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---
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advanced: true
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lang: en
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layout: doc
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permalink: /doc/templates/minimal/
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redirect_from:
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- /doc/templates/fedora-minimal/
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- /doc/fedora-minimal/
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- /en/doc/templates/fedora-minimal/
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- /doc/Templates/FedoraMinimal/
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- /wiki/Templates/FedoraMinimal/
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- /doc/templates/debian-minimal/
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ref: 132
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title: Minimal templates
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---
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The minimal [templates](/doc/templates/) are lightweight versions of their
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standard template counterparts. They have only the most vital packages
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installed, including a minimal X and xterm installation. When properly
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configured and used, minimal templates can be less resource-intensive, reduce
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attack surface, and support more fine-grained compartmentalization. The
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sections below contain instructions for installing and configuring minimal
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templates, along with some examples of common use cases.
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## Important
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2022-03-01 10:12:07 -05:00
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1. [The minimal templates are intended only for advanced
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users.](https://forum.qubes-os.org/t/9717/15) Most things will *not* work
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out-of-the-box, and you *will* have to fix them yourself. If you are not
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prepared to do a lot of reading, searching, learning, and troubleshooting,
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then you should instead stick to the standard templates, which are perfectly
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suitable for the vast majority of users. In particular, if you are new to
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Qubes, you should not attempt to use minimal templates until you have gained
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more experience.
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2. If something works with a standard template but not the minimal version,
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this is most likely due to user error (e.g., a missing package or
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misconfiguration) rather than a bug. In such cases, please do *not* file a
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bug report. Instead, please see [Help, Support, Mailing Lists, and
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Forum](/support/) for the appropriate place to ask for help. Once you have
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learned how to solve your problem, please [contribute what you learned to
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the documentation](/doc/how-to-edit-the-documentation/).
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3. The minimal templates are intentionally *minimal*. [Do not ask for your
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favorite package to be added to the minimal template by
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default.](/faq/#could-you-please-make-my-preference-the-default)
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4. In order to reduce unnecessary risk, unused repositories have been disabled
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by default. If you wish to install or update any packages from those
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repositories, you must enable them.
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## List
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Minimal templates of the following distros are available:
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- Fedora
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- Debian
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- CentOS
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- Gentoo
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A list of all available templates can also be obtained with the [Template Manager](/doc/template-manager/) tool.
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## Installation
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The minimal templates can be installed with the following type of command:
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2021-03-13 12:03:23 -05:00
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```
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[user@dom0 ~]$ sudo qubes-dom0-update qubes-template-<DISTRO_NAME>-<RELEASE_NUMBER>-minimal
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```
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If your desired version is not found, it may still be in
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[testing](/doc/testing/). You may wish to try again with the testing repository
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enabled:
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```
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[user@dom0 ~]$ sudo qubes-dom0-update --enablerepo=qubes-templates-itl-testing qubes-template-<DISTRO_NAME>-<RELEASE_NUMBER>-minimal
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```
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If you would like to install a community distribution, try the install command
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by enabling the community repository:
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2021-03-13 12:03:23 -05:00
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```
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[user@dom0 ~]$ sudo qubes-dom0-update --enablerepo=qubes-templates-community qubes-template-<DISTRO_NAME>-<RELEASE_NUMBER>-minimal
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```
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2019-09-02 05:34:26 -04:00
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The download may take a while depending on your connection speed.
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## Passwordless root
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It is an intentional design choice for [Passwordless Root Access in
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VMs](/doc/vm-sudo/) to be optional in minimal templates. Since the minimal
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templates are *minimal*, they are not configured for passwordless root by
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default. To update or install packages, execute the following command in dom0:
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2021-03-13 12:03:23 -05:00
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```
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[user@dom0 ~]$ qvm-run -u root <DISTRO_NAME>-<RELEASE_NUMBER>-minimal xterm
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```
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This opens a root terminal in the minimal template, from which you can use
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execute root commands without `sudo`. You will have to do this every time if
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you choose not to enable passwordless root.
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If you want to be able to use `sudo` inside a minimal template (or app qubes
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based on a minimal template), open a root terminal as just instructed, then
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install the `qubes-core-agent-passwordless-root` package.
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Optionally, verify that passwordless root now works by opening a normal
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(non-root) xterm window in the minimal template, then issue the command `sudo
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-l`. This should give you output that includes the `NOPASSWD` keyword.
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## Customization
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You may wish to clone the original template and make any changes in the clone
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instead of the original template. You must start the clone in order to
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customize it.
