mirror of
https://github.com/QubesOS/qubes-doc.git
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Update "How to Install Software"
- Explicitly state that software should be installed in a template - Add a note for advanced users who might be interested in installing software in standalones and dom0 - Fix Markdown syntax and formatting - Wrap text
This commit is contained in:
Andrew David Wong
parent
3d1d8bf37e
commit
c178da955e
@ -12,8 +12,15 @@ ref: 189
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title: How to Install Software
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---
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This page explains how to install software in [templates](/doc/templates/).
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Advanced users may also be interested in learning [how to install software in dom0](/doc/how-to-install-software-in-dom0).
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When you install software in Qubes OS, you install it in your
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[templates](/doc/glossary/#template).
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<div class="alert alert-info" role="alert">
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<i class="fa fa-info-circle"></i>
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<b>Note:</b> Advanced users may also be interested in learning how to install
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software in <a href="#standalones">standalones</a> and
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<a href="/doc/how-to-install-software-in-dom0">dom0</a>.
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</div>
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## Instructions
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@ -21,17 +28,22 @@ To permanently install new software in a template:
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1. Start the template.
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2. Start either a terminal (e.g. `gnome-terminal`) or a dedicated software management application, such as `gpk-application`.
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2. Start either a terminal (e.g. `gnome-terminal`) or a dedicated software
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management application, such as `gpk-application`.
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3. Install software as normally instructed inside that operating system (e.g. `sudo dnf install <PACKAGE_NAME>` on Fedora, `sudo apt install <PACKAGE_NAME>` on Debian).
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3. Install software as normally instructed inside that operating system (e.g.
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`sudo dnf install <PACKAGE_NAME>` on Fedora, `sudo apt install
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<PACKAGE_NAME>` on Debian).
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4. Shut down the template.
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5. Restart all qubes based on the template so the changes can take effect.
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6. (Optional) In the relevant qubes' **Qube Settings**, go to the **Applications** tab, select the new application(s) from the list, and press OK.
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These new shortcuts will appear in the Applications Menu.
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(If you encounter problems, see [here](/doc/app-menu-shortcut-troubleshooting/) for troubleshooting.)
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6. (Optional) In the relevant qubes' **Qube Settings**, go to the
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**Applications** tab, select the new application(s) from the list, and press
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OK. These new shortcuts will appear in the Applications Menu. (If you
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encounter problems, see [here](/doc/app-menu-shortcut-troubleshooting/) for
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troubleshooting.)
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](/attachment/doc/r4.1-dom0-appmenu-select.png)
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@ -41,27 +53,34 @@ Please see [How to Update](/doc/how-to-update/).
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## Why don't templates have network access?
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In order to protect you from performing risky activites in templates, they do not have normal network access.
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Instead, templates use an [updates proxy](#updates-proxy) that allows you to install and update software without giving the template direct network access.
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In order to protect you from performing risky activites in templates, they do
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not have normal network access. Instead, templates use an [updates
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proxy](#updates-proxy) that allows you to install and update software without
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giving the template direct network access.
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## Advanced
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The following sections cover advanced topics pertaining to installing and updating software in domUs.
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The following sections cover advanced topics pertaining to installing and
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updating software in domUs.
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### Testing repositories
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If you wish to install updates that are still in [testing](/doc/testing), you must enable the appropriate testing repositories.
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If you wish to install updates that are still in [testing](/doc/testing), you
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must enable the appropriate testing repositories.
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#### Fedora
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There are three Qubes VM testing repositories (where `*` denotes the Release):
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- `qubes-vm-*-current-testing` -- testing packages that will eventually land in the stable (`current`) repository
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- `qubes-vm-*-security-testing` -- a subset of `qubes-vm-*-current-testing` that contains packages that qualify as security fixes
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- `qubes-vm-*-unstable` -- packages that are not intended to land in the stable (`qubes-vm-*-current`) repository; mostly experimental debugging packages
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- `qubes-vm-*-current-testing` -- testing packages that will eventually land in
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the stable (`current`) repository
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- `qubes-vm-*-security-testing` -- a subset of `qubes-vm-*-current-testing`
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that contains packages that qualify as security fixes
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- `qubes-vm-*-unstable` -- packages that are not intended to land in the stable
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(`qubes-vm-*-current`) repository; mostly experimental debugging packages
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To temporarily enable any of these repos, use the `--enablerepo=<repo-name>` option.
