qubes-doc/external/configuration-guides/vpn.md

---
layout: doc
title: VPN
permalink: /doc/vpn/
redirect_from:
- /doc/privacy/vpn/
- /en/doc/vpn/
- /doc/VPN/
- /wiki/VPN/
---

How To make a VPN Gateway in Qubes
==================================

Although setting up a VPN connection is not by itself Qubes specific, Qubes includes a number of tools that can make the client-side setup of your VPN more versatile and secure. This document is a Qubes-specific outline for choosing the type of VM to use, and shows how to prepare a ProxyVM for either NetworkManager or a set of fail-safe VPN scripts.

Please refer to your guest OS and VPN service documentation when considering the specific steps and parameters for your connection(s); The relevant documentation for the Qubes default guest OS (Fedora) is [Establishing a VPN Connection.](https://docs.fedoraproject.org/en-US/Fedora/23/html/Networking_Guide/sec-Establishing_a_VPN_Connection.html)

### NetVM

The simplest case is to set up a VPN connection using the NetworkManager service inside your NetVM. Because the NetworkManager service is already started, you are ready to set up your VPN connection. However this has some disadvantages:

- You have to place (and probably save) your VPN credentials inside the NetVM, which is directly connected to the outside world
- All your AppVMs which are connected to the NetVM will be connected to the VPN (by default)

### AppVM

While the NetworkManager service is not started here (for a good reason), you can configure any kind of VPN client in your AppVM as well. However this is only suggested if your VPN client has special requirements.

### ProxyVM

One of the best unique features of Qubes OS is its special type of VM called a ProxyVM. The special thing is that your AppVMs see this as a NetVM (or uplink), and your NetVMs see it as a downstream AppVM. Because of this, you can place a ProxyVM between your AppVMs and your NetVM. This is how the default sys-firewall VM functions.

Using a ProxyVM to set up a VPN client gives you the ability to:

- Separate your VPN credentials from your NetVM.
- Separate your VPN credentials from your AppVM data.
- Easily control which of your AppVMs are connected to your VPN by simply setting it as a NetVM of the desired AppVM.

Set up a ProxyVM as a VPN gateway using NetworkManager
------------------------------------------------------

1. Create a new VM, name it, click the ProxyVM radio button, and choose a color and template.

   ![Create\_New\_VM.png](/attachment/wiki/VPN/Create_New_VM.png)

2. Add the `network-manager` service to this new VM.

   ![Settings-services.png](/attachment/wiki/VPN/Settings-services.png)

3. Set up your VPN as described in the NetworkManager documentation linked above.

4. (Optional) Make your VPN start automatically.

   Edit `/rw/config/rc.local` and add these lines:
   
   ```bash
   # Automatically connect to the VPN once Internet is up
   while ! ping -c 1 -W 1 1.1.1.1; do
      sleep 1
   done
   PWDFILE="/rw/config/NM-system-connections/secrets/passwd-file.txt"
   nmcli connection up file-vpn-conn passwd-file $PWDFILE
   ```
   You can find the actual "file-vpn-conn" in `/rw/config/NM-system-connections/`.
   
   Create directory `/rw/config/NM-system-connections/secrets/` (You can put your `*.crt` and `*.pem` files here too).
   Create a new file `/rw/config/NM-system-connections/secrets/passwd-file.txt`:
   ```
   vpn.secrets.password:XXXXXXXXXXXXXX
   ```
   And substitute "XXXXXXXXXXXXXX" for the actual password.
   The contents of `passwd-file.txt` may differ depending on your VPN settings.  See the [documentation for `nmcli up`](https://www.mankier.com/1/nmcli#up).
   
5. (Optional) Make the network fail-close for the AppVMs if the connection to the VPN breaks.

   Edit `/rw/config/qubes-firewall-user-script` and add these lines:
   ```bash
   # Block forwarding of connections through upstream network device
   # (in case the vpn tunnel breaks)
   iptables -I FORWARD -o eth0 -j DROP
   iptables -I FORWARD -i eth0 -j DROP
   ip6tables -I FORWARD -o eth0 -j DROP
   ip6tables -I FORWARD -i eth0 -j DROP
   ```

6. Configure your AppVMs to use the new VM as a NetVM.

   ![Settings-NetVM.png](/attachment/wiki/VPN/Settings-NetVM.png)

7. Optionally, you can install some [custom icons](https://github.com/Zrubi/qubes-artwork-proxy-vpn) for your VPN


Set up a ProxyVM as a VPN gateway using iptables and CLI scripts
----------------------------------------------------------------

This method is more involved than the one above, but has anti-leak features that also make the connection _fail closed_ should it be interrupted.
It has been tested with Fedora 23 and Debian 8 templates.

