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============================
Qubes 4.1 Installation guide
============================
Welcome to the Qubes OS installation guide! This guide will walk you
through the process of installing Qubes. Please read it carefully and
thoroughly, as it contains important information for ensuring that your
Qubes OS installation is functional and secure.
Pre-installation
----------------
Hardware requirements
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
.. DANGER::
Warning: Qubes has no control over what happens on your computer
before you install it. No software can provide security if it is
installed on compromised hardware. Do not install Qubes on a computer
you don’t trust. See installation security for more information.
Qubes OS has very specific :doc:`system requirements </user/hardware/system-requirements>`. To ensure compatibility, we
strongly recommend using :doc:`Qubes-certified hardware </user/hardware/certified-hardware>`. Other hardware may require you
to perform significant troubleshooting. You may also find it helpful to
consult the :doc:`Hardware Compatibility List </user/hardware/hcl>`.
Even on supported hardware, you must ensure that `IOMMU-based virtualization <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Input%E2%80%93output_memory_management_unit#Virtualization>`__
is activated in the BIOS or UEFI. Without it, Qubes OS won’t be able to
enforce isolation. For Intel-based boards, this setting is called Intel
Virtualization for Directed I/O (**Intel VT-d**) and for AMD-based
boards, it is called AMD I/O Virtualization Technology (or simply
**AMD-Vi**). This parameter should be activated in your computer’s BIOS
or UEFI, alongside the standard Virtualization (**Intel VT-x**) and AMD
Virtualization (**AMD-V**) extensions. This `external guide <https://web.archive.org/web/20200112220913/https://www.intel.in/content/www/in/en/support/articles/000007139/server-products.html>`__
made for Intel-based boards can help you figure out how to enter your
BIOS or UEFI to locate and activate those settings. If those settings
are not nested under the Advanced tab, you might find them under the
Security tab.
.. warning::
Note: Qubes OS is not meant to be installed inside a virtual machine
as a guest hypervisor. In other words, nested virtualization is not
supported. In order for a strict compartmentalization to be enforced,
Qubes OS needs to be able to manage the hardware directly.
Copying the ISO onto the installation medium
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
Pick the most secure existing computer and OS you have available for
downloading and copying the Qubes ISO onto the installation medium.
:doc:`Download </user/downloading-installing-upgrading/downloads>` a Qubes ISO.
.. DANGER::
Warning: Any file you download from the internet could be malicious,
even if it appears to come from a trustworthy source. Our philosophy
is to distrust the infrastructure. Regardless of how you acquire your
Qubes ISO, verify its authenticity before continuing.
Once the ISO has been verified as authentic, you should copy it onto the
installation medium of your choice, such as a USB drive, dual-layer DVD,
or Blu-ray disc. The size of each Qubes ISO is available on the
:doc:`downloads </user/downloading-installing-upgrading/downloads>` page by hovering over the download button.
The instructions below assume you’ve chosen a USB drive as your medium.
If you’ve chosen a different medium, please adapt the instructions
accordingly.
.. warning::
Note: There are important security considerations to keep in mind
when choosing an installation medium. Advanced users may wish to
re-verify their installation media after writing.
.. DANGER::
Warning: Be careful to choose the correct device when copying the
ISO, or you may lose data. We strongly recommended making a full
backup before modifying any devices.
Linux ISO to USB
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
On Linux, if you choose to use a USB drive, copy the ISO onto the USB
device, e.g. using ``dd``:
.. code:: bash
$ sudo dd if=Qubes-RX-x86_64.iso of=/dev/sdY status=progress bs=1048576 conv=fsync
Change ``Qubes-RX-x86_64.iso`` to the filename of the version you’re
installing, and change ``/dev/sdY`` to the correct target device e.g.,
``/dev/sdc``). Make sure to write to the entire device (e.g.,
``/dev/sdc``) rather than just a single partition (e.g., ``/dev/sdc1``).