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Example commands:
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To temporarily enable any of these repos, use the `--enablerepo=<repo-name>`
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option. Example commands:
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~~~
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sudo dnf upgrade --enablerepo=qubes-vm-*-current-testing
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@ -69,29 +88,40 @@ sudo dnf upgrade --enablerepo=qubes-vm-*-security-testing
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sudo dnf upgrade --enablerepo=qubes-vm-*-unstable
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~~~
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To enable or disable any of these repos permanently, change the corresponding `enabled` value to `1` in `/etc/yum.repos.d/qubes-*.repo`.
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To enable or disable any of these repos permanently, change the corresponding
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`enabled` value to `1` in `/etc/yum.repos.d/qubes-*.repo`.
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#### Debian
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Debian also has three Qubes VM testing repositories (where `*` denotes the Release):
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Debian also has three Qubes VM testing repositories (where `*` denotes the
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Release):
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- `*-testing` -- testing packages that will eventually land in the stable (`current`) repository
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- `*-securitytesting` -- a subset of `*-testing` that contains packages that qualify as security fixes
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- `*-unstable` -- packages that are not intended to land in the stable repository; mostly experimental debugging packages
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- `*-testing` -- testing packages that will eventually land in the stable
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(`current`) repository
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- `*-securitytesting` -- a subset of `*-testing` that contains packages that
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qualify as security fixes
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- `*-unstable` -- packages that are not intended to land in the stable
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repository; mostly experimental debugging packages
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To enable or disable any of these repos permanently, uncomment the corresponding `deb` line in `/etc/apt/sources.list.d/qubes-r*.list`.
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To enable or disable any of these repos permanently, uncomment the
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corresponding `deb` line in `/etc/apt/sources.list.d/qubes-r*.list`.
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### Standalones
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When you create a [standalone](/doc/standalone-and-hvm/) from a template, the standalone is a complete clone of the template, including the entire filesystem.
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After the moment of creation, the standalone is completely independent from the template.
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Therefore, it will not be updated when the template is updated.
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Rather, it must be updated individually.
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The process for installing and updating software in standalones is the same as described above for templates.
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When you create a [standalone](/doc/standalone-and-hvm/) from a template, the
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standalone is a complete clone of the template, including the entire
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filesystem. After the moment of creation, the standalone is completely
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independent from the template. Therefore, it will not be updated when the
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template is updated. Rather, it must be updated individually. The process for
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installing and updating software in standalones is the same as described above
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for templates.
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### RPMFusion for Fedora templates
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If you would like to enable the [RPM Fusion](https://rpmfusion.org/) repositories, open a Terminal of the template and type the following commands, depending on which RPM Fusion repositories you wish to enable (see [RPM Fusion](https://rpmfusion.org/) for details):
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If you would like to enable the [RPM Fusion](https://rpmfusion.org/)
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repositories, open a Terminal of the template and type the following commands,
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depending on which RPM Fusion repositories you wish to enable (see [RPM
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Fusion](https://rpmfusion.org/) for details):
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~~~
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sudo dnf config-manager --set-enabled rpmfusion-free
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@ -101,42 +131,49 @@ sudo dnf config-manager --set-enabled rpmfusion-nonfree-updates
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sudo dnf upgrade --refresh
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~~~
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This will permanently enable the RPM Fusion repos.
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If you install software from here, it's important to keep these repos enabled so that you can receiving future updates.
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If you only enable these repos temporarily to install a package the Qubes update mechanism may persistently notify you that updates are available, since it cannot download them.
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This will permanently enable the RPM Fusion repos. If you install software from
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here, it's important to keep these repos enabled so that you can receiving
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future updates. If you only enable these repos temporarily to install a package
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the Qubes update mechanism may persistently notify you that updates are
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available, since it cannot download them.
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### Reverting changes to a template
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Perhaps you've just updated your template, and the update broke your template.
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Or perhaps you've made a terrible mistake, like accidentally confirming the installation of an unsigned package that could be malicious.