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Customizing the template for specific use cases normally only requires
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installing additional packages.
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## Distro-specific notes
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2021-06-19 05:15:40 -04:00
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This following sections provide information that is specific to a particular
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minimal template distro.
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### Fedora
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The following list provides an overview of which packages are needed for which
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purpose. As usual, the required packages are to be installed in the running
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template with the following command (replace `packages` with a space-delimited
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list of packages to be installed):
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2021-03-13 12:03:23 -05:00
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```
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[user@your-new-clone ~]$ sudo dnf install packages
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```
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- Commonly used utilities: `pciutils` `vim-minimal` `less` `psmisc`
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`gnome-keyring`.
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- Audio: `pulseaudio-qubes`.
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- Networking: `qubes-core-agent-networking`, and whatever network tools
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you want. N.B. minimal templates do not include any browser.
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- [FirewallVM](/doc/firewall/), such as the template for `sys-firewall`: at
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least `qubes-core-agent-networking` and `iproute`, and also
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`qubes-core-agent-dom0-updates` if you want to use it as the `UpdateVM`
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(which is normally `sys-firewall`).
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- NetVM, such as the template for `sys-net`: `qubes-core-agent-networking`
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`qubes-core-agent-network-manager` `NetworkManager-wifi`
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`network-manager-applet` `wireless-tools` `notification-daemon`
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`gnome-keyring` `polkit` `@hardware-support`. If your network devices need
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extra packages for the template to work as a network VM, use the `lspci`
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command to identify the devices, then run `dnf search firmware` (replace
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`firmware` with the appropriate device identifier) to find the needed
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packages and then install them. If you need utilities for debugging and
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analyzing network connections, install `tcpdump` `telnet` `nmap` `nmap-ncat`.
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- [USB qube](/doc/usb-qubes/), such as the template for `sys-usb`:
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`qubes-usb-proxy` to provide USB devices to other Qubes and
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`qubes-input-proxy-sender` to provide keyboard or mouse input to dom0.
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- [VPN
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qube](https://github.com/Qubes-Community/Contents/blob/master/docs/configuration/vpn.md):
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Use the `dnf search "NetworkManager VPN plugin"` command to look up the VPN
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packages you need, based on the VPN technology you'll be using, and install
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them. Some GNOME related packages may be needed as well. After creation of a
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machine based on this template, follow the [VPN
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instructions](https://github.com/Qubes-Community/Contents/blob/master/docs/configuration/vpn.md#set-up-a-proxyvm-as-a-vpn-gateway-using-networkmanager)
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to configure it.
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- `default-mgmt-dvm`: requires `qubes-core-agent-passwordless-root` and
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`qubes-mgmt-salt-vm-connector`.
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In Qubes 4.0, additional packages from the `qubes-core-agent` suite may be
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needed to make the customized minimal template work properly. These packages
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are:
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- `qubes-core-agent-nautilus`: This package provides integration with the
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Nautilus file manager (without it, items like "copy to VM/open in disposable"
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will not be shown in Nautilus).
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- `qubes-core-agent-thunar`: This package provides integration with the thunar
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file manager (without it, items like "copy to VM/open in disposable" will not
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be shown in thunar).
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- `qubes-core-agent-dom0-updates`: Script required to handle `dom0` updates.
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Any template on which the qube responsible for 'dom0' updates (e.g.
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`sys-firewall`) is based must contain this package.
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- `qubes-menus`: Defines menu layout.
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- `qubes-desktop-linux-common`: Contains icons and scripts to improve desktop
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experience.
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- `qubes-core-agent-qrexec`: Qubes qrexec agent. Installed by default.
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- `qubes-core-agent-systemd`: Qubes unit files for SystemD init style.
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Installed by default.
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- `qubes-core-agent-passwordless-root`, `polkit`: By default, the Fedora
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minimal template doesn't have passwordless root. These two packages enable
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this feature.
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- `qubes-core-agent-sysvinit`: Qubes unit files for SysV init style or upstart.
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Also, there are packages to provide additional services:
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- `qubes-gpg-split`: For implementing split GPG.
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- `qubes-u2f`: For implementing secure forwarding of U2F messages.
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- `qubes-pdf-converter`: For implementing safe conversion of PDFs.
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- `qubes-img-converter`: For implementing safe conversion of images.
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- `qubes-snapd-helper`: If you want to use snaps in qubes.
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- `thunderbird-qubes`: Additional tools for use in thunderbird.
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- `qubes-app-shutdown-idle`: If you want qubes to automatically shutdown when
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idle.
