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Fix code blocks and escapes
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Axon
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@ -28,120 +28,105 @@ However, for digital signatures to make any sense, we must ensure that the publi
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Importing Qubes Signing Keys
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----------------------------
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Every file published by the Qubes Project (ISO, RPM, TGZ files and git repositories) is digitally signed by one of the developer or release signing keys. Each such key is signed by the Qubes Master Signing Key ([\`0x36879494\`](https://keys.qubes-os.org/keys/qubes-master-signing-key.asc)).
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Every file published by the Qubes Project (ISO, RPM, TGZ files and git repositories) is digitally signed by one of the developer or release signing keys. Each such key is signed by the Qubes Master Signing Key ([`0x36879494`](https://keys.qubes-os.org/keys/qubes-master-signing-key.asc)).
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The public portion of the Qubes Master Signing Key can be imported directly from a [ keyserver](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Key_server_%28cryptographic%29#Keyserver_examples) (specified on first use with --keyserver URI, keyserver saved in \~/.gnupg/gpg.conf), e.g.,
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The public portion of the Qubes Master Signing Key can be imported directly from a [ keyserver](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Key_server_%28cryptographic%29#Keyserver_examples) (specified on first use with --keyserver URI, keyserver saved in `~/.gnupg/gpg.conf`), e.g.,
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```
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gpg --keyserver pool.sks-keyservers.net --recv-keys 0x427F11FD0FAA4B080123F01CDDFA1A3E36879494
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```
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gpg --keyserver pool.sks-keyservers.net --recv-keys 0x427F11FD0FAA4B080123F01CDDFA1A3E36879494
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or downloaded [here](https://keys.qubes-os.org/keys/qubes-master-signing-key.asc) and imported with gpg,
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```
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$ gpg --import ./qubes-master-signing-key.asc
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```
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$ gpg --import ./qubes-master-signing-key.asc
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or fetched directly with gpg.
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```
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$ gpg --fetch-keys https://keys.qubes-os.org/keys/qubes-master-signing-key.asc
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```
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$ gpg --fetch-keys https://keys.qubes-os.org/keys/qubes-master-signing-key.asc
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For additional security we also publish the fingerprint of the Qubes Master Signing Key ([\`0x36879494\`](https://keys.qubes-os.org/keys/qubes-master-signing-key.asc)) here in this document:
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For additional security we also publish the fingerprint of the Qubes Master Signing Key ([`0x36879494`](https://keys.qubes-os.org/keys/qubes-master-signing-key.asc)) here in this document:
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```
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pub 4096R/36879494 2010-04-01
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Key fingerprint = 427F 11FD 0FAA 4B08 0123 F01C DDFA 1A3E 3687 9494
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uid Qubes Master Signing Key
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```
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pub 4096R/36879494 2010-04-01
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Key fingerprint = 427F 11FD 0FAA 4B08 0123 F01C DDFA 1A3E 3687 9494
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uid Qubes Master Signing Key
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There should also be a copy of this key at the project's main website, in the [Qubes Security Pack](/doc/SecurityPack/), and in the archives of the project's [developer](https://groups.google.com/forum/#!msg/qubes-devel/RqR9WPxICwg/kaQwknZPDHkJ) and [user](https://groups.google.com/d/msg/qubes-users/CLnB5uFu_YQ/ZjObBpz0S9UJ) mailing lists.
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Once you have obtained the Qubes Master Signing Key ([\`0x36879494\`](https://keys.qubes-os.org/keys/qubes-master-signing-key.asc)), you should verify the fingerprint of this key very carefully by obtaining copies of the fingerprint from trustworthy independent sources and comparing them to the downloaded key's fingerprint to ensure they match. Then set its trust level to "ultimate" (oh, well), so that it can be used to automatically verify all the keys signed by the Qubes Master Signing Key:
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```
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$ gpg --edit-key 0x36879494
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gpg (GnuPG) 1.4.18; Copyright (C) 2014 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
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This is free software: you are free to change and redistribute it.
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There is NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law.
