Network Protocols: Wide array of uncommon and legacy network protocols are disabled.

  • Miscellaneous: Disable an assortment other modules such as vivid.

  • Thunderbolt: Disabled as they are often vulnerable to DMA attacks.

Other

  • A systemd service clears the System.map file on boot as these contain kernel pointers. The file is completely overwritten with zeroes to ensure it cannot be recovered. See:

/etc/kernel/postinst.d/30_remove-system-map

/lib/systemd/system/remove-system-map.service

/usr/libexec/security-misc/remove-system.map

  • Coredumps are disabled as they may contain important information such as encryption keys or passwords. See:

/etc/security/limits.d/30_security-misc.conf

/etc/sysctl.d/30_security-misc.conf

/lib/systemd/coredump.conf.d/30_security-misc.conf

  • An initramfs hook sets the sysctl values in /etc/sysctl.conf and /etc/sysctl.d before init is executed so sysctl hardening is enabled as early as possible. This is implemented for initramfs-tools only because this is not needed for dracut because dracut does that by default, at least on systemd enabled systems. Not researched for non-systemd systems by the author of this part of the readme.

Network hardening

  • Unlike version 4, IPv6 addresses can provide information not only about the originating network, but also the originating device. We prevent this from happening by enabling the respective privacy extensions for IPv6.

  • In addition, we deny the capability to track the originating device in the network at all, by using randomized MAC addresses per connection per default.

See:

  • /usr/lib/NetworkManager/conf.d/80_ipv6-privacy.conf
  • /usr/lib/NetworkManager/conf.d/80_randomize-mac.conf
  • /usr/lib/systemd/networkd.conf.d/80_ipv6-privacy-extensions.conf

Bluetooth Hardening

Bluetooth Status: Enabled but Defaulted to Off

  • Default Behavior: Although Bluetooth capability is 'enabled' in the kernel, security-misc deviates from the usual behavior by starting with Bluetooth turned off at system start. This setting remains until the user explicitly opts to activate Bluetooth.

  • User Control: Users have the freedom to easily switch Bluetooth on and off in the usual way, exercising their own discretion. This can be done via the Bluetooth toggle through the usual way, that is either through GUI settings application or command line commands.

  • Enhanced Privacy Settings: We enforce more private defaults for Bluetooth connections. This includes the use of private addresses and strict timeout settings for discoverability and visibility.

  • Security Considerations: Despite these measures, it's important to note that Bluetooth technology, by its nature, may still be prone to exploits due to its history of security vulnerabilities. Thus, we recommend users to opt-out of using Bluetooth when possible.

Configuration Details

  • See configuration: /etc/bluetooth/30_security-misc.conf
  • For more information and discussion: GitHub Pull Request

Understanding Bluetooth Terms

  • Disabling Bluetooth: This means the absence of the Bluetooth kernel module. When disabled, Bluetooth is non-existent in the system - it cannot be seen, set, configured, or interacted with in any way.

  • Turning Bluetooth On/Off: This refers to a software toggle. Normally, on Debian systems, Bluetooth is 'on' when the system boots up. It actively searches for known devices to auto-connect and may be discoverable or visible under certain conditions. Our default ensures that Bluetooth is off on startup. However, it remains 'enabled' in the kernel, meaning the kernel can use the Bluetooth protocol and has the necessary modules.

Quick Toggle Guide

  • Turning Bluetooth On: Simply click the Bluetooth button in the settings application or on the tray, and switch the toggle. It's a straightforward action that can be completed in less than a second.

  • Turning Bluetooth Off: Follow the same procedure as turning it on but switch the toggle to the off position.

Entropy collection improvements

  • The jitterentropy_rng kernel module is loaded as early as possible during boot to gather more entropy via the /usr/lib/modules-load.d/30_security-misc.conf configuration file.

  • Distrusts the CPU for initial entropy at boot as it is not possible to audit, may contain weaknesses or a backdoor. For references, see: /etc/default/grub.d/40_distrust_cpu.cfg

  • Gathers more entropy during boot if using the linux-hardened kernel patch.

Restrictive mount options

A systemd service is triggered on boot to remount all sensitive partitions and directories with significantly more secure hardened mount options. Since this would require manual tuning for a given specific system, we handle it by creating a very solid configuration file for that very system on package install.

