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<p><center><div class="top_menu lang_menu"><a href="./crypto_de.html">Deutsch</a> | <a href="./crypto.html">English</a> | <a href="./crypto_es.html">Español</a> | <a href="./crypto_nl.html">Nederlands</a> | <a href="./crypto_pl.html">Polski</a> | <a href="./crypto_pt-br.html">Português</a> | <a href="./crypto_tr.html">Türkçe</a> | <a href="./crypto_uk.html">Українська</a> | <a href="./crypto_jp.html">日本語</a> | <a href="./crypto_zh-cn.html">简体中文</a></div><div class="top_menu"><a href="index.html">Reticulum</a> | <a href="start.html">Start</a> | <a href="hardware.html">Hardware</a> | <a href="connect.html">Connect</a> | <a href="docs.html">Manual</a> | <a href="crypto.html">Cryptography</a> | <a href="credits.html">Credits</a> | <a href="https://github.com/markqvist/reticulum">Source</a> | <a href="donate.html">Donate</a></div></center></p>
<h1>Cryptographic Primitives</h1>
<p>Reticulum uses a simple suite of efficient, strong and modern cryptographic primitives, with widely available implementations that can be used both on general-purpose CPUs and on microcontrollers. The necessary primitives are:</p>
<p>Reticulum uses a simple suite of efficient, strong and well-tested cryptographic primitives, with widely available implementations that can be used both on general-purpose CPUs and on microcontrollers.</p>
<p>One of the primary considerations for choosing this particular set of primitives is that they can be implemented <em>safely</em> with relatively few pitfalls, on practically all current computing platforms.</p>
<p>The primitives listed here <strong>are authoritative</strong>. Anything claiming to be Reticulum, but not using these exact primitives <strong>is not</strong> Reticulum, and possibly an intentionally compromised or weakened clone. The utilised primitives are:</p>
<ul>
<li>Ed25519 for signatures</li>
<li>X22519 for ECDH key exchanges</li>
<li>HKDF for key derivation</li>
<li>AES-128 in CBC mode</li>
<li>AES-256 in CBC mode</li>
<li>HMAC-SHA256 for message authentication</li>
<li>SHA-256</li>
<li>SHA-512</li>

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<li>X22519 für ECDH Schlüsselaustausch</li>
<li>HKDF für die Schlüsselableitung</li>
<li>AES-128 im CBC modus</li>
<li>AES-256 im CBC modus</li>
<li>HMAC-SHA256 für die Nachrichtenauthentifizierung</li>
<li>SHA-256</li>
<li>SHA-512</li>
</ul>
<p>In der Standard-Installationskonfiguration werden die Primitive <code>X25519</code>, <code>Ed25519</code> und <code>AES-128-CBC</code> von <a href="https://www.openssl.org/">OpenSSL</a> (mit dem <a href="https://github.com/pyca/cryptography">PyCA/cryptography</a> Packet mitgebracht). Die Hashing-Funktionen <code>SHA-256</code> und <code>SHA-512</code> werden vom Standard-Python bereitgestellt <a href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/hashlib.html">hashlib</a>. Die <code>HKDF</code>, <code>HMAC</code>, <code>Fernet</code> Primitive, und die <code>PKCS7</code> Auffüllfunktion werden immer von den folgenden internen Implementierungen bereitgestellt:</p>
<p>In der Standard-Installationskonfiguration werden die Primitive <code>X25519</code>, <code>Ed25519</code>, <code>AES-128-CBC</code> und <code>AES-256-CBC</code> von <a href="https://www.openssl.org/">OpenSSL</a> (mit dem <a href="https://github.com/pyca/cryptography">PyCA/cryptography</a> Packet mitgebracht). Die Hashing-Funktionen <code>SHA-256</code> und <code>SHA-512</code> werden vom Standard-Python bereitgestellt <a href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/hashlib.html">hashlib</a>. Die <code>HKDF</code>, <code>HMAC</code>, <code>Fernet</code> Primitive, und die <code>PKCS7</code> Auffüllfunktion werden immer von den folgenden internen Implementierungen bereitgestellt:</p>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://github.com/markqvist/Reticulum/blob/master/RNS/Cryptography/HKDF.py">HKDF.py</a></li>
<li><a href="https://github.com/markqvist/Reticulum/blob/master/RNS/Cryptography/HMAC.py">HMAC.py</a></li>