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Once you have obtained the Qubes Master Signing Key ([`0x36879494`](https://keys.qubes-os.org/keys/qubes-master-signing-key.asc)), you should verify the fingerprint of this key very carefully by obtaining copies of the fingerprint from trustworthy independent sources and comparing them to the downloaded key's fingerprint to ensure they match. Then set its trust level to "ultimate" (oh, well), so that it can be used to automatically verify all the keys signed by the Qubes Master Signing Key:
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pub 4096R/36879494 created: 2010-04-01 expires: never usage: SC
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trust: unknown validity: unknown
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[ unknown] (1). Qubes Master Signing Key
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gpg> fpr
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pub 4096R/36879494 2010-04-01 Qubes Master Signing Key
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Primary key fingerprint: 427F 11FD 0FAA 4B08 0123 F01C DDFA 1A3E 3687 9494
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gpg> trust
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pub 4096R/36879494 created: 2010-04-01 expires: never usage: SC
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trust: unknown validity: unknown
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[ unknown] (1). Qubes Master Signing Key
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Please decide how far you trust this user to correctly verify other users' keys
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(by looking at passports, checking fingerprints from different sources, etc.)
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1 = I don't know or won't say
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2 = I do NOT trust
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3 = I trust marginally
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4 = I trust fully
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5 = I trust ultimately
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m = back to the main menu
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Your decision? 5
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Do you really want to set this key to ultimate trust? (y/N) y
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pub 4096R/36879494 created: 2010-04-01 expires: never usage: SC
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trust: ultimate validity: unknown
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[ unknown] (1). Qubes Master Signing Key
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Please note that the shown key validity is not necessarily correct
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unless you restart the program.
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gpg> q
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```
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$ gpg --edit-key 0x36879494
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gpg (GnuPG) 1.4.18; Copyright (C) 2014 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
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This is free software: you are free to change and redistribute it.
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There is NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law.
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pub 4096R/36879494 created: 2010-04-01 expires: never usage: SC
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trust: unknown validity: unknown
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[ unknown] (1). Qubes Master Signing Key
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gpg> fpr
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pub 4096R/36879494 2010-04-01 Qubes Master Signing Key
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Primary key fingerprint: 427F 11FD 0FAA 4B08 0123 F01C DDFA 1A3E 3687 9494
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gpg> trust
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pub 4096R/36879494 created: 2010-04-01 expires: never usage: SC
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trust: unknown validity: unknown
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[ unknown] (1). Qubes Master Signing Key
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Please decide how far you trust this user to correctly verify other users' keys
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(by looking at passports, checking fingerprints from different sources, etc.)
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1 = I don't know or won't say
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2 = I do NOT trust
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3 = I trust marginally
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4 = I trust fully
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5 = I trust ultimately
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m = back to the main menu
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Your decision? 5
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Do you really want to set this key to ultimate trust? (y/N) y
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pub 4096R/36879494 created: 2010-04-01 expires: never usage: SC
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trust: ultimate validity: unknown
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[ unknown] (1). Qubes Master Signing Key
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Please note that the shown key validity is not necessarily correct
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unless you restart the program.
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gpg> q
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Now you can easily download any of the developer or release signing keys that happen to be used to sign particular ISO, RPM, TGZ files or git tags.
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For example: Qubes OS Release 2 Signing Key ([\`0x0A40E458\`](https://keys.qubes-os.org/keys/qubes-release-2-signing-key.asc)) is used for all Release 2 ISO images.
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For example: Qubes OS Release 2 Signing Key ([`0x0A40E458`](https://keys.qubes-os.org/keys/qubes-release-2-signing-key.asc)) is used for all Release 2 ISO images.
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```
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$ gpg --recv-keys 0x3F01DEF49719158EF86266F80C73B9D40A40E458
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gpg: requesting key 0A40E458 from hkp server keys.gnupg.net
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gpg: key 0A40E458: public key "Qubes OS Release 2 Signing Key" imported
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gpg: 3 marginal(s) needed, 1 complete(s) needed, PGP trust model
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gpg: depth: 0 valid: 1 signed: 1 trust: 0-, 0q, 0n, 0m, 0f, 1u
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gpg: depth: 1 valid: 1 signed: 0 trust: 1-, 0q, 0n, 0m, 0f, 0u
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gpg: Total number processed: 1
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gpg: imported: 1 (RSA: 1)
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```
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$ gpg --recv-keys 0x3F01DEF49719158EF86266F80C73B9D40A40E458
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gpg: requesting key 0A40E458 from hkp server keys.gnupg.net
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gpg: key 0A40E458: public key "Qubes OS Release 2 Signing Key" imported
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gpg: 3 marginal(s) needed, 1 complete(s) needed, PGP trust model
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gpg: depth: 0 valid: 1 signed: 1 trust: 0-, 0q, 0n, 0m, 0f, 1u
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gpg: depth: 1 valid: 1 signed: 0 trust: 1-, 0q, 0n, 0m, 0f, 0u
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gpg: Total number processed: 1
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gpg: imported: 1 (RSA: 1)
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You can also download all the currently used developers' signing keys and current and older release signing keys (and also a copy of the Qubes Master Signing Key) from the [keys directory on our server](https://keys.qubes-os.org/keys/) and from the [Qubes Security Pack](/doc/SecurityPack/).