Windows ISO to USB
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
On Windows, you can use the `Rufus <https://rufus.akeo.ie/>`__ tool to
write the ISO to a USB key. Be sure to select “Write in DD Image mode”
*after* selecting the Qubes ISO and pressing “START” on the Rufus main
window.
.. note::
Note: Using Rufus to create the installation medium means that you
won’t be able to choose the “Test this media and install Qubes OS”
option mentioned in the example below. Instead, choose the “Install
Qubes OS” option.
|Rufus menu|
|Rufus DD image mode|
Installation
------------
This section will demonstrate a simple installation using mostly default
settings.
Getting to the boot screen
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
“Booting” is the process of starting your computer. When a computer
boots up, it first runs low-level software before the main operating
system. Depending on the computer, this low-level software is may be
called the `“BIOS” <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BIOS>`__ or
`“UEFI” <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unified_Extensible_Firmware_Interface>`__.
Since you’re installing Qubes OS, you’ll need to access your computer’s
BIOS or UEFI menu so that you can tell it to boot from the USB drive to
which you just copied the Qubes installer ISO.
To begin, power off your computer and plug the USB drive into a USB
port, but don’t press the power button yet. Right after you press the
power button, you’ll have to immediately press a specific key to enter
the BIOS or UEFI menu. The key to press varies from brand to brand.
``Esc``, ``Del``, and ``F10`` are common ones. If you’re not sure, you
can search the web for ``<COMPUTER_MODEL> BIOS key`` or
``<COMPUTER_MODEL> UEFI key`` (replacing ``<COMPUTER_MODEL>`` with your
specific computer model) or look it up in your computer’s manual.
Once you know the key to press, press your computer’s power button, then
repeatedly press that key until you’ve entered your computer’s BIOS or
UEFI menu. To give you and idea of what you should be looking for, we’ve
provided a couple of example photos below.
Here’s an example of what the BIOS menu looks like on a ThinkPad T430:
|ThinkPad T430 BIOS menu|
And here’s an example of what a UEFI menu looks like:
|UEFI menu|
Once you access your computer’s BIOS or UEFI menu, you’ll want to go to
the “boot menu,” which is where you tell your computer which devices to
boot from. The goal is to tell the computer to boot from your USB drive
so that you can run the Qubes installer. If your boot menu lets you
select which device to boot from first, simply select your USB drive.
(If you have multiple entries that all look similar to your USB drive,
and you’re not sure which one is correct, one option is just to try each
one until it works.) If, on the other hand, your boot menu presents you
with a list of boot devices in order, then you’ll want to move your USB
drive to the top so that the Qubes installer runs before anything else.
Once you’re done on the boot menu, save your changes. How you do this
depends on your BIOS or UEFI, but the instructions should be displayed
right there on the screen or in a nearby tab. (If you’re not sure
whether you’ve saved your changes correctly, you can always reboot your
computer and go back into the boot menu to check whether it still
reflects your changes.) Once your BIOS or UEFI is configured the way you
want it, reboot your computer. This time, don’t press any special keys.
Instead, let the BIOS or UEFI load and let your computer boot from your
USB drive. If you’re successful in this step, after a few seconds you’ll
be presented with the Qubes installer screen:
|Boot screen|
From here, you can navigate the boot screen using the arrow keys on your
keyboard. Pressing the “Tab” key will reveal options. You can choose one
of three options:
- Install Qubes OS
- Test this media and install Qubes OS
- Troubleshooting
Select the option to test this media and install Qubes OS.
.. note::
Note: If the latest stable release is not compatible with your
hardware, you may wish to consider testing a newer release.
If the boot screen does not appear, there are several options to
troubleshoot. First, try rebooting your computer. If it still loads your
currently installed operating system or does not detect your
installation medium, make sure the boot order is set up appropriately.
The process to change the boot order varies depending on the currently
installed system and the motherboard manufacturer. If **Windows 10** is
installed on your machine, you may need to follow specific instructions
to change the boot order. This may require an `advanced reboot <https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/help/4026206/windows-10-find-safe-mode-and-other-startup-settings>`__.