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If you want to undo changes to a template, there are three basic methods:
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Or perhaps you've made a terrible mistake, like accidentally confirming the
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installation of an unsigned package that could be malicious. If you want to
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undo changes to a template, there are three basic methods:
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1. **Root revert.**
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This is appropriate for misconfigurations, but not for security concerns.
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It will preserve your customizations.
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This is appropriate for misconfigurations, but not for security concerns. It
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will preserve your customizations.
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2. **Reinstall the template.**
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This is appropriate for both misconfigurations and security concerns, but you will lose all customizations.
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This is appropriate for both misconfigurations and security concerns, but
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you will lose all customizations.
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3. **Full revert.**
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This is appropriate for both misconfigurations and security concerns, and it can preserve your customizations.
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However, it is a bit more complex.
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This is appropriate for both misconfigurations and security concerns, and it
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can preserve your customizations. However, it is a bit more complex.
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#### Root revert
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**Important:** This command will roll back any changes made *during the last time the template was run, but **not** before.*
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This means that if you have already restarted the template, using this command is unlikely to help, and you'll likely want to reinstall it from the repository instead.
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On the other hand, if the template is already broken or compromised, it won't hurt to try reverting first.
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Just make sure to **back up** all of your data and changes first!
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**Important:** This command will roll back any changes made *during the last
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time the template was run, but **not** before.* This means that if you have
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already restarted the template, using this command is unlikely to help, and
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you'll likely want to reinstall it from the repository instead. On the other
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hand, if the template is already broken or compromised, it won't hurt to try
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reverting first. Just make sure to **back up** all of your data and changes
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first!
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1. Shut down `<template>`.
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If you've already just shut it down, do **not** start it again (see above).
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1. Shut down `<template>`. If you've already just shut it down, do **not**
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start it again (see above).
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2. In a dom0 terminal:
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```
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qvm-volume revert <template>:root
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```
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```
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qvm-volume revert <template>:root
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```
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#### Reinstall the template
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@ -146,49 +183,77 @@ Please see [How to Reinstall a template](/doc/reinstall-template/).
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This is like the simple revert, except:
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- You must also revert the private volume with `qvm-volume revert <template>:private`.
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This requires you to have an old revision of the private volume, which does not exist with the current default config.
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However, if you don't have anything important in the private volume (likely for a template), then you can work around this by just resetting the private volume with `qvm-volume import --no-resize <template>:private /dev/null`.
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- You must also revert the private volume with `qvm-volume revert
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<template>:private`. This requires you to have an old revision of the private
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volume, which does not exist with the current default config. However, if you
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don't have anything important in the private volume (likely for a template),
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then you can work around this by just resetting the private volume with
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`qvm-volume import --no-resize <template>:private /dev/null`.
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- The saved revision of the volumes must be uncompromised.
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With the default `revisions_to_keep=1` for the root volume, you must **not** have started the template since the compromising action.
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- The saved revision of the volumes must be uncompromised. With the default
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`revisions_to_keep=1` for the root volume, you must **not** have started the
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template since the compromising action.
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### Temporarily allowing networking for software installation
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Some third-party applications cannot be installed using the standard repositories and need to be manually downloaded and installed.
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When the installation requires internet connection to access third-party repositories, it will naturally fail when run in a template because the default firewall rules for templates only allow connections from package managers.
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So it is necessary to modify firewall rules to allow less restrictive internet access for the time of the installation, if one really wants to install those applications into a template.
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As soon as software installation is completed, firewall rules should be returned back to the default state.
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The user should decide by themselves whether such third-party applications should be equally trusted as the ones that come from the standard Fedora signed repositories and whether their installation will not compromise the default template, and potentially consider installing them into a separate template or a standalone VM (in which case the problem of limited networking access doesn't apply by default), as described above.
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Some third-party applications cannot be installed using the standard
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repositories and need to be manually downloaded and installed. When the
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installation requires internet connection to access third-party repositories,
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it will naturally fail when run in a template because the default firewall
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rules for templates only allow connections from package managers. So it is
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necessary to modify firewall rules to allow less restrictive internet access
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for the time of the installation, if one really wants to install those
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applications into a template. As soon as software installation is completed,
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firewall rules should be returned back to the default state. The user should
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decide by themselves whether such third-party applications should be equally
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trusted as the ones that come from the standard Fedora signed repositories and
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whether their installation will not compromise the default template, and
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potentially consider installing them into a separate template or a standalone
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VM (in which case the problem of limited networking access doesn't apply by
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default), as described above.