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<li>X22519 para cambios de llaves ECDH</li>
<li>HKDF para derivación de llaves</li>
<li>AES-128 en modo CBC</li>
<li>AES-256 en modo CBC</li>
<li>HMAC-SHA256 para autenticación de mensajes</li>
<li>SHA-256</li>
<li>SHA-512</li>
</ul>
<p>En la configuración de la instalación por defecto, las primitivas <code>X25519</code>, <code>Ed25519</code> y <code>AES-128-CBC</code> son proporcionadas por <a href="https://www.openssl.org/">OpenSSL</a> (a través del paquete <a href="https://github.com/pyca/cryptography">PyCA/cryptography</a>). Las funciones hash <code>SHA-256</code> y <code>SHA-512</code> las proporciona el paquete estándar de Python <a href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/hashlib.html">hashlib</a>. Las primitivas <code>HKDF</code>, <code>HMAC</code>, <code>Fernet</code> y la función de <em>padding</em> <code>PKCS7</code> son siempre proporcionadas por las siguientes implementaciones internas:</p>
<p>En la configuración de la instalación por defecto, las primitivas <code>X25519</code>, <code>Ed25519</code>, <code>AES-128-CBC</code> y <code>AES-256-CBC</code> son proporcionadas por <a href="https://www.openssl.org/">OpenSSL</a> (a través del paquete <a href="https://github.com/pyca/cryptography">PyCA/cryptography</a>). Las funciones hash <code>SHA-256</code> y <code>SHA-512</code> las proporciona el paquete estándar de Python <a href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/hashlib.html">hashlib</a>. Las primitivas <code>HKDF</code>, <code>HMAC</code>, <code>Fernet</code> y la función de <em>padding</em> <code>PKCS7</code> son siempre proporcionadas por las siguientes implementaciones internas:</p>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://github.com/markqvist/Reticulum/blob/master/RNS/Cryptography/HKDF.py">HKDF.py</a></li>
<li><a href="https://github.com/markqvist/Reticulum/blob/master/RNS/Cryptography/HMAC.py">HMAC.py</a></li>

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<li>ECDH鍵交換用のX22519</li>
<li>鍵導出用のHKDF</li>
<li>CBCモードでのAES-128</li>
<li>CBCモードでのAES-256</li>
<li>メッセージ認証用のHMAC-SHA256</li>
<li>SHA-256</li>
<li>SHA-512</li>
</ul>
<p>デフォルトのインストール構成では、<code>X25519</code>、<code>Ed25519</code>、および<code>AES-128-CBC</code>のプリミティブは<a href="https://www.openssl.org/">OpenSSL</a>（<a href="https://github.com/pyca/cryptography">PyCA/cryptography</a>パッケージを介して）によって提供されます。ハッシュ関数<code>SHA-256</code>および<code>SHA-512</code>は、標準のPython <a href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/hashlib.html">hashlib</a>によって提供されています。<code>HKDF</code>、<code>HMAC</code>、<code>Fernet</code>プリミティブ、および<code>PKCS7</code>パディング関数は、常に次の内部実装によって提供されます：</p>
<p>デフォルトのインストール構成では、<code>X25519</code>、<code>Ed25519</code>、<code>AES-128-CBC</code>、および<code>AES-256-CBC</code>のプリミティブは<a href="https://www.openssl.org/">OpenSSL</a>（<a href="https://github.com/pyca/cryptography">PyCA/cryptography</a>パッケージを介して）によって提供されます。ハッシュ関数<code>SHA-256</code>および<code>SHA-512</code>は、標準のPython <a href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/hashlib.html">hashlib</a>によって提供されています。<code>HKDF</code>、<code>HMAC</code>、<code>Fernet</code>プリミティブ、および<code>PKCS7</code>パディング関数は、常に次の内部実装によって提供されます：</p>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://github.com/markqvist/Reticulum/blob/master/RNS/Cryptography/HKDF.py">HKDF.py</a></li>
<li><a href="https://github.com/markqvist/Reticulum/blob/master/RNS/Cryptography/HMAC.py">HMAC.py</a></li>