1. Create a new VM, name it, click the ProxyVM radio button, and choose a color and template.

   ![Create\_New\_VM.png](/attachment/wiki/VPN/Create_New_VM.png)

   Note: Do not enable NetworkManager in the ProxyVM, as it can interfere with the scripts' DNS features.
   If you enabled NetworkManager or used other methods in a previous attempt, do not re-use the old ProxyVM...
   Create a new one according to this step.

   If your choice of TemplateVM doesn't already have the VPN client software, you'll need to install the software in the template before proceeding.
   Disable any auto-starting service that comes with the software package.
   For example for OpenVPN.

       sudo systemctl disable openvpn.service

   You may also wish to install `nano` or another simple text editor for entering the scripts below.

2. Set up and test the VPN client.
   Make sure the VPN VM and its TemplateVM is not running.
   Run a terminal (CLI) in the VPN VM -- this will start the VM.
   Then create a new `/rw/config/vpn` folder with.

       sudo mkdir /rw/config/vpn

   Copy your VPN config files to `/rw/config/vpn`.
   Your VPN config file should be named `openvpn-client.ovpn`) so you can use the scripts below as is without modification.
   Otherwise you would have to replace the file name.
   `openvpn-client.ovpn` contents:

      * Files accompanying the main config such as `*.crt` and `*.pem` should also go to `/rw/config/vpn` folder.
      * Files referenced in `openvpn-client.ovpn` should not use absolute paths such as `/etc/...`.

   The VPN scripts here are intended to work with commonly used `tun` interfaces, whereas `tap` mode is untested.
   Also, the config should route all traffic through your VPN's interface after a connection is created; For OpenVPN the directive for this is `redirect-gateway def1`.

       sudo nano /rw/config/vpn/openvpn-client.ovpn

   Make sure it already includes or add:

       redirect-gateway def1

   The VPN client may not be able to prompt you for credentials when connecting to the server.
   Create a file in the `/rw/config/vpn` folder with your credentials and using a directive.
   For example for OpenVPN, add:

       auth-user-pass pass.txt

   Save file `/rw/config/vpn/openvpn-client.ovpn`.
   Make sure a `/rw/config/vpn/pass.txt` file actually exists.

       sudo nano /rw/config/vpn/pass.txt

   Add:

       username
       password

   Replace `username` and `password` with your actual username and password.

   **Test your client configuration:**
   Run the client from a CLI prompt in the 'vpn' folder, preferably as root.
   For example:

       sudo openvpn --cd /rw/config/vpn --config openvpn-client.ovpn

   Watch for status messages that indicate whether the connection is successful and test from another VPN VM terminal window with `ping`.

       ping 8.8.8.8

   `ping` can be aborted by pressing the two keys `ctrl` + `c` at the same time.
   DNS may be tested at this point by replacing addresses in `/etc/resolv.conf` with ones appropriate for your VPN (although this file will not be used when setup is complete).
   Diagnose any connection problems using resources such as client documentation and help from your VPN service provider.
   Proceed to the next step when you're sure the basic VPN connection is working.

3. Create the DNS-handling script.

       sudo nano /rw/config/vpn/qubes-vpn-handler.sh

   Edit and add:

   ~~~
   #!/bin/bash
   set -e
   export PATH="$PATH:/usr/sbin:/sbin"
  
   case "$1" in
  
   up)
   # To override DHCP DNS, assign DNS addresses to 'vpn_dns' env variable before calling this script;
   # Format is 'X.X.X.X  Y.Y.Y.Y [...]'
   if [[ -z "$vpn_dns" ]] ; then
       # Parses DHCP foreign_option_* vars to automatically set DNS address translation:
       for optionname in ${!foreign_option_*} ; do
           option="${!optionname}"
           unset fops; fops=($option)
           if [ ${fops[1]} == "DNS" ] ; then vpn_dns="$vpn_dns ${fops[2]}" ; fi
       done
   fi
  
   iptables -t nat -F PR-QBS
   if [[ -n "$vpn_dns" ]] ; then
       # Set DNS address translation in firewall:
       for addr in $vpn_dns; do
           iptables -t nat -A PR-QBS -i vif+ -p udp --dport 53 -j DNAT --to $addr
           iptables -t nat -A PR-QBS -i vif+ -p tcp --dport 53 -j DNAT --to $addr
       done
       su - -c 'notify-send "$(hostname): LINK IS UP." --icon=network-idle' user
   else
       su - -c 'notify-send "$(hostname): LINK UP, NO DNS!" --icon=dialog-error' user
   fi
  
   ;;
   down)
   su - -c 'notify-send "$(hostname): LINK IS DOWN !" --icon=dialog-error' user
   ;;
   esac
   ~~~