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### Updates proxy
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Updates proxy is a service which allows access only from package managers.
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This is meant to mitigate user errors (like using browser in the template), rather than some real isolation.
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It is done with http proxy (tinyproxy) instead of simple firewall rules because it is hard to list all the repository mirrors (and keep that list up to date).
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The proxy is used only to filter the traffic, not to cache anything.
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Updates proxy is a service which allows access only from package managers. This
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is meant to mitigate user errors (like using browser in the template), rather
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than some real isolation. It is done with http proxy (tinyproxy) instead of
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simple firewall rules because it is hard to list all the repository mirrors
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(and keep that list up to date). The proxy is used only to filter the traffic,
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not to cache anything.
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The proxy is running in selected VMs (by default all the NetVMs (1)) and intercepts traffic directed to 10.137.255.254:8082.
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Thanks to such configuration all the VMs can use the same proxy address, and if there is a proxy on network path, it will handle the traffic (of course when firewall rules allow that).
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If the VM is configured to have access to the updates proxy (2), the startup scripts will automatically configure dnf to really use the proxy (3).
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Also access to updates proxy is independent of any other firewall settings (VM will have access to updates proxy, even if policy is set to block all the traffic).
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The proxy is running in selected VMs (by default all the NetVMs (1)) and
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intercepts traffic directed to 10.137.255.254:8082. Thanks to such
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configuration all the VMs can use the same proxy address, and if there is a
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proxy on network path, it will handle the traffic (of course when firewall
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rules allow that). If the VM is configured to have access to the updates proxy
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(2), the startup scripts will automatically configure dnf to really use the
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proxy (3). Also access to updates proxy is independent of any other firewall
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settings (VM will have access to updates proxy, even if policy is set to block
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all the traffic).
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There are two services (`qvm-service`, [service framework](/doc/qubes-service/)):
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There are two services (`qvm-service`, [service
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framework](/doc/qubes-service/)):
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1. `qubes-updates-proxy` (and its deprecated name: `qubes-yum-proxy`) - a service providing a proxy for templates - by default enabled in NetVMs (especially: sys-net)
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2. `updates-proxy-setup` (and its deprecated name: `yum-proxy-setup`) - use a proxy provided by another VM (instead of downloading updates directly), enabled by default in all templates
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1. `qubes-updates-proxy` (and its deprecated name: `qubes-yum-proxy`) - a
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service providing a proxy for templates - by default enabled in NetVMs
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(especially: sys-net)
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2. `updates-proxy-setup` (and its deprecated name: `yum-proxy-setup`) - use a
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proxy provided by another VM (instead of downloading updates directly),
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enabled by default in all templates
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Both the old and new names work.
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The defaults listed above are applied if the service is not explicitly listed in the services tab.
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Both the old and new names work. The defaults listed above are applied if the
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service is not explicitly listed in the services tab.
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#### Technical details
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The updates proxy uses RPC/qrexec.
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The proxy is configured in qrexec policy in dom0: `/etc/qubes-rpc/policy/qubes.UpdatesProxy`.
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By default this is set to sys-net and/or sys-whonix, depending on firstboot choices.
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This new design allows for templates to be updated even when they are not connected to any NetVM.
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The updates proxy uses RPC/qrexec. The proxy is configured in qrexec policy in
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dom0: `/etc/qubes-rpc/policy/qubes.UpdatesProxy`. By default this is set to
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sys-net and/or sys-whonix, depending on firstboot choices. This new design
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allows for templates to be updated even when they are not connected to any
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NetVM.