Not enabled by default yet. In development. Help welcome.

Root access restrictions

  • su is restricted to only users within the group sudo which prevents users from using su to gain root access or to switch user accounts - /usr/share/pam-configs/wheel-security-misc (which results in a change in file /etc/pam.d/common-auth).

  • Add user root to group sudo. This is required due to the above restriction so that logging in from a virtual console is still possible - debian/security-misc.postinst

  • Abort login for users with locked passwords - /usr/libexec/security-misc/pam-abort-on-locked-password.

  • Logging into the root account from a virtual, serial, whatnot console is prevented by shipping an existing and empty /etc/securetty file (deletion of /etc/securetty has a different effect).

This package does not yet automatically lock the root account password. It is not clear if this would be sane in such a package although, it is recommended to lock and expire the root account.

In new Kicksecure builds, root account will be locked by package dist-base-files.

See:

However, a locked root password will break rescue and emergency shell. Therefore, this package enables passwordless rescue and emergency shell. This is the same solution that Debian will likely adapt for Debian installer: https://bugs.debian.org/cgi-bin/bugreport.cgi?bug=802211

See:

  • /etc/systemd/system/emergency.service.d/override.conf
  • /etc/systemd/system/rescue.service.d/override.conf

Adverse security effects can be prevented by setting up BIOS password protection, GRUB password protection and/or full disk encryption.

Console lockdown

This uses pam_access to allow members of group console to use console but restrict everyone else (except members of group console-unrestricted) from using console with ancient, unpopular login methods such as /bin/login over networks as this might be exploitable. (CVE-2001-0797)

This is not enabled by default in this package since this package does not know which users shall be added to group 'console' and thus, would break console.

See:

  • /usr/share/pam-configs/console-lockdown-security-misc
  • /etc/security/access-security-misc.conf

Brute force attack protection

User accounts are locked after 50 failed login attempts using pam_faillock.

Informational output during Linux PAM:

  • Show failed and remaining password attempts.
  • Document unlock procedure if Linux user account got locked.
  • Point out that there is no password feedback for su.
  • Explain locked root account if locked.

See:

  • /usr/share/pam-configs/tally2-security-misc
  • /usr/libexec/security-misc/pam-info
  • /usr/libexec/security-misc/pam-abort-on-locked-password

Access rights restrictions

Strong user account separation

Permission Lockdown

Read, write and execute access for "others" are removed during package installation, upgrade or PAM mkhomedir for all users who have home folders in /home by running, for example:

chmod o-rwx /home/user

This will be done only once per folder in /home so users who wish to relax file permissions are free to do so. This is to protect files in a home folder that were previously created with lax file permissions prior to the installation of this package.

See:

  • debian/security-misc.postinst
  • /usr/libexec/security-misc/permission-lockdown
  • /usr/share/pam-configs/mkhomedir-security-misc

umask

Default umask is set to 027 for files created by non-root users such as for example user user. Broken. Disabled. See:

This is doing using pam module pam_mkhomedir.so umask=027.

This means, files created by non-root users cannot be read by other non-root users by default. While Permission Lockdown already protects the /home folder, this protects other folders such as /tmp.

group read permissions are not removed. This is unnecessary due to Debian's use of User Private Groups (UPGs). See also: https://wiki.debian.org/UserPrivateGroups

Default umask is unchanged for root, because then configuration files created in /etc by the system administrator would be unreadable by "others" and break applications. Examples include /etc/firefox-esr and /etc/thunderbird.

See:

  • /usr/share/pam-configs/umask-security-misc

SUID / SGID removal and permission hardening

SUID / SGID removal

A systemd service removes SUID / SGID bits from non-essential binaries as these are often used in privilege escalation attacks.

File permission hardening

Various file permissions are reset with more secure and hardened defaults. These include but are not limited to:

  • Limiting /home and /root to the root only.
  • Limiting crontab to root as well as all the configuration files for cron.
  • Limiting the configuration for cups and ssh.
  • Protecting the information of sudoers from others.
  • Protecting various system relevant files and modules.
permission-hardener

permission-hardener removes SUID / SGID bits from non-essential binaries as these are often used in privilege escalation attacks. It is enabled by default and applied at security-misc package installation and upgrade time.

There is also an optional systemd unit which does the same at boot time that can be enabled by running systemctl enable permission-hardener.service as root. The hardening at boot time is not the default because this slows down the boot too much.