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<li>X22519 voor ECDH-sleuteluitwisselingen</li>
<li>HKDF voor sleutelafleiding</li>
<li>AES-128 in CBC-modus</li>
<li>AES-256 in CBC-modus</li>
<li>HMAC-SHA256 voor berichtauthenticatie</li>
<li>SHA-256</li>
<li>SHA-512</li>
</ul>
<p>In de standaard installatieconfiguratie worden de primitieven <code>X25519</code>, <code>Ed25519</code> en <code>AES-128-CBC</code> geleverd door <a href="https://www.openssl.org/">OpenSSL</a> (via het <a href="https://github.com/pyca/cryptography">PyCA/cryptography</a> pakket). De hashfuncties <code>SHA-256</code> and <code>SHA-512</code> worden geleverd door de standaard Python <a href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/hashlib.html">hashlib</a>. De <code>HKDF</code>, <code>HMAC</code>, <code>Fernet</code> primitieven en de <code>PKCS7</code> opvullingsfunctie worden altijd geleverd door de volgende interne implementaties:</p>
<p>In de standaard installatieconfiguratie worden de primitieven <code>X25519</code>, <code>Ed25519</code>, <code>AES-256-CBC</code> en <code>AES-128-CBC</code> geleverd door <a href="https://www.openssl.org/">OpenSSL</a> (via het <a href="https://github.com/pyca/cryptography">PyCA/cryptography</a> pakket). De hashfuncties <code>SHA-256</code> and <code>SHA-512</code> worden geleverd door de standaard Python <a href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/hashlib.html">hashlib</a>. De <code>HKDF</code>, <code>HMAC</code>, <code>Fernet</code> primitieven en de <code>PKCS7</code> opvullingsfunctie worden altijd geleverd door de volgende interne implementaties:</p>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://github.com/markqvist/Reticulum/blob/master/RNS/Cryptography/HKDF.py">HKDF.py</a></li>
<li><a href="https://github.com/markqvist/Reticulum/blob/master/RNS/Cryptography/HMAC.py">HMAC.py</a></li>

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<li>X22519 dla wymiany kluczy ECDH</li>
<li>HKDF dla wyodrębnienia klucza</li>
<li>AES-128 w trybie CBC</li>
<li>AES-256 w trybie CBC</li>
<li>HMAC-SHA256 dla uwierzytelnienia wiadomości</li>
<li>SHA-256</li>
<li>SHA-512</li>
</ul>
<p>W domyślnej konfiguracji instalacji, prymitywy <code>X25519</code>, <code>Ed25519</code> i <code>AES-128-CBC</code> są dostarczone przez <a href="https://www.openssl.org/">OpenSSL</a> (przez pakiet <a href="https://github.com/pyca/cryptography">PyCA/cryptography</a>). Funkcja hashu <code>SHA-256</code> i <code>SHA-512</code> są dostarczone przez standard Pythona <a href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/hashlib.html">hashlib</a>. Prymitywy <code>HKDF</code>, <code>HMAC</code>, <code>Fernet</code> i funkcja padding <code>PKCS7</code> są zawsze dostarczane przez następujące wewnętrzne implementacje:</p>
<p>W domyślnej konfiguracji instalacji, prymitywy <code>X25519</code>, <code>Ed25519</code>, <code>AES-128-CBC</code> i <code>AES-256-CBC</code> są dostarczone przez <a href="https://www.openssl.org/">OpenSSL</a> (przez pakiet <a href="https://github.com/pyca/cryptography">PyCA/cryptography</a>). Funkcja hashu <code>SHA-256</code> i <code>SHA-512</code> są dostarczone przez standard Pythona <a href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/hashlib.html">hashlib</a>. Prymitywy <code>HKDF</code>, <code>HMAC</code>, <code>Fernet</code> i funkcja padding <code>PKCS7</code> są zawsze dostarczane przez następujące wewnętrzne implementacje:</p>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://github.com/markqvist/Reticulum/blob/master/RNS/Cryptography/HKDF.py">HKDF.py</a></li>
<li><a href="https://github.com/markqvist/Reticulum/blob/master/RNS/Cryptography/HMAC.py">HMAC.py</a></li>