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Example policy file in R4.0 (with Whonix installed, but not set as default UpdateVM for all templates):
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Example policy file in R4.0 (with Whonix installed, but not set as default
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UpdateVM for all templates):
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```shell_session
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# any VM with tag `whonix-updatevm` should use `sys-whonix`; this tag is added to `whonix-gw` and `whonix-ws` during installation and is preserved during template clone
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@ -202,102 +267,120 @@ Example policy file in R4.0 (with Whonix installed, but not set as default Updat
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### Installing Snap Packages
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Snap packages do not use the normal update channels for Debian and Fedora (apt and dnf) and are often installed as the user rather than as root. To support these in an app qube you need to take the following steps:
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Snap packages do not use the normal update channels for Debian and Fedora (apt
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and dnf) and are often installed as the user rather than as root. To support
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these in an app qube you need to take the following steps:
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1. In the **template** you must install `snapd` and `qubes-snapd-helper`. Open a terminal in the template and run:
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1. In the **template** you must install `snapd` and `qubes-snapd-helper`. Open
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a terminal in the template and run:
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```shell_session
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[user@fedora-30-snap-demo ~]$ sudo dnf install snapd qubes-snapd-helper
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Last metadata expiration check: 0:55:39 ago on Thu Nov 14 09:26:47 2019.
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Dependencies resolved.
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========================================================================================================
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Package Arch Version Repository Size
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========================================================================================================
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Installing:
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snapd x86_64 2.42.1-1.fc30 updates 17 M
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qubes-snapd-helper noarch 1.0.1-1.fc30 qubes-vm-r4.0-current 10 k
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Installing dependencies:
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[...]
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```shell_session
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[user@fedora-30-snap-demo ~]$ sudo dnf install snapd qubes-snapd-helper
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Last metadata expiration check: 0:55:39 ago on Thu Nov 14 09:26:47 2019.
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Dependencies resolved.
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========================================================================================================
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Package Arch Version Repository Size
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========================================================================================================
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Installing:
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snapd x86_64 2.42.1-1.fc30 updates 17 M
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qubes-snapd-helper noarch 1.0.1-1.fc30 qubes-vm-r4.0-current 10 k
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Installing dependencies:
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[...]
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Transaction Summary
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========================================================================================================
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Install 20 Packages
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||||
Total download size: 37 M
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Installed size: 121 M
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Is this ok [y/N]: y
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Downloading Packages:
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[..]
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Failed to resolve booleanif statement at /var/lib/selinux/targeted/tmp/modules/200/snappy/cil:1174
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/usr/sbin/semodule: Failed!
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[...]
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Last metadata expiration check: 0:57:08 ago on Thu Nov 14 09:26:47 2019.
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Notifying dom0 about installed applications
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||||
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Installed:
|
||||
snapd-2.42.1-1.fc30.x86_64 qubes-snapd-helper-1.0.1-1.fc30.noarch
|
||||
[...]
|
||||
Complete!
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
You may see the following message:
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
Failed to resolve booleanif statement at /var/lib/selinux/targeted/tmp/modules/200/snappy/cil:1174
|
||||
/usr/sbin/semodule: Failed!
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
This is expected and you can safely continue.
|
||||
|
||||
Shutdown the template:
|
||||
|
||||
```shell_session
|
||||
[user@fedora-30-snap-demo ~]$ sudo shutdown -h now
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
Transaction Summary
|
||||
========================================================================================================
|
||||
Install 20 Packages
|
||||
2. Now open the **app qube** in which you would like to install the Snap
|
||||
application and run a terminal:
|
||||
|
||||
Total download size: 37 M
|
||||
Installed size: 121 M
|
||||
Is this ok [y/N]: y
|
||||
```shell_session
|
||||
[user@snap-demo-app qube ~]$ snap install <package>
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
When the install is complete you can close the terminal window.
|
||||
|
||||
Downloading Packages:
|
||||
[..]
|
||||
Failed to resolve booleanif statement at /var/lib/selinux/targeted/tmp/modules/200/snappy/cil:1174
|
||||
/usr/sbin/semodule: Failed!
|
||||
[...]
|
||||
Last metadata expiration check: 0:57:08 ago on Thu Nov 14 09:26:47 2019.
|
||||
Notifying dom0 about installed applications
|
||||
3. Refresh the Applications list for the app qube. In the Qubes Menu for the
|
||||
**app qube*** launch the Qube Settings. Then go to the Applications tab and
|
||||
click "Refresh Applications"
|
||||
|
||||
Installed:
|
||||
snapd-2.42.1-1.fc30.x86_64 qubes-snapd-helper-1.0.1-1.fc30.noarch
|
||||
[...]
|
||||
Complete!
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
You may see the following message:
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
Failed to resolve booleanif statement at /var/lib/selinux/targeted/tmp/modules/200/snappy/cil:1174
|
||||
/usr/sbin/semodule: Failed!