See:

Access rights relaxations

This is not enabled yet because hidepid is not enabled by default.

Calls to pkexec are redirected to lxqt-sudo because pkexec is incompatible with hidepid=2.

See:

Application-specific hardening

  • Enables "apt-get --error-on=any" which makes apt exit non-zero for transient failures. - /etc/apt/apt.conf.d/40error-on-any.
  • Enables APT seccomp-BPF sandboxing - /etc/apt/apt.conf.d/40sandbox.
  • Deactivates previews in Dolphin.
  • Deactivates previews in Nautilus - /usr/share/glib-2.0/schemas/30_security-misc.gschema.override.
  • Deactivates thumbnails in Thunar.
  • Thunderbird is hardened with the following options:
    • Displays domain names in punycode to prevent IDN homograph attacks (a form of phishing).
    • Strips email client information for sent email headers.
    • Stripts user time information from sent email headers by replacing the originating time zone with UTC and rounding the timestamp to the nearest minute.
    • Disables scripting when viewing pdf files.
    • Disables implicit outgoing connections.
    • Disables all and any kind of telemetry.
  • Security and privacy enhancements for gnupg's config file /etc/skel/.gnupg/gpg.conf. See also:

project scope of application-specific hardening

Added in December 2023.

Before sending pull requests to harden arbitrary applications, please note the scope of security-misc is limited to default installed applications in Kicksecure, Whonix. This includes:

  • Thunderbird, VLC Media Player, KeepassXC
  • Debian Specific System Components (APT, DPKG)
  • System Services (NetworkManager IPv6 privacy options, MAC address randomization)
  • Actually used development utilities such as git.

It will not be possible to review and merge "1500" settings profiles for arbitrary applications outside of this context.

The main objective of security-misc is to harden Kicksecure and its derivatives, such as Whonix, by implementing robust security settings. It's designed to be compatible with Debian, reflecting a commitment to clean implementation and sound design principles. However, it's important to note that security-misc is a component of Kicksecure, not a substitute for it. The intention isn't to recreate Kicksecure within security-misc. Instead, specific security enhancements, like for example recommending a curated list of security-focused default packages (e.g., libpam-tmpdir), should be integrated directly into those appropriate areas of Kicksecure (e.g.kicksecure-meta-packages).

Discussion: https://github.com/Kicksecure/security-misc/issues/154

development philosophy

Added in December 2023.

"Maintainability is a key priority [1]. Before modifying settings in the downstream security-misc, it's essential to first engage with upstream developers to propose these changes as defaults. This step should only be bypassed if there's a clear, prior indication from upstream that such changes won't be accepted. Additionally, before implementing any workarounds, consulting with upstream is necessary to future unmaintainable complexity.

If debugging features are disabled, pull requests won't be merged until there is a corresponding pull request for the debug-misc package to re-enable these. This is to avoid configuring the system into a corner where it can be no longer debugged.

1

Opt-in hardening

Some hardening is opt-in as it causes too much breakage to be enabled by default.

  • An optional systemd service mounts /proc with hidepid=2 at boot to prevent users from seeing another user's processes. This is disabled by default because it is incompatible with pkexec. It can be enabled by executing systemctl enable proc-hidepid.service as root.

  • A systemd service restricts /proc/cpuinfo, /proc/bus, /proc/scsi and /sys to the root user. This hides a lot of hardware identifiers from unprivileged users and increases security as /sys exposes a lot of information that shouldn't be accessible to unprivileged users. As this will break many things, it is disabled by default and can optionally be enabled by executing systemctl enable hide-hardware-info.service as root.

miscellaneous

  • hardened malloc compatibility for haveged workaround /lib/systemd/system/haveged.service.d/30_security-misc.conf

  • set dracut reproducible=yes setting

legal

/usr/lib/issue.d/20_security-misc.issue

https://github.com/Kicksecure/security-misc/pull/167

Related

Discussion

Happening primarily in forums.

https://forums.whonix.org/t/kernel-hardening/7296

How to install security-misc

See https://www.kicksecure.com/wiki/Security-misc#install

How to Build deb Package from Source Code

Can be build using standard Debian package build tools such as:

dpkg-buildpackage -b

See instructions. (Replace generic-package with the actual name of this package security-misc.)

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