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The developer signing keys are set to be valid for 1 year only, while the Qubes Master Signing Key ([\`0x36879494\`](https://keys.qubes-os.org/keys/qubes-master-signing-key.asc)) has no expiration date. This latter key was generated and is kept only within a dedicated, air-gapped "vault" machine, and the private portion will (hopefully) never leave this isolated machine.
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The developer signing keys are set to be valid for 1 year only, while the Qubes Master Signing Key ([`0x36879494`](https://keys.qubes-os.org/keys/qubes-master-signing-key.asc)) has no expiration date. This latter key was generated and is kept only within a dedicated, air-gapped "vault" machine, and the private portion will (hopefully) never leave this isolated machine.
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You can now verify the ISO image (Qubes-R2-x86\_64-DVD.iso) matches its signature (Qubes-R2-x86\_64-DVD.iso.asc):
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You can now verify the ISO image (`Qubes-R2-x86_64-DVD.iso`) matches its signature (`Qubes-R2-x86_64-DVD.iso.asc`):
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```
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$ gpg -v --verify Qubes-R2-x86_64-DVD.iso.asc
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gpg: armor header: Version: GnuPG v1
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gpg: assuming signed data in `Qubes-R2-x86_64-DVD.iso'
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gpg: Signature made Tue Sep 23 08:38:40 2014 UTC using RSA key ID 0A40E458
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gpg: using PGP trust model
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gpg: Good signature from "Qubes OS Release 2 Signing Key"
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gpg: binary signature, digest algorithm SHA1
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```
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$ gpg -v --verify Qubes-R2-x86_64-DVD.iso.asc
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gpg: armor header: Version: GnuPG v1
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gpg: assuming signed data in `Qubes-R2-x86_64-DVD.iso'
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gpg: Signature made Tue Sep 23 08:38:40 2014 UTC using RSA key ID 0A40E458
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gpg: using PGP trust model
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gpg: Good signature from "Qubes OS Release 2 Signing Key"
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gpg: binary signature, digest algorithm SHA1
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The Release 2 Signing Key ([\`0x0A40E458\`](https://keys.qubes-os.org/keys/qubes-release-2-signing-key.asc)) used to sign this ISO image should be signed by the Qubes Master Signing Key ([\`0x36879494\`](https://keys.qubes-os.org/keys/qubes-master-signing-key.asc)):
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The Release 2 Signing Key ([`0x0A40E458`](https://keys.qubes-os.org/keys/qubes-release-2-signing-key.asc)) used to sign this ISO image should be signed by the Qubes Master Signing Key ([`0x36879494`](https://keys.qubes-os.org/keys/qubes-master-signing-key.asc)):
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```
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$ gpg --list-sig 0A40E458
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pub 4096R/0A40E458 2012-11-15
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uid Qubes OS Release 2 Signing Key
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sig 36879494 2012-11-15 Qubes Master Signing Key
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sig 3 0A40E458 2012-11-15 Qubes OS Release 2 Signing Key
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```
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$ gpg --list-sig 0A40E458
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pub 4096R/0A40E458 2012-11-15
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uid Qubes OS Release 2 Signing Key
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sig 36879494 2012-11-15 Qubes Master Signing Key
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sig 3 0A40E458 2012-11-15 Qubes OS Release 2 Signing Key
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Having problems verifying the ISO images? Make sure you have the corresponding release signing key and see this thread:
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@ -154,6 +139,4 @@ Developers who fetch code from our Git server should always verify tags on the l
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To verify a signature on a git tag, you can use:
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```
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$ git tag -v <tag name>
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```
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$ git tag -v <tag name>
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