The installer home screen
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
On the first screen, you are asked to select the language that will be
used during the installation process. When you are done, select
**Continue**.
|welcome|
Prior to the next screen, a compatibility test runs to check whether
IOMMU-virtualization is active or not. If the test fails, a window will
pop up.
|Unsupported hardware detected|
Do not panic. It may simply indicate that IOMMU-virtualization hasn’t
been activated in the BIOS or UEFI. Return to the `hardware requirements <#hardware-requirements>`__ section to learn how to
activate it. If the setting is not configured correctly, it means that
your hardware won’t be able to leverage some Qubes security features,
such as a strict isolation of the networking and USB hardware.
If the test passes, you will reach the installation summary screen. The
installer loads Xen right at the beginning. If you can see the
installer’s graphical screen, and you pass the compatibility check that
runs immediately afterward, Qubes OS is likely to work on your system!
Like Fedora, Qubes OS uses the Anaconda installer. Those that are
familiar with RPM-based distributions should feel at home.
Installation summary
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
.. note::
Did you know? The Qubes OS installer is completely offline. It
doesn’t even load any networking drivers, so there is no possibility
of internet-based data leaks or attacks during the installation
process.
The Installation summary screen allows you to change how the system will
be installed and configured, including localization settings. At
minimum, you are required to select the storage device on which Qubes OS
will be installed.
|Installation summary not ready|
Localization
^^^^^^^^^^^^
Let’s assume you wish to add a German keyboard layout. Go to Keyboard
Layout, press the “Plus” symbol, search for “German” as indicated in the
screenshot and press “Add”. If you want it be your default language,
select the “German” entry in the list and press the arrow button. Click
on “Done” in the upper left corner, and you’re ready to go!
|Keyboard layout selection|
The process to select a new language is similar to the process to select
a new keyboard layout. Follow the same process in the “Language Support”
entry.
|Language support selection|
You can have as many keyboard layout and languages as you want.
Post-install, you will be able to switch between them and install
others.
Don’t forget to select your time and date by clicking on the Time & Date
entry.
|Time and date|
Software
^^^^^^^^
|Add-ons|
On the software selection tab, you can choose which software to install
in Qubes OS. Two options are available:
- **Debian:** Select this option if you would like to use
:doc:`Debian </user/templates/debian/debian>` qubes in addition to the default
Fedora qubes.
- **Whonix:** Select this option if you would like to use
`Whonix <https://www.whonix.org/wiki/Qubes>`__ qubes. Whonix allows
you to use `Tor <https://www.torproject.org/>`__ securely within
Qubes.
Whonix lets you route some or all of your network traffic through Tor
for greater privacy. Depending on your threat model, you may need to
install Whonix templates right away.
Regardless of your choices on this screen, you will always be able to
install these and other :doc:`templates </user/templates/templates>` later. If you’re
short on disk space, you may wish to deselect these options.
By default, Qubes OS comes preinstalled with the lightweight Xfce4
desktop environment. Other desktop environments will be available to you
after the installation is completed, though they may not be officially
supported (see :ref:`advanced topics <index:advanced topics>`).
Press **Done** to go back to the installation summary screen.
Installation destination
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
Under the System section, you must choose the installation destination.
Select the storage device on which you would like to install Qubes OS.
.. DANGER::
Warning: Be careful to choose the correct installation target, or you
may lose data. We strongly recommended making a full backup before
proceeding.
Your installation destination can be an internal or external storage
drive, such as an SSD, HDD, or USB drive. The installation destination
must have a least 32 GiB of free space available.
.. warning::
Note: The installation destination cannot be the same as the
installation medium. For example, if you’re installing Qubes OS from
a USB drive onto a USB drive, they must be two distinct USB drives,
and they must both be plugged into your computer at the same time.
(Note: This may not apply to advanced users who partition their
devices appropriately.)
Installing an operating system onto a USB drive can be a convenient way
to try Qubes. However, USB drives are typically much slower than
internal SSDs. We recommend a very fast USB 3.0 drive for decent
performance. Please note that a minimum storage of 32 GiB is required.