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- `qubes-mgmt-salt-vm-connector`: If you want to use salt management on the
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template and qubes.
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You may also wish to consider additional packages from the `qubes-core-agent`
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suite.
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2021-06-19 05:15:40 -04:00
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See
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[here](https://github.com/Qubes-Community/Contents/blob/master/docs/customization/fedora-minimal-template-customization.md)
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for further information on customizing `fedora-minimal`.
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#### Logging
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The `rsyslog` logging service is not installed by default, as all logging is
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instead being handled by the `systemd` journal. Users requiring the `rsyslog`
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service should install it manually.
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To access the `journald` log, use the `journalctl` command.
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### Debian
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2021-06-19 05:15:40 -04:00
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The following list provides an overview of which packages are needed for which
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purpose. As usual, the required packages are to be installed in the running
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template with the following command (replace `packages` with a space-delimited
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list of packages to be installed):
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2019-09-02 05:34:26 -04:00
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2021-03-13 12:03:23 -05:00
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```
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[user@your-new-clone ~]$ sudo apt install packages
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```
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2021-06-19 05:15:40 -04:00
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- Commonly used utilities: `pciutils` `vim-minimal` `less` `psmisc`
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`gnome-keyring`
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2021-07-29 01:53:15 -04:00
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- The `zenity` package is required for interactive dialogs, e.g., file selection
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([#5202](https://github.com/QubesOS/qubes-issues/issues/5202)) and for using
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the Nautilus menu option to copy some files to other qubes
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([#6801](https://github.com/QubesOS/qubes-issues/issues/6801)).
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- Audio: `pulseaudio-qubes`
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- Networking: `qubes-core-agent-networking`, and whatever network tools
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you want. N.B. minimal templates do not include any browser.
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2021-06-19 05:15:40 -04:00
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- [FirewallVM](/doc/firewall/), such as the template for `sys-firewall`: at
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least `qubes-core-agent-networking`, and also `qubes-core-agent-dom0-updates`
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if you want to use it as the `UpdateVM` (which is normally `sys-firewall`).
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- NetVM, such as the template for `sys-net`: `qubes-core-agent-networking`
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`qubes-core-agent-network-manager`. If your network devices need extra
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packages for a network VM, use the `lspci` command to identify the devices,
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then find the package that provides necessary firmware and install it. If you
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need utilities for debugging and analyzing network connections, install the
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2021-11-13 00:38:39 -05:00
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|
following packages: `tcpdump` `telnet` `nmap` `ncat`.
|
2021-06-19 05:15:40 -04:00
|
|
|
- [USB qube](/doc/usb-qubes/), such as the template for `sys-usb`:
|
|
|
|
|
`qubes-usb-proxy` to provide USB devices to other Qubes and
|
|
|
|
|
`qubes-input-proxy-sender` to provide keyboard or mouse input to dom0.
|
2022-08-12 00:37:29 -04:00
|
|
|
- Qubes to which USB devices are attached: `libpam-systemd` (Until
|
|
|
|
|
[#7689](https://github.com/QubesOS/qubes-issues/issues/7689) is fixed, either
|
|
|
|
|
pair it with `qubes-core-agent-passwordless-root` or manually activate the
|
|
|
|
|
user session with `loginctl activate <USER_SESSION_ID>`.)
|
2021-06-19 05:15:40 -04:00
|
|
|
- [VPN
|
|
|
|
|
qube](https://github.com/Qubes-Community/Contents/blob/master/docs/configuration/vpn.md):
|
|
|
|
|
You may need to install network-manager VPN packages, depending on the VPN
|
|
|
|
|
technology you'll be using. After creating a machine based on this template,
|
|
|
|
|
follow the [VPN
|
|
|
|
|
howto](https://github.com/Qubes-Community/Contents/blob/master/docs/configuration/vpn.md#set-up-a-proxyvm-as-a-vpn-gateway-using-networkmanager)
|
|
|
|
|
to configure it.
|
|
|
|
|
- `default-mgmt-dvm`: requires `qubes-core-agent-passwordless-root` and
|
|
|
|
|
`qubes-mgmt-salt-vm-connector`.
|
2022-10-19 17:51:29 -04:00
|
|
|
- [Yubikey](/doc/yubikey/): You may need to install `xserver-xorg-input-libinput` for 2FA responses to work in web browsers like Firefox.
