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Merge branch 'main' into pr/3068

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Jonah Aragon 2025-09-16 17:19:58 -05:00
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1
.devcontainer/Caddyfile
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@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
:1337 {
reverse_proxy /articles/* http://127.0.0.1:8001
reverse_proxy /videos/* http://127.0.0.1:8002
reverse_proxy /en/* http://127.0.0.1:8000
redir / /en/
}

22
.devcontainer/devcontainer.json
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@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
// For format details, see https://aka.ms/devcontainer.json.
{
"name": "Privacy Guides",
"image": "ghcr.io/privacyguides/privacyguides.org:sha-55c050b",
"image": "ghcr.io/privacyguides/privacyguides.org:sha-5648a3f",
// "build": {
// "dockerfile": "../Dockerfile",
// "context": ".."
@ -19,10 +19,6 @@
"8001": {
"label": "Articles",
"onAutoForward": "silent"
},
"8002": {
"label": "Videos",
"onAutoForward": "silent"
}
},
"otherPortsAttributes": {
@ -52,24 +48,10 @@
"group": "Live server"
}
},
{
"label": "Videos",
"type": "shell",
"command": "mkdocs serve --config-file=mkdocs.videos.yml --dev-addr=localhost:8002",
"group": "test",
"runOptions": {
"runOn": "folderOpen"
},
"presentation": {
"reveal": "always",
"panel": "dedicated",
"group": "Live server"
}
},
{
"label": "Main",
"type": "shell",
"command": "./run.sh --cmd=mkdocs --insiders --production",
"command": "./run.sh --cmd=mkdocs --insiders",
"group": "test",
"runOptions": {
"runOn": "folderOpen"

19
.github/workflows/build-pr.yml vendored
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@ -80,7 +80,7 @@ jobs:
needs: [submodule, metadata]
strategy:
matrix:
lang: [es, fr, he, it, nl, ru, zh-Hant]
lang: [es, fr, he, it, nl, ru, zh-Hant, zh-TW]
fail-fast: false
uses: ./.github/workflows/build.yml
with:
@ -101,24 +101,23 @@ jobs:
continue-on-error: true
privileged: ${{ fromJSON(needs.metadata.outputs.privileged) }}
build_videos:
if: ${{ contains(github.event.pull_request.labels.*.name, 'ci:build videos') }}
build_zimfile:
if: ${{ contains(github.event.pull_request.labels.*.name, 'ci:build zimfile') }}
needs: [submodule, metadata]
uses: ./.github/workflows/build-videos.yml
uses: ./.github/workflows/build-zimfile.yml
with:
ref: ${{github.event.pull_request.head.ref}}
repo: ${{github.event.pull_request.head.repo.full_name}}
continue-on-error: true
privileged: ${{ fromJSON(needs.metadata.outputs.privileged) }}
secrets:
RO_DISCOURSE_API_KEY: ${{ secrets.RO_DISCOURSE_API_KEY }}
combine_build:
needs: [build_english, build_i18n, build_blog, build_videos]
needs: [build_english, build_i18n, build_blog]
if: |
(always() && !cancelled() && !failure()) &&
needs.build_english.result == 'success' &&
(needs.build_i18n.result == 'success' || needs.build_i18n.result == 'skipped') &&
(needs.build_blog.result == 'success' || needs.build_blog.result == 'skipped') &&
(needs.build_videos.result == 'success' || needs.build_videos.result == 'skipped')
(needs.build_blog.result == 'success' || needs.build_blog.result == 'skipped')
runs-on: ubuntu-latest
steps:
@ -140,5 +139,5 @@ jobs:
cleanup:
if: ${{ always() }}
needs: [build_english, build_i18n, build_blog, build_videos]
needs: [build_english, build_i18n, build_blog, build_zimfile]
uses: privacyguides/.github/.github/workflows/cleanup.yml@main

