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Update for 4.0

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Split out 4.0 and 3.2 into multiple sections due to multiple minor differences between procedures. Emergency 4.0 Recovery procedure needs to be developed.
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common-tasks/backup-restore.md
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@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ redirect_from:
Qubes Backup, Restoration, and Migration
========================================
**Caution:** The Qubes backup system currently relies on a [weak key derivation scheme](https://github.com/QubesOS/qubes-issues/issues/971). It is *strongly recommended* that users select a *high-entropy* passphrase for use with Qubes backups.
**Caution:** The Qubes R3.2 backup system currently relies on a [weak key derivation scheme](https://github.com/QubesOS/qubes-issues/issues/971). Although resolved in R4.0 and higher with the switch to scrypt, it is *strongly recommended* that users select a *high-entropy* passphrase for use with Qubes backups.
With Qubes, it's easy to back up and restore your whole system, as well as to migrate between two physical machines.
@ -19,7 +19,36 @@ With Qubes, it's easy to back up and restore your whole system, as well as to mi
As of Qubes R2B3, these functions are integrated into the Qubes VM Manager GUI. There are also two command-line tools available which perform the same functions: [qvm-backup](/doc/dom0-tools/qvm-backup/) and [qvm-backup-restore](/doc/dom0-tools/qvm-backup-restore/).
Creating a Backup
Creating a Backup (R4.0 and later)
-----------------
1. In **Qubes VM Manager**, click **System** on the menu bar, then click **Backup Qubes** in the drop-down list. This brings up the **Qubes Backup VMs** window.
2. Move the VMs that you want to back up to the right-hand **Selected** column. VMs in the left-hand **Available** column will not be backed up.
**Note:** A VM must be shut down in order to be backed up. Currently running VMs appear in red.
You may choose whether to compress backups by checking or unchecking the **Compress the backup** box. Normally this should be left on unless you have a specific reason otherwise.
Once you have selected all desired VMs, click **Next**.
3. Select the destination for the backup:
If you wish to send your backup to a (currently running) VM, select the VM in the drop-down box next to **Target AppVM**.
If you wish to send your backup to a [USB mass storage device](/doc/stick-mounting/), first mount the device in a VM, then select the mount point inside that VM as the backup destination.
You must also specify a directory on the device or in the VM, or a command to be executed in the VM as a destination for your backup. For example, if you wish to send your backup to the `~/backups` folder in the target VM, you would simply type or browse to `backups` in this field. This destination directory must already exist. If it does not exist, you must create it manually prior to backing up.
By specifying the appropriate directory as the destination in a VM, it is possible to send the backup directly to, e.g., a USB mass storage device attached to the VM. Likewise, it is possible to enter any command as a backup target by specifying the command as the destination in the VM. This can be used to send your backup directly to, e.g., a remote server using SSH.
**Note:** The supplied passphrase is used for **both** encryption/decryption and integrity verification.
At this point, you may also choose whether to save your settings by checking or unchecking the **Save settings as default backup profile** box.
**Warning: Saving the settings will result in your backup passphrase being saved in plaintext in dom0, so consider your threat model before checking this box.**
4. When you are ready, click **Next**. Qubes will proceed to create your backup. Once the progress bar has completed, you may click **Finish**.
Creating a Backup (R3.2 and earlier)
-----------------
1. In **Qubes VM Manager**, click **System** on the menu bar, then click **Backup VMs** in the drop-down list. This brings up the **Qubes Backup VMs** window.
@ -35,7 +64,7 @@ Creating a Backup
If you wish to send your backup to a (currently running) VM, select the VM in the drop-down box next to **Target AppVM**.
If you wish to send your backup to a [USB mass storage device](/doc/stick-mounting/), first mount the device in a VM, then select the mount point inside that VM as the backup destination.
You must also specify a directory on the device or in the VM, or a command to be executed in the VM as a destination for your backup. For example, if you wish to send your backup to the `~/backups` folder in the target VM, you would simply type `backups` in this field. This destination directory must already exist. If it does not exist, you must create it manually prior to backing up.
You must also specify a directory on the device or in the VM, or a command to be executed in the VM as a destination for your backup. For example, if you wish to send your backup to the `~/backups` folder in the target VM, you would simply type or browse to `backups` in this field. This destination directory must already exist. If it does not exist, you must create it manually prior to backing up.
By specifying the appropriate directory as the destination in a VM, it is possible to send the backup directly to, e.g., a USB mass storage device attached to the VM. Likewise, it is possible to enter any command as a backup target by specifying the command as the destination in the VM. This can be used to send your backup directly to, e.g., a remote server using SSH.
@ -48,7 +77,32 @@ Creating a Backup
4. When you are ready, click **Next**. Qubes will proceed to create your backup. Once the progress bar has completed, you may click **Finish**.
Restoring from a Backup
Restoring from a Backup (R4.0 and later)
-----------------------
1. In **Qubes VM Manager**, click **System** on the menu bar, then click **Restore Qubes from backup** in the drop-down list. This brings up the **Qubes Restore VMs** window.