|
2023-02-21 11:20:30 -05:00
|
|
|
- Thumbnails (e.g., file previews in Nautilus): `libgdk-pixbuf2.0-bin` (images),
|
|
|
|
|
`ffmpegthumbnailer` (videos). (Try `apt search thumbnailer` for other file
|
|
|
|
|
types.)
|
2021-06-19 05:15:40 -04:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
In Qubes 4.0, additional packages from the `qubes-core-agent` suite may be
|
|
|
|
|
needed to make the customized minimal template work properly. These packages
|
|
|
|
|
are:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
- `qubes-core-agent-nautilus`: This package provides integration with the
|
|
|
|
|
Nautilus file manager (without it, items like "copy to VM/open in disposable"
|
|
|
|
|
will not be shown in Nautilus).
|
|
|
|
|
- `qubes-core-agent-thunar`: This package provides integration with the thunar
|
|
|
|
|
file manager (without it, items like "copy to VM/open in disposable" will not
|
|
|
|
|
be shown in thunar).
|
|
|
|
|
- `qubes-core-agent-dom0-updates`: Script required to handle `dom0` updates.
|
|
|
|
|
Any template on which the qube responsible for 'dom0' updates (e.g.
|
|
|
|
|
`sys-firewall`) is based must contain this package.
|
2019-09-02 05:34:26 -04:00
|
|
|
- `qubes-menus`: Defines menu layout.
|
2021-06-19 05:15:40 -04:00
|
|
|
- `qubes-desktop-linux-common`: Contains icons and scripts to improve desktop
|
|
|
|
|
experience.
|
2019-09-02 05:34:26 -04:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Also, there are packages to provide additional services:
|
2020-02-22 12:47:46 -05:00
|
|
|
|
2019-09-02 05:34:26 -04:00
|
|
|
- `qubes-gpg-split`: For implementing split GPG.
|
|
|
|
|
- `qubes-u2f`: For implementing secure forwarding of U2F messages.
|
|
|
|
|
- `qubes-pdf-converter`: For implementing safe conversion of PDFs.
|
|
|
|
|
- `qubes-img-converter`: For implementing safe conversion of images.
|
|
|
|
|
- `qubes-snapd-helper`: If you want to use snaps in qubes.
|
|
|
|
|
- `qubes-thunderbird`: Additional tools for use in thunderbird.
|
2021-06-19 05:15:40 -04:00
|
|
|
- `qubes-app-shutdown-idle`: If you want qubes to automatically shutdown when
|
|
|
|
|
idle.
|
|
|
|
|
- `qubes-mgmt-salt-vm-connector`: If you want to use salt management on the
|
|
|
|
|
template and qubes.
|
2019-09-02 05:34:26 -04:00
|
|
|
|
2021-06-19 05:15:40 -04:00
|
|
|
Documentation on all of these can be found in the [docs](/doc/).
|
2019-09-02 05:34:26 -04:00
|
|
|
|
2021-06-19 05:15:40 -04:00
|
|
|
You could, of course, use `qubes-vm-recommended` to automatically install many
|
|
|
|
|
of these, but in that case you are well on the way to a standard Debian
|
|
|
|
|
template.
|
2019-09-02 05:34:26 -04:00
|
|
|
|
2019-09-12 05:54:50 -04:00
|
|
|
### CentOS
|
|
|
|
|
|
2021-06-19 05:15:40 -04:00
|
|
|
The following list provides an overview of which packages are needed for which
|
|
|
|
|
purpose. As usual, the required packages are to be installed in the running
|
|
|
|
|
template with the following command (replace `packages` with a space-delimited
|
|
|
|
|
list of packages to be installed):
|
2019-09-12 05:54:50 -04:00
|
|
|
|
2021-03-13 12:03:23 -05:00
|
|
|
```
|
|
|
|
|
[user@your-new-clone ~]$ sudo yum install packages
|
|
|
|
|
```
|
2019-09-12 05:54:50 -04:00
|
|
|
|
2021-06-19 05:15:40 -04:00
|
|
|
- Commonly used utilities: `pciutils` `vim-minimal` `less` `psmisc`
|
|
|
|
|
`gnome-keyring`
|
2020-02-22 12:47:46 -05:00
|
|
|
- Audio: `pulseaudio-qubes`.
|
2021-11-16 10:44:42 -05:00
|
|
|
- Networking: `qubes-core-agent-networking`, and whatever network tools
|
|
|
|
|
you want. N.B. minimal templates do not include any browser.