116
.github/workflows/build-videos.yml vendored
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@ -1,116 +0,0 @@
name: 🛠️ Build Videos
on:
workflow_call:
inputs:
ref:
required: true
type: string
repo:
required: true
type: string
context:
type: string
default: deploy-preview
continue-on-error:
type: boolean
default: true
privileged:
type: boolean
default: true
permissions:
contents: read
jobs:
build:
runs-on: ubuntu-latest
continue-on-error: ${{ inputs.continue-on-error }}
permissions:
contents: read
steps:
- name: Add GitHub Token to Environment
run: |
echo "GH_TOKEN=${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}" >> "$GITHUB_ENV"
- name: Download Repository
uses: actions/checkout@v4
with:
repository: ${{ inputs.repo }}
ref: ${{ inputs.ref }}
persist-credentials: "false"
fetch-depth: 0
- name: Download Submodules
uses: actions/download-artifact@v4
with:
pattern: repo-*
path: modules
- name: Move mkdocs-material-insiders to mkdocs-material
if: inputs.privileged
run: |
rmdir modules/mkdocs-material
mv modules/repo-mkdocs-material-insiders modules/mkdocs-material
- name: Move brand submodule to theme/assets/brand
run: |
rmdir theme/assets/brand
mv modules/repo-brand theme/assets/brand
- name: Install Python (pipenv)
if: inputs.privileged
uses: actions/setup-python@v5
with:
cache: "pipenv"
- name: Install Python (no pipenv)
if: ${{ !inputs.privileged }}
uses: actions/setup-python@v5
- name: Install Python Dependencies
if: inputs.privileged
run: |
pip install pipenv
pipenv install
sudo apt install pngquant
- name: Install Python Dependencies (Unprivileged)
if: ${{ !inputs.privileged }}
run: |
pip install mkdocs-material mkdocs-rss-plugin mkdocs-glightbox mkdocs-macros-plugin
sudo apt install pngquant
- name: Set base navigation URLs for production build
if: inputs.context == 'production'
run: |
{
echo "MAIN_SITE_BASE_URL=https://www.privacyguides.org/en/"
echo "MAIN_SITE_ABOUT_URL=https://www.privacyguides.org/en/about/"
echo "MAIN_SITE_RECOMMENDATIONS_URL=https://www.privacyguides.org/en/tools/"
echo "MAIN_SITE_KNOWLEDGE_BASE_URL=https://www.privacyguides.org/en/basics/why-privacy-matters/"
echo "ARTICLES_SITE_BASE_URL=https://www.privacyguides.org/articles/"
echo "VIDEOS_SITE_BASE_URL=https://www.privacyguides.org/videos/"
} >> "$GITHUB_ENV"
- name: Build Website (Privileged)
if: inputs.privileged
run: |
pipenv run mkdocs build --config-file mkdocs.videos.yml
- name: Build Website (Unprivileged)
if: ${{ !inputs.privileged }}
run: |
BUILD_INSIDERS=false mkdocs build --config-file mkdocs.videos.yml
- name: Package Website
run: |
tar -czf site-build-videos.tar.gz site
- name: Upload Site
uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
with:
name: site-build-videos.tar.gz
path: site-build-videos.tar.gz
retention-days: 1