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
This is expected and you can safely continue.
|
||||
|
||||
Shutdown the template:
|
||||
|
||||
```shell_session
|
||||
[user@fedora-30-snap-demo ~]$ sudo shutdown -h now
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
2. Now open the **app qube** in which you would like to install the Snap application and run a terminal:
|
||||
|
||||
```shell_session
|
||||
[user@snap-demo-app qube ~]$ snap install <package>
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
When the install is complete you can close the terminal window.
|
||||
|
||||
3. Refresh the Applications list for the app qube.
|
||||
In the Qubes Menu for the **app qube*** launch the Qube Settings.
|
||||
Then go to the Applications tab and click "Refresh Applications"
|
||||
|
||||
The refresh will take a few minutes; after it's complete the Snap app will appear in the app qube's list of available applications. At this point the snap will be persistent within the app qube and will receive updates when the app qube is running.
|
||||
The refresh will take a few minutes; after it's complete the Snap app will
|
||||
appear in the app qube's list of available applications. At this point the
|
||||
snap will be persistent within the app qube and will receive updates when
|
||||
the app qube is running.
|
||||
|
||||
### Autostarting Installed Applications
|
||||
|
||||
If you want a desktop app to start automatically every time a qube starts you can create a link to it in the `~/.config/autostart` directory of the **app qube**. This might be useful for Qubes that you set to automatically start on boot or for Qubes that have a set of apps you typically use all day, such as a chat app.
|
||||
If you want a desktop app to start automatically every time a qube starts you
|
||||
can create a link to it in the `~/.config/autostart` directory of the **app
|
||||
qube**. This might be useful for Qubes that you set to automatically start on
|
||||
boot or for Qubes that have a set of apps you typically use all day, such as a
|
||||
chat app.
|
||||
|
||||
1. Open a terminal in the **app qube** where you would like the app to launch.
|
||||
2. List the names of the available desktop shortcuts by running the command `ls /usr/share/applications` and find the exact name of the shortcut to the app you want to autostart:
|
||||
|
||||
```shell_session
|
||||
[user@example-app qube ~]$ ls /usr/share/applications/
|
||||
bluetooth-sendto.desktop
|
||||
eog.desktop
|
||||
firefox.desktop
|
||||
...
|
||||
xterm.desktop
|
||||
yelp.desktop
|
||||
```
|
||||
2. List the names of the available desktop shortcuts by running the command `ls
|
||||
/usr/share/applications` and find the exact name of the shortcut to the app
|
||||
you want to autostart:
|
||||
|
||||
```shell_session
|
||||
[user@example-app qube ~]$ ls /usr/share/applications/
|
||||
bluetooth-sendto.desktop
|
||||
eog.desktop
|
||||
firefox.desktop
|
||||
...
|
||||
xterm.desktop
|
||||
yelp.desktop
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
3. Create the autostart directory:
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
[user@example-app qube ~]$ mkdir -p ~/.config/autostart
|
||||
```
|
||||
```
|
||||
[user@example-app qube ~]$ mkdir -p ~/.config/autostart
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
4. Make a link to the desktop app file you'd like to start in the autostart directory. For example, the command below will link the Thunderbird app into the autostart directory:
|
||||
4. Make a link to the desktop app file you'd like to start in the autostart
|
||||
directory. For example, the command below will link the Thunderbird app into
|
||||
the autostart directory:
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
[user@example-app qube ~]$ ln -s /usr/share/applications/mozilla-thunderbird.desktop ~/.config/autostart/mozilla-thunderbird.desktop
|
||||
```
|
||||
```
|
||||
[user@example-app qube ~]$ ln -s /usr/share/applications/mozilla-thunderbird.desktop ~/.config/autostart/mozilla-thunderbird.desktop
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
Note that the app will autostart only when the app qube starts. If you would like the app qube to autostart, select the "Start qube automatically on boot" checkbox in the app qube's Qube Settings.
|
||||
Note that the app will autostart only when the app qube starts. If you would
|
||||
like the app qube to autostart, select the "Start qube automatically on boot"
|
||||
checkbox in the app qube's Qube Settings.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Loading…
Reference in New Issue
Block a user