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<li>X22519 para trocas de chave ECDH</li>
<li>HKDF para derivação de chaves</li>
<li>AES-128 em modo CBC</li>
<li>AES-256 em modo CBC</li>
<li>HMAC-SHA256 para autenticação de mensagem</li>
<li>SHA-256</li>
<li>SHA-512</li>
</ul>
<p>Na configuração de instalação padrão, os primitivos <code>X25519</code>, <code>Ed25519</code> e <code>AES_128-CBC</code> são fornecidos pela <a href="https://www.openssl.org/">OpenSSL</a> (pelo pacote <a href="https://github.com/pyca/cryptography">PyCA/cryptography</a> ). As funções de hash <code>SHA-256</code> e <code>SHA-512</code> são fornecidas pela biblioteca Python <a href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/hashlib.html">hashlib</a>. Os primitivos <code>HKDF</code>, <code>HMAC</code>, <code>Fernet</code>, e a função de preenchimento <code>PKCS7</code> são sempre fornecidas pelas seguintes implementações internas:</p>
<p>Na configuração de instalação padrão, os primitivos <code>X25519</code>, <code>Ed25519</code>, <code>AES-128-CBC</code> e <code>AES-256-CBC</code> são fornecidos pela <a href="https://www.openssl.org/">OpenSSL</a> (pelo pacote <a href="https://github.com/pyca/cryptography">PyCA/cryptography</a> ). As funções de hash <code>SHA-256</code> e <code>SHA-512</code> são fornecidas pela biblioteca Python <a href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/hashlib.html">hashlib</a>. Os primitivos <code>HKDF</code>, <code>HMAC</code>, <code>Fernet</code>, e a função de preenchimento <code>PKCS7</code> são sempre fornecidas pelas seguintes implementações internas:</p>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://github.com/markqvist/Reticulum/blob/master/RNS/Cryptography/HKDF.py">HKDF.py</a></li>
<li><a href="https://github.com/markqvist/Reticulum/blob/master/RNS/Cryptography/HMAC.py">HMAC.py</a></li>

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<li>ECDH anahtar değişimleri için X22519</li>
<li>Anahtar oluşturmak için HKDF</li>
<li>CBC modunda AES-128</li>
<li>CBC modunda AES-256</li>
<li>Mesaj doğrulama için HMAC-SHA256</li>
<li>SHA-256</li>
<li>SHA-512</li>
</ul>
<p>Varsayılan kurulum yapılandırmasında, <code>X25519</code>, <code>Ed25519</code> ve <code>AES-128-CBC</code> temel öğeleri, <a href="https://www.openssl.org/">OpenSSL</a> (aracılığıyla <a href="https://github.com/pyca/cryptography">PyCA/cryptography</a> paketi üzerinden) tarafından sağlanır. Karma fonksiyonları <code>SHA-256</code> ve <code>SHA-512</code>, standart Python <a href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/hashlib.html">hashlib</a> tarafından sağlanır. <code>HKDF</code>, <code>HMAC</code>, <code>Fernet</code> temel öğeleri ve <code>PKCS7</code> dolgu fonksiyonu her zaman şu içsel uygulamalar tarafından sağlanır:</p>
<p>Varsayılan kurulum yapılandırmasında, <code>X25519</code>, <code>Ed25519</code>, <code>AES-128-CBC</code> ve <code>AES-256-CBC</code> temel öğeleri, <a href="https://www.openssl.org/">OpenSSL</a> (aracılığıyla <a href="https://github.com/pyca/cryptography">PyCA/cryptography</a> paketi üzerinden) tarafından sağlanır. Karma fonksiyonları <code>SHA-256</code> ve <code>SHA-512</code>, standart Python <a href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/hashlib.html">hashlib</a> tarafından sağlanır. <code>HKDF</code>, <code>HMAC</code>, <code>Fernet</code> temel öğeleri ve <code>PKCS7</code> dolgu fonksiyonu her zaman şu içsel uygulamalar tarafından sağlanır:</p>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://github.com/markqvist/Reticulum/blob/master/RNS/Cryptography/HKDF.py">HKDF.py</a></li>
<li><a href="https://github.com/markqvist/Reticulum/blob/master/RNS/Cryptography/HMAC.py">HMAC.py</a></li>