603
.github/workflows/build-zimfile.yml vendored Normal file
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@ -0,0 +1,603 @@
name: 🥝 Build Zimfile
on:
workflow_call:
inputs:
ref:
required: true
type: string
repo:
required: true
type: string
secrets:
RO_DISCOURSE_API_KEY:
required: false
permissions:
contents: read
env:
VIDEOS_SITE_BASE_URL: https://www.privacyguides.org/videos/
HOMEPAGE_CTA_ABOUT_LINK: about.html
HOMEPAGE_CTA_DONATE_LINK: about/donate.html
BUILD_OFFLINE: true
PRODUCTION: true
CARDS: false
GITREVISIONDATE: false
GITAUTHORS: false
jobs:
package_eng:
runs-on: ubuntu-latest
permissions:
contents: read
env:
LANGUAGE_SWITCHER: false
MAIN_SITE_BASE_URL: /en/index.html
MAIN_SITE_ABOUT_URL: /en/about.html
MAIN_SITE_RECOMMENDATIONS_URL: /en/tools.html
MAIN_SITE_KNOWLEDGE_BASE_URL: /en/basics/why-privacy-matters.html
ARTICLES_SITE_BASE_URL: /articles/index.html
steps:
- name: Add GitHub Token to Environment
run: |
echo "GH_TOKEN=${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}" >> "$GITHUB_ENV"
- name: Download Repository
uses: actions/checkout@v4
with:
repository: ${{ inputs.repo }}
ref: ${{ inputs.ref }}
persist-credentials: "false"
fetch-depth: 0
- name: Download Submodules
uses: actions/download-artifact@v4
with:
pattern: repo-*
path: modules
- name: Move mkdocs-material-insiders to mkdocs-material
run: |
rmdir modules/mkdocs-material
mv modules/repo-mkdocs-material-insiders modules/mkdocs-material
- name: Move brand submodule to theme/assets/brand
run: |
rmdir theme/assets/brand
mv modules/repo-brand theme/assets/brand
- name: Install Python (pipenv)
uses: actions/setup-python@v5
with:
cache: "pipenv"
- name: Install Python Dependencies
run: |
pip install pipenv
pipenv install
sudo apt install pngquant
- name: Generate Donating Members List
continue-on-error: true
env:
DISCOURSE_API_KEY: ${{ secrets.RO_DISCOURSE_API_KEY }}
run: |
pip install requests
python tools/generate-members.py > includes/members.md
- name: Build English
run: |
./run.sh --build --production --insiders --offline --lang=en
- name: Delete Unreferenced Assets
run: |
bash tools/delete-unreferenced.sh
env:
ASSETS_DIR: site/en/assets
SEARCH_DIR: site/en
- name: Run generate-topics.sh for top posts
run: |
bash tools/generate-topics.sh \
--source='https://discuss.privacyguides.net/top.json?period=weekly' \
--tag="top posts" \
--destination="./site/en/index.html" \
--count=3
- name: Run generate-topics.sh for latest posts
run: |
bash tools/generate-topics.sh \
--source='https://discuss.privacyguides.net/latest.json' \
--tag="latest posts" \
--destination="./site/en/index.html" \
--count=12
- name: Build Articles
run: |
pipenv run mkdocs build --config-file mkdocs.blog.yml
- name: Delete Unreferenced Assets
run: |
bash tools/delete-unreferenced.sh
env:
ASSETS_DIR: site/articles/assets
SEARCH_DIR: site/articles
- name: Remove Duplicate Files
run: |
cd site && bash ../tools/symlink-duplicates.sh
ln -s en/index.html index.html
ln -s en/about/notices.html license
cd ..
- name: Set zimfile name
run: |
echo "ZIMFILE_NAME=privacyguides.org_en_all_$(date +%Y)-$(date +%m).zim" >> "$GITHUB_ENV"
- name: Create ZIM File
uses: addnab/docker-run-action@v3
with:
image: ghcr.io/openzim/zim-tools:3.1.3
options: -v ${{ github.workspace }}:/data
run: |
zimwriterfs \
-w index.html \
-I en/assets/brand/logos/png/square/pg-yellow.png \
-l eng \
-t "Privacy Guides" \
-d "Your central privacy and security resource to protect yourself online." \
-c "Privacy Guides" \
-p "Privacy Guides" \
-e "https://www.privacyguides.org" \