2. Select the source location of the backup to be restored:
- If your backup is located on a [USB mass storage device](/doc/stick-mounting/), select the device in the drop-down box next to **Device**.
- If your backup is located in a (currently running) VM, select the VM in the drop-down box next to **AppVM**.
You must also specify the directory in which the backup resides (or a command to be executed in a VM). If you followed the instructions in the previous section, "Creating a Backup," then your backup is most likely in the location you chose as the destination in step 3. For example, if you had chosen the `~/backups` directory of a VM as your destination in step 3, you would now select the same VM and again type `backups` into the **Backup directory** field.
**Note:** After you have typed the directory location of the backup in the **Backup directory** field, click the ellipsis button `...` to the right of the field.
3. There are three options you may select when restoring from a backup:
1. **ignore missing templates and net VMs**: If any of the VMs in your backup depended upon a NetVM or TemplateVM that is not present in (i.e., "missing from") the current system, checking this box will ignore the fact that they are missing and restore the VMs anyway.
2. **ignore username mismatch**: This option applies only to the restoration of dom0's home directory. If your backup was created on a Qubes system which had a different dom0 username than the dom0 username of the current system, then checking this box will ignore the mismatch between the two usernames and proceed to restore the home directory anyway.
3. **Verify backup integrity, do not restore the data**: Like it says- check this if you only want to verify.
4. If your backup is encrypted, you must check the **Encrypted backup** box. If a passphrase was supplied during the creation of your backup (regardless of whether it is encrypted), then you must supply it here.
**Note:** The passphrase which was supplied when the backup was created was used for **both** encryption/decryption and integrity verification. If the backup was not encrypted, the supplied passphrase is used only for integrity verification.
5. When you are ready, click **Next**. Qubes will proceed to restore from your backup. Once the progress bar has completed, you may click **Finish**.
Restoring from a Backup (R3.2 and earlier)
-----------------------
1. In **Qubes VM Manager**, click **System** on the menu bar, then click **Restore VMs from backup** in the drop-down list. This brings up the **Qubes Restore VMs** window.
@ -65,7 +119,7 @@ Restoring from a Backup
3. There are three options you may select when restoring from a backup:
1. **ignore missing**: If any of the VMs in your backup depended upon a NetVM, ProxyVM, or TemplateVM that is not present in (i.e., "missing from") the current system, checking this box will ignore the fact that they are missing and restore the VMs anyway.
2. **ignore username mismatch**: This option applies only to the restoration of dom0's home directory. If your backup was created on a Qubes system which had a different dom0 username than the dom0 username of the current system, then checking this box will ignore the mismatch between the two usernames and proceed to restore the home directory anyway.
3. **skip dom0**: If this box is checked, dom0's home directory will not be restored from your backup.
3. **Verify backup integrity, do not restore the data**: Like it says- check this if you only want to verify.
4. If your backup is encrypted, you must check the **Encrypted backup** box. If a passphrase was supplied during the creation of your backup (regardless of whether it is encrypted), then you must supply it here.
@ -81,7 +135,7 @@ Emergency Backup Recovery without Qubes
The Qubes backup system has been designed with emergency disaster recovery in mind. No special Qubes-specific tools are required to access data backed up by Qubes. In the event a Qubes system is unavailable, you can access your data on any GNU/Linux system with the following procedure.
For emergency restore of backup created on Qubes R2 or newer take a look [here](/doc/backup-emergency-restore-v3/). For backups created on earlier Qubes version, take a look [here](/doc/backup-emergency-restore-v2/).
For emergency restore of a backup created on Qubes R4 or newer, take a look here (TBD). For R3 take a look [here](/doc/backup-emergency-restore-v3/). For backups created on even earlier Qubes versions, take a look [here](/doc/backup-emergency-restore-v2/).
Migrating Between Two Physical Machines
@ -101,6 +155,6 @@ Here are some things to consider when selecting a passphrase for your backups:
Notes
-----
* The Qubes backup system relies on `openssl enc`, which is known to use a very weak key derivation scheme. The Qubes backup system also uses the same passphrase for authentication and for encryption, which is problematic from a security perspective. Users are advised to use a very high entropy passphrase for Qubes backups. For a full discussion, see [this ticket](https://github.com/QubesOS/qubes-issues/issues/971) and [this thread](https://groups.google.com/d/msg/qubes-devel/CZ7WRwLXcnk/u_rZPoVxL5IJ).
* The Qubes R3.2 and earlier backup system relies on `openssl enc`, which is known to use a very weak key derivation scheme. The Qubes backup system also uses the same passphrase for authentication and for encryption, which is problematic from a security perspective. Users are advised to use a very high entropy passphrase for Qubes backups. For a full discussion, see [this ticket](https://github.com/QubesOS/qubes-issues/issues/971) and [this thread](https://groups.google.com/d/msg/qubes-devel/CZ7WRwLXcnk/u_rZPoVxL5IJ).
* For the technical details of the backup system, please refer to [this thread](https://groups.google.com/d/topic/qubes-devel/TQr_QcXIVww/discussion).
* If working with symlinks, note the issues described in [this thread](https://groups.google.com/d/topic/qubes-users/EITd1kBHD30/discussion).