If you want to install Qubes OS onto a USB drive, just select the USB
device as the target installation device. Bear in mind that the
installation process is likely to take longer than it would on an
internal storage device.
|Select storage device|
.. note::
Did you know? By default, Qubes OS uses LUKS/dm-crypt to encrypt
everything except the /boot partition.
As soon as you press **Done**, the installer will ask you to enter a
passphrase for disk encryption. The passphrase should be complex. Make
sure that your keyboard layout reflects what keyboard you are actually
using. When you’re finished, press **Done**.
.. DANGER::
Warning: If you forget your encryption passphrase, there is no way to
recover it.
|Select storage passhprase|
When you’re ready, press **Begin Installation**.
|Installation summary ready|
Create your user account
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
While the installation process is running, you can create your user
account. This is what you’ll use to log in after disk decryption and
when unlocking the screen locker. This is a purely local, offline
account in dom0. By design, Qubes OS is a single-user operating system,
so this is just for you.
Select **User Creation** to define a new user with administrator
privileges and a password. Just as for the disk encryption, this
password should be complex. The root account is deactivated and should
remain as such.
|Account name and password|
When the installation is complete, press **Reboot**. Don’t forget to
remove the installation medium, or else you may end up seeing the
installer boot screen again.
Post-installation
-----------------
First boot
^^^^^^^^^^
If the installation was successful, you should now see the GRUB menu
during the boot process.
|Grub boot menu|
Just after this screen, you will be asked to enter your encryption
passphrase.
|Unlock storage device screen|
Initial Setup
^^^^^^^^^^^^^
You’re almost done. Before you can start using Qubes OS, some
configuration is needed.
|Initial setup menu|
By default, the installer will create a number of qubes (depending on
the options you selected during the installation process). These are
designed to give you a more ready-to-use environment from the get-go.
|Initial setup menu configuration|
Let’s briefly go over the options:
- **Create default system qubes:** These are the core components of the
system, required for things like internet access.
- **Create default application qubes:** These are how you
compartmentalize your digital life. There’s nothing special about the
ones the installer creates. They’re just suggestions that apply to
most people. If you decide you don’t want them, you can always delete
them later, and you can always create your own.
- **Create Whonix Gateway and Workstation qubes:** If you want to use
Whonix, you should select this option.
- **Enabling system and template updates over the Tor anonymity network using Whonix:** If you select this option, then whenever
you install or update software in dom0 or a template, the internet
traffic will go through Tor.
- **Create USB qube holding all USB controllers:** Just like the
network qube for the network stack, the USB qube isolates the USB
controllers.
- **Use sys-net qube for both networking and USB devices:** You
should select this option if you rely on a USB device for network
access, such as a USB modem or a USB Wi-Fi adapter.
- **Do not configure anything:** This is for very advanced users only.
If you select this option, you’ll have to set everything up manually
afterward.
When you’re satisfied with you choices, press **Done**. This
configuration process may take a while, depending on the speed and
compatibility of your system.
After the configuration is done, you will be greeted by the login
screen. Enter your password and log in.
|Login screen|
Congratulations, you are now ready to use Qubes OS!
|Desktop menu|
Next steps
----------
Updating
^^^^^^^^
Next, :doc:`update </user/how-to-guides/how-to-update>` your installation to ensure you
have the latest security updates. Frequently updating is one of the best
ways to remain secure against new threats.
Security
^^^^^^^^
The Qubes OS Project occasionally issues `Qubes Security Bulletins (QSBs) <https://www.qubes-os.org/security/qsb/>`__ as part of the :doc:`Qubes Security Pack (qubes-secpack) </project-security/security-pack>`. It is important to make sure that
you receive all QSBs in a timely manner so that you can take action to
keep your system secure. (While `updating <#updating>`__ will handle
most security needs, there may be cases in which additional action from
you is required.) For this reason, we strongly recommend that every
Qubes user subscribe to the
:ref:`qubes-announce <introduction/support:qubes-announce>` mailing list.