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<li>X22519 для ECDH обміну ключами</li>
<li>HKDF для виведення ключів</li>
<li>AES-128 у режимі CBC</li>
<li>AES-256 у режимі CBC</li>
<li>HMAC-SHA256 для аутентифікації повідомлень</li>
<li>SHA-256</li>
<li>SHA-512</li>
</ul>
<p>У стандартній конфігурації установки примітиви <code>X25519</code>, <code>Ed25519</code> і <code>AES-128-CBC</code> надаються <a href="https://www.openssl.org/">OpenSSL</a> (через пакет <a href="https://github.com/pyca/cryptography">PyCA/cryptography</a>). Функції хешування <code>SHA-256</code> і <code>SHA-512</code> надаються стандартною бібліотекою Python <a href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/hashlib.html">hashlib</a>. Примітиви <code>HKDF</code>, <code>HMAC</code>, <code>Fernet</code>, а також функція паддінгу <code>PKCS7</code> завжди надаються наступними внутрішніми імплементаціями:</p>
<p>У стандартній конфігурації установки примітиви <code>X25519</code>, <code>Ed25519</code>, <code>AES-128-CBC</code> і <code>AES-256-CBC</code> надаються <a href="https://www.openssl.org/">OpenSSL</a> (через пакет <a href="https://github.com/pyca/cryptography">PyCA/cryptography</a>). Функції хешування <code>SHA-256</code> і <code>SHA-512</code> надаються стандартною бібліотекою Python <a href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/hashlib.html">hashlib</a>. Примітиви <code>HKDF</code>, <code>HMAC</code>, <code>Fernet</code>, а також функція паддінгу <code>PKCS7</code> завжди надаються наступними внутрішніми імплементаціями:</p>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://github.com/markqvist/Reticulum/blob/master/RNS/Cryptography/HKDF.py">HKDF.py</a></li>
<li><a href="https://github.com/markqvist/Reticulum/blob/master/RNS/Cryptography/HMAC.py">HMAC.py</a></li>

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<li>X22519 用于 ECDH 密钥交换</li>
<li>HKDF 用于密钥派生</li>
<li>AES-128 CBC 模式</li>
<li>AES-256 CBC 模式</li>
<li>HMAC-SHA256 用于消息认证</li>
<li>SHA-256</li>
<li>SHA-512</li>
</ul>
<p>在默认安装下，<code>X25519</code>、<code>Ed25519</code> 和 <code>AES-128-CBC</code> 都由 <a href="https://www.openssl.org/">OpenSSL</a> 提供(通过 <a href="https://github.com/pyca/cryptography">PyCA/cryptography</a>)。散列函数 <code>SHA-256</code> 和 <code>SHA-512</code> 由 Python 标准库 <a href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/hashlib.html">hashlib</a> 提供。<code>HKDF</code>、<code>HMAC</code>、<code>Fernet</code> 原语与 <code>PKCS7</code> 填充函数总是由以下内部实现提供：</p>
<p>在默认安装下，<code>X25519</code>、<code>Ed25519</code>、<code>AES-128-CBC</code> 和 <code>AES-256-CBC</code> 都由 <a href="https://www.openssl.org/">OpenSSL</a> 提供(通过 <a href="https://github.com/pyca/cryptography">PyCA/cryptography</a>)。散列函数 <code>SHA-256</code> 和 <code>SHA-512</code> 由 Python 标准库 <a href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/hashlib.html">hashlib</a> 提供。<code>HKDF</code>、<code>HMAC</code>、<code>Fernet</code> 原语与 <code>PKCS7</code> 填充函数总是由以下内部实现提供：</p>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://github.com/markqvist/Reticulum/blob/master/RNS/Cryptography/HKDF.py">HKDF.py</a></li>
<li><a href="https://github.com/markqvist/Reticulum/blob/master/RNS/Cryptography/HMAC.py">HMAC.py</a></li>