-n "privacyguides.org_en_all" \
/data/site/ /data/${{ env.ZIMFILE_NAME }}
- name: Upload ZIM File
uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
with:
path: ${{ env.ZIMFILE_NAME }}
name: ${{ env.ZIMFILE_NAME }}
compression-level: 0
- name: Run zimcheck
uses: addnab/docker-run-action@v3
continue-on-error: true
with:
image: ghcr.io/openzim/zim-tools:3.1.3
options: -v ${{ github.workspace }}:/data
run: |
zimcheck /data/${{ env.ZIMFILE_NAME }}
package_eng_kb:
runs-on: ubuntu-latest
permissions:
contents: read
env:
LANGUAGE_SWITCHER: false
ARTICLES_SITE_BASE_URL: https://www.privacyguides.org/articles/
steps:
- name: Add GitHub Token to Environment
run: |
echo "GH_TOKEN=${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}" >> "$GITHUB_ENV"
- name: Download Repository
uses: actions/checkout@v4
with:
repository: ${{ inputs.repo }}
ref: ${{ inputs.ref }}
persist-credentials: "false"
fetch-depth: 0
- name: Download Submodules
uses: actions/download-artifact@v4
with:
pattern: repo-*
path: modules
- name: Move mkdocs-material-insiders to mkdocs-material
run: |
rmdir modules/mkdocs-material
mv modules/repo-mkdocs-material-insiders modules/mkdocs-material
- name: Move brand submodule to theme/assets/brand
run: |
rmdir theme/assets/brand
mv modules/repo-brand theme/assets/brand
- name: Install Python (pipenv)
uses: actions/setup-python@v5
with:
cache: "pipenv"
- name: Install Python Dependencies
run: |
pip install pipenv
pipenv install
sudo apt install pngquant
- name: Generate Donating Members List
continue-on-error: true
env:
DISCOURSE_API_KEY: ${{ secrets.RO_DISCOURSE_API_KEY }}
run: |
pip install requests
python tools/generate-members.py > includes/members.md
- name: Build English
run: |
./run.sh --build --production --insiders --offline --lang=en
- name: Run generate-topics.sh for top posts
run: |
bash tools/generate-topics.sh \
--source='https://discuss.privacyguides.net/top.json?period=weekly' \
--tag="top posts" \
--destination="./site/en/index.html" \
--count=3
- name: Run generate-topics.sh for latest posts
run: |
bash tools/generate-topics.sh \
--source='https://discuss.privacyguides.net/latest.json' \
--tag="latest posts" \
--destination="./site/en/index.html" \
--count=12
- name: Delete Unreferenced Assets
run: |
bash tools/delete-unreferenced.sh
env:
ASSETS_DIR: site/en/assets
SEARCH_DIR: site/en
- name: Remove Duplicate Files
run: |
cd site && bash ../tools/symlink-duplicates.sh
ln -s en/index.html index.html
ln -s en/about/notices.html license
cd ..
- name: Set zimfile name
run: |
echo "ZIMFILE_NAME=privacyguides.org_en_kb_$(date +%Y)-$(date +%m).zim" >> "$GITHUB_ENV"
- name: Create ZIM File
uses: addnab/docker-run-action@v3
with:
image: ghcr.io/openzim/zim-tools:3.1.3
options: -v ${{ github.workspace }}:/data
run: |
zimwriterfs \
-w index.html \
-I en/assets/brand/logos/png/square/pg-yellow.png \
-l eng \
-t "Privacy Guides" \
-d "Knowledge base articles and recommendations from Privacy Guides." \
-c "Privacy Guides" \
-p "Privacy Guides" \
-e "https://www.privacyguides.org" \
-n "privacyguides.org_en_kb" \
/data/site/ /data/${{ env.ZIMFILE_NAME }}
- name: Upload ZIM File
uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
with:
path: ${{ env.ZIMFILE_NAME }}
name: ${{ env.ZIMFILE_NAME }}
compression-level: 0
- name: Run zimcheck
uses: addnab/docker-run-action@v3
continue-on-error: true
with:
image: ghcr.io/openzim/zim-tools:3.1.3
options: -v ${{ github.workspace }}:/data
run: |
zimcheck /data/${{ env.ZIMFILE_NAME }}
package_eng_articles:
