qubes-doc/user/downloading-installing-upgrading/custom-install.md

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---
advanced: true
lang: en
layout: doc
permalink: /doc/custom-install/
redirect_from:
- /doc/encryption-config/
ref: 152
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title: Custom installation
---
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In the present context, "custom installation" refers to things like manual partitioning, setting up LVM and RAID, and manual LUKS encryption configuration.
## Installer Defaults
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For reference, these are the typical defaults for a single disk with legacy boot:
~~~
Mount Point: /boot
Desired Capacity: 1024 MiB
Device Type: Standard Partition
File System: ext4
Name: (none)
Mount Point: /
Desired Capacity: (your choice)
Device Type: LVM Thin Provisioning
Volume Group: qubes_dom0
File System: ext4
Name: root
Mount Point: (none)
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Desired Capacity: 10 GiB
Device Type: LVM
Volume Group: qubes_dom0
File System: swap
Name: swap
~~~
~~~
SUMMARY OF CHANGES
Order Action Type Device Mount point
1 Destroy Format Unknown Disk (sda)
2 Create Format partition table (MSDOS) Disk (sda)
3 Create Device partition sda1 on Disk
4 Create Format ext4 sda1 on Disk /boot
5 Create Device partition sda2 on Disk
6 Create Format LUKS sda2 on Disk
7 Create Device luks/dm-crypt luks-sda2
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8 Create Format physical volume (LVM) luks-sda2
9 Create Device lvmvg qubes_dom0
10 Create Device lvmthinpool qubes_dom0-pool00
11 Create Device lvmthinlv qubes_dom0-root
12 Create Device lvmlv qubes_dom0-swap
13 Create Format swap qubes_dom0-swap
14 Create Format ext4 qubes_dom0-root /
~~~
## Typical Partition Schemes
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If you want your partition/LVM scheme to look like the Qubes default but with a few tweaks, follow this example.
With a single disk, the result should look something like this:
~~~
NAME SIZE TYPE MOUNTPOINT
sda disk
├──sda1 1G part /boot
└──sda2 part
└──luks-<UUID> crypt
├──qubes_dom0-pool00_tmeta lvm
├──qubes_dom0-pool00_tdata lvm
└──qubes_dom0-swap lvm [SWAP]
~~~
## Encryption Defaults
By default, `cryptsetup 1.7.5` will create a LUKS/dm-crypt volume as follows:
~~~
Version: 1
Cipher name: aes
Cipher mode: xts-plain64
Hash spec: sha256
~~~
~~~
$ cryptsetup --help
[...]
Default compiled-in device cipher parameters:
loop-AES: aes, Key 256 bits
plain: aes-cbc-essiv:sha256, Key: 256 bits, Password hashing: ripdemd160
LUKS1: aes-xts-plain64, Key: 256 bits, LUKS header hashing: sha256, RNG: /dev/urandom
~~~
This means that, by default, Qubes inherits these upstream defaults:
- AES-128 [[1]](https://gitlab.com/cryptsetup/cryptsetup/wikis/FrequentlyAskedQuestions)[[2]](https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/dm-crypt/Device_encryption)[[3]](https://github.com/dyne/Tomb/issues/238)
- SHA-256
- `/dev/urandom`
- probably an `iter-time` of one second
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If, instead, you'd like to use AES-256, SHA-512, `/dev/random`, and a longer `iter-time`, for example, you can configure encryption manually by following the instructions below.
## Example: Custom LUKS Configuration
Boot into the Qubes installer, then press `ctrl`+`alt`+`F2` to get a virtual console.
1. (Optional) Wipe the disk:
```
# dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/sda bs=1M status=progress && sync
```
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2. Create partitions:
```
# fdisk /dev/sda
```
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Follow the steps to create two partitions:
- ~500MiB-1GiB for `/boot`
- The rest for `/` (might want to leave some for overprovisioning if it's an SSD)
4. Create LUKS encrypted volume:
```
# cryptsetup -v --hash sha512 --cipher aes-xts-plain64 --key-size 512 --use-random --iter-time 10000 --verify-passphrase luksFormat /dev/sda2
```
5. Open encrypted volume:
```
# cryptsetup open /dev/sda2 luks
```
6. Create LVM volumes:
```
# pvcreate /dev/mapper/luks
# vgcreate qubes_dom0 /dev/mapper/luks
# lvcreate -n swap -L 10G qubes_dom0
# lvcreate -T -l +100%FREE qubes_dom0/pool00
# lvcreate -V1G -T qubes_dom0/pool00 -n root
# lvextend -L <size_of_pool00> /dev/qubes_dom0/root
```
8. Proceed with the installer. You can do that either by pressing `ctrl`+`alt`+`F6`, or by rebooting and restarting the installation.
At the disk selection screen, select:
```
[x] I will configure partitioning.
[ ] Encrypt my data.
```
9. Decrypt your partition. After decrypting you may assign mount points:
Open the Unknown list and select `qubes_dom0-root`. Check the reformat box to the right and choose `ext4` as a filesystem. Enter `/` into the Mount Point field at the top.
Repeat the process for `sda1` and `qubes_dom0-swap`. Those should be assigned to `/boot` and `swap` respectively.
The default file systems are ext4 for `/boot` and `/`, and swap for `swap`.
When you are finished, the Unknown list should go away, and all three mount points should be assigned. Proceed normally with the installation from there.