In addition to QSBs, the Qubes OS Project also publishes
`Canaries <https://www.qubes-os.org/security/canary/>`__, XSA summaries, template releases and
end-of-life notices, and other items of interest to Qubes users. Since
these are not essential for all Qubes users to read, they are not sent
to :ref:`qubes-announce <introduction/support:qubes-announce>` in order to keep the
volume on that list low. However, we expect that most users, especially
novice users, will find them helpful. If you are interested in these
additional items, we encourage you to subscribe to the `Qubes News RSS feed <https://www.qubes-os.org/feed.xml>`__ or join one of our other :doc:`venues </introduction/support>`,
where these news items are also announced.
For more information about Qubes OS Project security, please see the
:doc:`security center </project-security/security>`.
Backups
^^^^^^^
It is extremely important to make regular backups so that you don’t lose
your data unexpectedly. The :doc:`Qubes backup system </user/how-to-guides/how-to-back-up-restore-and-migrate>` allows you to do
this securely and easily.
Submit your HCL report
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
Consider giving back to the Qubes community and helping other users by
:ref:`generating and submitting a Hardware Compatibility List (HCL) report <user/hardware/how-to-use-the-hcl:generating and submitting new reports>`.
Get Started
^^^^^^^^^^^
Find out :doc:`Getting Started </introduction/getting-started>` with Qubes, check
out the other :ref:`How-To Guides <index:how-to guides>`, and learn about
:ref:`Templates <index:templates>`.
Getting help
------------
- We work very hard to make the :doc:`documentation </index>` accurate,
comprehensive useful and user friendly. We urge you to read it! It
may very well contain the answers to your questions. (Since the
documentation is a community effort, we’d also greatly appreciate
your help in :doc:`improving </developer/general/how-to-edit-the-documentation>` it!)
- If issues arise during installation, see the :doc:`Installation Troubleshooting </user/troubleshooting/installation-troubleshooting>` guide.
- If you don’t find your answer in the documentation, please see :doc:`Help, Support, Mailing Lists, and Forum </introduction/support>` for places to ask.
- Please do **not** email individual members of the Qubes team with
questions about installation or other problems. Instead, please see
:doc:`Help, Support, Mailing Lists, and Forum </introduction/support>` for
appropriate places to ask questions.
.. |Rufus menu| image:: /attachment/doc/rufus-menu.png
.. |Rufus DD image mode| image:: /attachment/doc/rufus-dd-image-mode.png
.. |ThinkPad T430 BIOS menu| image:: /attachment/doc/Thinkpad-t430-bios-main.jpg
.. |UEFI menu| image:: /attachment/doc/uefi.jpeg
.. |Boot screen| image:: /attachment/doc/boot-screen.png
.. |welcome| image:: /attachment/doc/welcome-to-qubes-os-installation-screen.png
.. |Unsupported hardware detected| image:: /attachment/doc/unsupported-hardware-detected.png
.. |Installation summary not ready| image:: /attachment/doc/installation-summary-not-ready.png
.. |Keyboard layout selection| image:: /attachment/doc/keyboard-layout-selection.png
.. |Language support selection| image:: /attachment/doc/language-support-selection.png
.. |Time and date| image:: /attachment/doc/time-and-date.png
.. |Add-ons| image:: /attachment/doc/add-ons.png
.. |Select storage device| image:: /attachment/doc/select-storage-device.png
.. |Select storage passhprase| image:: /attachment/doc/select-storage-passphrase.png
.. |Installation summary ready| image:: /attachment/doc/installation-summary-ready.png
.. |Account name and password| image:: /attachment/doc/account-name-and-password.png
.. |Grub boot menu| image:: /attachment/doc/grub-boot-menu.png
.. |Unlock storage device screen| image:: /attachment/doc/unlock-storage-device-screen.png
.. |Initial setup menu| image:: /attachment/doc/initial-setup-menu.png
.. |Initial setup menu configuration| image:: /attachment/doc/initial-setup-menu-configuration.png
.. |Login screen| image:: /attachment/doc/login-screen.png
.. |Desktop menu| image:: /attachment/doc/desktop-menu.png
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