runs-on: ubuntu-latest
permissions:
contents: read
env:
MAIN_SITE_BASE_URL: https://www.privacyguides.org/en/
MAIN_SITE_ABOUT_URL: https://www.privacyguides.org/en/about/
MAIN_SITE_RECOMMENDATIONS_URL: https://www.privacyguides.org/en/tools/
MAIN_SITE_KNOWLEDGE_BASE_URL: https://www.privacyguides.org/en/basics/
steps:
- name: Add GitHub Token to Environment
run: |
echo "GH_TOKEN=${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}" >> "$GITHUB_ENV"
- name: Download Repository
uses: actions/checkout@v4
with:
repository: ${{ inputs.repo }}
ref: ${{ inputs.ref }}
persist-credentials: "false"
fetch-depth: 0
- name: Download Submodules
uses: actions/download-artifact@v4
with:
pattern: repo-*
path: modules
- name: Move mkdocs-material-insiders to mkdocs-material
run: |
rmdir modules/mkdocs-material
mv modules/repo-mkdocs-material-insiders modules/mkdocs-material
- name: Move brand submodule to theme/assets/brand
run: |
rmdir theme/assets/brand
mv modules/repo-brand theme/assets/brand
- name: Install Python (pipenv)
uses: actions/setup-python@v5
with:
cache: "pipenv"
- name: Install Python Dependencies
run: |
pip install pipenv
pipenv install
sudo apt install pngquant
- name: Build Articles
run: |
pipenv run mkdocs build --config-file mkdocs.blog.yml
- name: Delete Unreferenced Assets
run: |
bash tools/delete-unreferenced.sh
env:
ASSETS_DIR: site/articles/assets
SEARCH_DIR: site/articles
- name: Remove Duplicate Files
run: |
cd site && bash ../tools/symlink-duplicates.sh
ln -s articles/index.html index.html
cd ..
- name: Set zimfile name
run: |
echo "ZIMFILE_NAME=privacyguides.org_en_articles_$(date +%Y)-$(date +%m).zim" >> "$GITHUB_ENV"
- name: Create ZIM File
uses: addnab/docker-run-action@v3
with:
image: ghcr.io/openzim/zim-tools:3.1.3
options: -v ${{ github.workspace }}:/data
run: |
zimwriterfs \
-w index.html \
-I articles/assets/brand/logos/png/square/pg-yellow.png \
-l eng \
-t "Privacy Guides" \
-d "Long-form articles from the Privacy Guides team and other contributors." \
-c "Privacy Guides" \
-p "Privacy Guides" \
-e "https://www.privacyguides.org" \
-n "privacyguides.org_en_articles" \
/data/site/ /data/${{ env.ZIMFILE_NAME }}
- name: Upload ZIM File
uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
with:
path: ${{ env.ZIMFILE_NAME }}
name: ${{ env.ZIMFILE_NAME }}
compression-level: 0
- name: Run zimcheck
uses: addnab/docker-run-action@v3
continue-on-error: true
with:
image: ghcr.io/openzim/zim-tools:3.1.3
options: -v ${{ github.workspace }}:/data
run: |
zimcheck /data/${{ env.ZIMFILE_NAME }}
build_mul:
runs-on: ubuntu-latest
continue-on-error: true
permissions:
contents: read
env:
MAIN_SITE_BASE_URL: /en/index.html
MAIN_SITE_ABOUT_URL: /en/about.html
MAIN_SITE_RECOMMENDATIONS_URL: /en/tools.html
MAIN_SITE_KNOWLEDGE_BASE_URL: /en/basics/why-privacy-matters.html
ARTICLES_SITE_BASE_URL: /articles/index.html
strategy:
matrix:
lang: [en, es, fr, he, it, nl, ru, zh-Hant]
steps:
- name: Add GitHub Token to Environment
run: |
echo "GH_TOKEN=${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}" >> "$GITHUB_ENV"
- name: Download Repository
uses: actions/checkout@v4
with:
repository: ${{ inputs.repo }}
ref: ${{ inputs.ref }}
persist-credentials: "false"
fetch-depth: 0
- name: Download Submodules
uses: actions/download-artifact@v4
with:
pattern: repo-*
path: modules
- name: Move mkdocs-material-insiders to mkdocs-material
run: |
rmdir modules/mkdocs-material
mv modules/repo-mkdocs-material-insiders modules/mkdocs-material
- name: Move brand submodule to theme/assets/brand
run: |