   Save the script.
   Make it executable.

       sudo chmod +x /rw/config/vpn/qubes-vpn-handler.sh

4. Configure client to use the DNS handling script. Using openvpn as an example, edit the config.

       sudo nano /rw/config/vpn/openvpn-client.ovpn

   Add the following.

       script-security 2
       up 'qubes-vpn-handler.sh up'
       down 'qubes-vpn-handler.sh down'

   Remove other instances of lines starting with `script-security`, `up` or `down` should there be any others.
   Save the script.
   **Restart the client and test the connection again** ...this time from an AppVM!

5. Set up iptables anti-leak rules.
   Edit the firewall script.

       sudo nano /rw/config/qubes-firewall-user-script

   Clear out the existing lines and add:

   ~~~
   #!/bin/bash
   #    Block forwarding of connections through upstream network device
   #    (in case the vpn tunnel breaks):
   iptables -I FORWARD -o eth0 -j DROP
   iptables -I FORWARD -i eth0 -j DROP
   ip6tables -I FORWARD -o eth0 -j DROP
   ip6tables -I FORWARD -i eth0 -j DROP
   
   #    Block all outgoing traffic
   iptables -P OUTPUT DROP
   iptables -F OUTPUT
   iptables -I OUTPUT -o lo -j ACCEPT
   
   #    Add the `qvpn` group to system, if it doesn't already exist
   if ! grep -q "^qvpn:" /etc/group ; then
        groupadd -rf qvpn
        sync
   fi
   sleep 2s
   
   #    Allow traffic from the `qvpn` group to the uplink interface (eth0);
   #    Our VPN client will run with group `qvpn`.
   iptables -I OUTPUT -p all -o eth0 -m owner --gid-owner qvpn -j ACCEPT
   ~~~

   Save the script.
   Make it executable.

       sudo chmod +x /rw/config/qubes-firewall-user-script

5. Set up the VPN's autostart.

       sudo nano /rw/config/rc.local

   Clear out the existing lines and add:

   ~~~
   #!/bin/bash
   VPN_CLIENT='openvpn'
   VPN_OPTIONS='--cd /rw/config/vpn/ --config openvpn-client.ovpn --daemon'
   
   su - -c 'notify-send "$(hostname): Starting $VPN_CLIENT..." --icon=network-idle' user
   groupadd -rf qvpn ; sleep 2s
   sg qvpn -c "$VPN_CLIENT $VPN_OPTIONS"
   ~~~

   If you are using anything other than OpenVPN, change the `VPN_CLIENT` and `VPN_OPTIONS` variables to match your VPN software.
   Save the script.
   Make it executable.

       sudo chmod +x /rw/config/rc.local

6. Restart the new VM!
   The link should then be established automatically with a popup notification to that effect.


Usage
-----

Configure your AppVMs to use the VPN VM as a NetVM...

![Settings-NetVM.png](/attachment/wiki/VPN/Settings-NetVM.png)

If you want to be able to use the [Qubes firewall](/doc/firewall), create a new FirewallVM (as a ProxyVM) and set it to use the VPN VM as its NetVM.
Then, configure AppVMs to use your new FirewallVM as their NetVM.

If you want to update your TemplateVMs through the VPN, enable the `qubes-updates-proxy` service in your new FirewallVM.
You can do this in the Services tab in Qubes VM Manager or on the command-line:

    qvm-service -e <name> qubes-updates-proxy

Then, configure your templates to use your new FirewallVM as their NetVM.


Troubleshooting
---------------

* Always test your basic VPN connection before adding scripts.
* Test DNS: Ping a familiar domain name from an appVM. It should print the IP address for the domain.
* For scripting: Ping external IP addresses from inside the VPN VM using `sudo sg qvpn -c 'ping ...'`, then from an appVM using just `ping ...`. Once the firewall rules are in place, you will have to use `sudo sg` to run any IP network commands in the VPN VM.
* Use `iptables -L -v` and `iptables -L -v -t nat` to check firewall rules. The latter shows the critical PR-QBS chain that enables DNS forwarding.