|
2021-06-19 05:15:40 -04:00
|
|
|
- [FirewallVM](/doc/firewall/), such as the template for `sys-firewall`: at
|
|
|
|
|
least `qubes-core-agent-networking`, and also `qubes-core-agent-dom0-updates`
|
|
|
|
|
if you want to use it as the `UpdateVM` (which is normally `sys-firewall`).
|
|
|
|
|
- NetVM, such as the template for `sys-net`: `qubes-core-agent-networking`
|
|
|
|
|
`qubes-core-agent-network-manager` `NetworkManager-wifi`
|
|
|
|
|
`network-manager-applet` `wireless-tools` `notification-daemon`
|
|
|
|
|
`gnome-keyring`. If your network devices need extra packages for a network
|
|
|
|
|
VM, use the `lspci` command to identify the devices, then find the package
|
|
|
|
|
that provides necessary firnware and install it. If you need utilities for
|
|
|
|
|
debugging and analyzing network connections, install the following packages:
|
|
|
|
|
`tcpdump` `telnet` `nmap` `nmap-ncat`
|
|
|
|
|
- [USB qube](/doc/usb-qubes/), such as the template for `sys-usb`:
|
|
|
|
|
`qubes-usb-proxy` to provide USB devices to other Qubes and
|
|
|
|
|
`qubes-input-proxy-sender` to provide keyboard or mouse input to dom0.
|
|
|
|
|
- [VPN
|
|
|
|
|
qube](https://github.com/Qubes-Community/Contents/blob/master/docs/configuration/vpn.md):
|
|
|
|
|
You may need to install network-manager VPN packages, depending on the VPN
|
|
|
|
|
technology you'll be using. After creating a machine based on this template,
|
|
|
|
|
follow the [VPN
|
|
|
|
|
howto](https://github.com/Qubes-Community/Contents/blob/master/docs/configuration/vpn.md#set-up-a-proxyvm-as-a-vpn-gateway-using-networkmanager)
|
|
|
|
|
to configure it.
|
|
|
|
|
- `default-mgmt-dvm`: requires `qubes-core-agent-passwordless-root` and
|
|
|
|
|
`qubes-mgmt-salt-vm-connector`.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
In Qubes 4.0, additional packages from the `qubes-core-agent` suite may be
|
|
|
|
|
needed to make the customized minimal template work properly. These packages
|
|
|
|
|
are:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
- `qubes-core-agent-nautilus`: This package provides integration with the
|
|
|
|
|
Nautilus file manager (without it, items like "copy to VM/open in disposable"
|
|
|
|
|
will not be shown in Nautilus).
|
|
|
|
|
- `qubes-core-agent-thunar`: This package provides integration with the thunar
|
|
|
|
|
file manager (without it, items like "copy to VM/open in disposable" will not
|
|
|
|
|
be shown in thunar).
|
|
|
|
|
- `qubes-core-agent-dom0-updates`: Script required to handle `dom0` updates.
|
|
|
|
|
Any template on which the qube responsible for 'dom0' updates (e.g.
|
|
|
|
|
`sys-firewall`) is based must contain this package.
|
2020-02-22 12:05:39 -05:00
|
|
|
- `qubes-menus`: Defines menu layout.
|
2021-06-19 05:15:40 -04:00
|
|
|
- `qubes-desktop-linux-common`: Contains icons and scripts to improve desktop
|
|
|
|
|
experience.
|
2020-02-22 12:05:39 -05:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Also, there are packages to provide additional services:
|
2020-02-22 12:47:46 -05:00
|
|
|
|
2020-02-22 12:05:39 -05:00
|
|
|
- `qubes-gpg-split`: For implementing split GPG.
|
|
|
|
|
- `qubes-pdf-converter`: For implementing safe conversion of PDFs.
|
|
|
|
|
- `qubes-img-converter`: For implementing safe conversion of images.
|
|
|
|
|
- `qubes-snapd-helper`: If you want to use snaps in qubes.
|
2021-06-19 05:15:40 -04:00
|
|
|
- `qubes-mgmt-salt-vm-connector`: If you want to use salt management on the
|
|
|
|
|
template and qubes.
|
2019-09-12 05:54:50 -04:00
|
|
|
|
2021-06-19 05:15:40 -04:00
|
|
|
Documentation on all of these can be found in the [docs](/doc/).
|
2020-02-22 12:47:46 -05:00
|
|
|
|
2021-06-19 05:15:40 -04:00
|
|
|
You could, of course, use `qubes-vm-recommended` to automatically install many
|
|
|
|
|
of these, but in that case you are well on the way to a standard Debian
|
|
|
|
|
template.
|