rmdir theme/assets/brand
mv modules/repo-brand theme/assets/brand
- name: Copy Translation Files
if: matrix.lang != 'en'
run: |
cp -rl modules/repo-i18n/i18n .
cp -rl modules/repo-i18n/includes .
- name: Install Python (pipenv)
uses: actions/setup-python@v5
with:
cache: "pipenv"
- name: Install Python Dependencies
run: |
pip install pipenv
pipenv install
sudo apt install pngquant
- name: Generate Donating Members List
continue-on-error: true
env:
DISCOURSE_API_KEY: ${{ secrets.RO_DISCOURSE_API_KEY }}
run: |
pip install requests
python tools/generate-members.py > includes/members.md
- name: Build Website
run: |
./run.sh --build --production --insiders --offline --lang=${{ matrix.lang }}
- name: Run generate-topics.sh for top posts
if: matrix.lang == 'en'
run: |
bash tools/generate-topics.sh \
--source='https://discuss.privacyguides.net/top.json?period=weekly' \
--tag="top posts" \
--destination="./site/en/index.html" \
--count=3
- name: Run generate-topics.sh for latest posts
if: matrix.lang == 'en'
run: |
bash tools/generate-topics.sh \
--source='https://discuss.privacyguides.net/latest.json' \
--tag="latest posts" \
--destination="./site/en/index.html" \
--count=12
- name: Delete Unreferenced Assets
run: |
bash tools/delete-unreferenced.sh
env:
ASSETS_DIR: site/${{ matrix.lang }}/assets
SEARCH_DIR: site/${{ matrix.lang }}
- name: Build Articles
if: matrix.lang == 'en'
run: |
pipenv run mkdocs build --config-file mkdocs.blog.yml
- name: Delete Unreferenced Assets
if: matrix.lang == 'en'
run: |
bash tools/delete-unreferenced.sh
env:
ASSETS_DIR: site/articles/assets
SEARCH_DIR: site/articles
- name: Package Website
run: |
tar -czf site-zimready-${{ matrix.lang }}.tar.gz site
- name: Upload Site
uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
with:
name: site-zimready-${{ matrix.lang }}.tar.gz
path: site-zimready-${{ matrix.lang }}.tar.gz
retention-days: 1
compression-level: 0
package_mul:
runs-on: ubuntu-latest
needs: [build_mul]
permissions:
contents: read
steps:
- name: Download Repository
uses: actions/checkout@v4
with:
repository: ${{ inputs.repo }}
ref: ${{ inputs.ref }}
persist-credentials: "false"
fetch-depth: 0
- name: Download All Sites
uses: actions/download-artifact@v4
with:
pattern: site-zimready-*
merge-multiple: true
- name: List Files (for debugging)
run: |
for file in *.tar.gz; do tar -zxf "$file"; done
ls -la site/
- name: Remove Duplicate Files
run: |
cd site && bash ../tools/symlink-duplicates.sh
ln -s en/index.html index.html
ln -s en/about/notices.html license
cd ..
- name: Set zimfile name
run: |
echo "ZIMFILE_NAME=privacyguides.org_mul_all_$(date +%Y)-$(date +%m).zim" >> "$GITHUB_ENV"
- name: Create ZIM File
uses: addnab/docker-run-action@v3
with:
image: ghcr.io/openzim/zim-tools:3.1.3
options: -v ${{ github.workspace }}:/data
run: |
zimwriterfs \
-w index.html \
-I en/assets/brand/logos/png/square/pg-yellow.png \
-l mul \
-t "Privacy Guides" \
-d "Your central privacy and security resource to protect yourself online." \
-c "Privacy Guides" \
-p "Privacy Guides" \
-e "https://www.privacyguides.org" \
-n "privacyguides.org_mul_all" \
/data/site/ /data/${{ env.ZIMFILE_NAME }}
- name: Upload ZIM File
uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
with:
path: ${{ env.ZIMFILE_NAME }}
name: ${{ env.ZIMFILE_NAME }}
compression-level: 0
- name: Run zimcheck
uses: addnab/docker-run-action@v3
continue-on-error: true
with:
image: ghcr.io/openzim/zim-tools:3.1.3
options: -v ${{ github.workspace }}:/data
run: |
zimcheck /data/${{ env.ZIMFILE_NAME }}

