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---
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layout: doc
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title: The Debian TemplateVM
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permalink: /doc/templates/debian/
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redirect_from:
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- /doc/debian/
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- /en/doc/templates/debian/
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- /doc/Templates/Debian/
- /wiki/Templates/Debian/
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---
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# The Debian TemplateVM
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The Debian [TemplateVM] is an officially [supported] TemplateVM in Qubes OS.
This page is about the standard (or "full") Debian TemplateVM.
For the minimal version, please see the [Minimal TemplateVMs] page.
There is also a [Qubes page on the Debian Wiki].
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## Installing
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To [install] a specific Debian TemplateVM that is not currently installed in your system, use the following command in dom0:
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$ sudo qubes-dom0-update qubes-template-debian-XX
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(Replace `XX` with the Debian version number of the template you wish to install.)
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To reinstall a Debian TemplateVM that is already installed in your system, see [How to Reinstall a TemplateVM].
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## After Installing
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After installing a fresh Debian TemplateVM, we recommend performing the following steps:
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1. [Update the TemplateVM].
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2. [Switch any TemplateBasedVMs that are based on the old TemplateVM to the new one][switch].
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3. If desired, [uninstall the old TemplateVM].
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## Updating
Please see [Updating software in TemplateVMs].
## Upgrading
Please see [Upgrading Debian TemplateVMs].
## Release-specific notes
This section contains notes about specific Debian releases.
### Debian 10
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Debian 10 (buster) - minimal:
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[user@dom0 ~]$ sudo qubes-dom0-update --enablerepo=qubes-templates-itl qubes-template-debian-10-minimal
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Debian 10 (buster) - stable:
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[user@dom0 ~]$ sudo qubes-dom0-update --enablerepo=qubes-templates-itl qubes-template-debian-10
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### Starting services
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The Debian way (generally) is to start daemons if they are installed.
This means that if you install (say) ssh-server in a template, *all* the qubes that use that template will run a ssh server when they start. (They will, naturally, all have the same server key.) This may not be what you want.
So be very careful when installing software in Templates - if the daemon spawns outbound connections then there is a serious security risk.
In general, a reasonable approach would be, (using ssh as example):
- Install the ssh service.
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- `systemctl stop ssh`
- `systemctl disable ssh`
- `systemctl mask ssh`
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- Close down template
Now the ssh service will **NOT** start in qubes based on this template.
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Where you **DO** want the service to run, put this in `/rw/config/rc.local` :
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systemctl unmask ssh
systemctl start ssh
Don't forget to make the file executable.
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### Unattended Upgrades
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Some users have noticed that on upgrading to Stretch, the `unattended-upgrade` package is installed.
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This package is pulled in as part of a Recommend chain, and can be purged.
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The lesson is that you should carefully look at what is being installed to your system, particularly if you run `dist-upgrade` .
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### Package installation errors in Qubes 4.0
By default, templates in 4.0 only have a loopback interface.
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Some packages will throw an error on installation in this situation.
For example, Samba expects to be configured using a network interface post installation.
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One solution is to add a dummy interface to allow the package to install correctly:
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ip link add d0 type dummy
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ip addr add 192.168.0.1/24 dev d0
ip link set d0 up
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[TemplateVM]: /doc/templates/
[Minimal TemplateVMs]: /doc/templates/minimal/
[Qubes page on the Debian Wiki]: https://wiki.debian.org/Qubes
[end-of-life]: https://wiki.debian.org/DebianReleases#Production_Releases
[supported]: /doc/supported-versions/#templatevms
[How to Reinstall a TemplateVM]: /doc/reinstall-template/
[Update the TemplateVM]: /doc/software-update-vm/
[switch]: /doc/templates/#switching
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[uninstall the old TemplateVM]: /doc/templates/#uninstalling
[Updating software in TemplateVMs]: /doc/software-update-domu/#updating-software-in-templatevms
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[Upgrading Debian TemplateVMs]: /doc/template/debian/upgrade/
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[5149]: https://github.com/QubesOS/qubes-issues/issues/5149
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[install]: /doc/templates/#installing