80
.github/workflows/build.yml vendored
View file

@ -160,19 +160,6 @@ jobs:
social-cache-${{ inputs.repo }}-${{ inputs.lang }}-
social-cache-privacyguides/privacyguides.org-${{ inputs.lang }}-
- name: Restore Optimize Plugin Cache
uses: actions/cache/restore@v4
id: optimize_cache_restore
if: inputs.cache
with:
key: optimize-cache-${{ inputs.repo }}-${{ hashfiles('.cache/plugin/optimize/manifest.json') }}
path: |
.cache/plugin/optimize
restore-keys: |
optimize-cache-${{ inputs.repo }}-
optimize-cache-privacyguides/privacyguides.org-
optimize-cache-
- name: Install Python Dependencies
if: inputs.privileged
run: |
@ -193,7 +180,7 @@ jobs:
DISCOURSE_API_KEY: ${{ secrets.RO_DISCOURSE_API_KEY }}
run: |
pip install requests
python generate-members.py > includes/members.md
python tools/generate-members.py > includes/members.md
- name: Build Website
run: |
@ -202,7 +189,7 @@ jobs:
- name: Run generate-topics.sh for top posts
if: inputs.lang == 'en'
run: |
bash generate-topics.sh \
bash tools/generate-topics.sh \
--source='https://discuss.privacyguides.net/top.json?period=weekly' \
--tag="top posts" \
--destination="./site/en/index.html" \
@ -211,7 +198,7 @@ jobs:
- name: Run generate-topics.sh for latest posts
if: inputs.lang == 'en'
run: |
bash generate-topics.sh \
bash tools/generate-topics.sh \
--source='https://discuss.privacyguides.net/latest.json' \
--tag="latest posts" \
--destination="./site/en/index.html" \
@ -242,16 +229,6 @@ jobs:
.cache/plugin/social/manifest.json
.cache/plugin/social/assets
- name: Find Optimize Plugin Cache
uses: actions/cache/restore@v4
if: steps.optimize_cache_restore.outputs.cache-hit != 'true' && inputs.cache
id: optimize_cache_test
with:
key: optimize-cache-privacyguides/privacyguides.org-${{ hashfiles('.cache/plugin/optimize/manifest.json') }}
lookup-only: true
path: |
.cache/plugin/optimize
- name: Save Privacy Plugin Cache
uses: actions/cache/save@v4
if: steps.privacy_cache_test.outputs.cache-hit != 'true' && inputs.cache
@ -268,13 +245,6 @@ jobs:
.cache/plugin/social/manifest.json
.cache/plugin/social/assets
- name: Save Optimize Plugin Cache
uses: actions/cache/save@v4
if: steps.optimize_cache_test.outputs.cache-hit != 'true' && inputs.cache
with:
key: optimize-cache-${{ inputs.repo }}-${{ hashfiles('.cache/plugin/optimize/manifest.json') }}
path: .cache/plugin/optimize
- name: Upload Site
uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
with:
@ -289,47 +259,3 @@ jobs:
name: members.md
path: includes/members.md
retention-days: 1
offline_package:
if: inputs.config == 'offline' && inputs.lang == 'en'
needs: build
runs-on: ubuntu-latest
continue-on-error: ${{ inputs.continue-on-error }}
permissions:
contents: read
steps:
- uses: actions/download-artifact@v4
with:
name: site-offline-en.tar.gz
- run: |
tar -xzf site-offline-en.tar.gz
tar -czf offline.tar.gz site/en
zip -r -q offline.zip site/en
- name: Upload tar.gz file
uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
with:
name: offline.tar.gz
path: offline.tar.gz
- name: Upload zip file
uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
with:
name: offline.zip
path: offline.zip
- name: Create ZIM File
uses: addnab/docker-run-action@v3
with:
image: ghcr.io/openzim/zim-tools:3.1.3
options: -v ${{ github.workspace }}:/data
run: |
zimwriterfs -w index.html -I assets/brand/logos/png/square/pg-yellow.png -l eng -t "Privacy Guides" -d "Your central privacy and security resource to protect yourself online." -c "Privacy Guides" -p "Jonah Aragon" -n "Privacy Guides" -e "https://github.com/privacyguides/privacyguides.org" /data/site/en /data/offline-privacy_guides.zim
- name: Upload ZIM file
uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
with:
name: offline-privacy_guides.zim
path: offline-privacy_guides.zim

16
.github/workflows/publish-immediate.yml vendored
View file

@ -27,7 +27,6 @@ on:
- "main"
paths:
- "blog/**"
- "videos/**"
concurrency:
group: release-deployment
@ -61,19 +60,8 @@ jobs:
continue-on-error: false
context: production
build_videos:
needs: submodule
permissions:
contents: read
uses: ./.github/workflows/build-videos.yml
with:
repo: ${{ github.repository }}
ref: ${{ github.ref }}
continue-on-error: false
context: production
deploy:
needs: [build_blog, build_videos]
needs: [build_blog]
uses: privacyguides/webserver/.github/workflows/deploy-garage.yml@main
with:
environment: production
@ -83,5 +71,5 @@ jobs:
cleanup:
if: ${{ always() }}
needs: [build_blog, build_videos]
needs: [build_blog]
uses: privacyguides/.github/.github/workflows/cleanup.yml@main

12
.github/workflows/publish-pr.yml vendored
View file

@ -89,18 +89,6 @@ jobs:
echo "sha=$(cat metadata/SHA)" >> "$GITHUB_OUTPUT"
echo "privileged=$(cat metadata/PRIVILEGED)" >> "$GITHUB_OUTPUT"
deploy_netlify:
needs: metadata
permissions:
contents: read
uses: privacyguides/webserver/.github/workflows/deploy-netlify-preview.yml@main
with:
netlify_alias: ${{ needs.metadata.outputs.pr_number }}
netlify_site_id: ${{ vars.NETLIFY_SITE }}
secrets:
NETLIFY_TOKEN: ${{ secrets.NETLIFY_TOKEN }}
deploy_garage:
needs: metadata
permissions:

23
.github/workflows/publish-release.yml vendored
View file

@ -50,8 +50,8 @@ jobs:
needs: submodule
strategy:
matrix:
lang: [en, es, fr, he, it, nl, ru, zh-Hant]
build: [build, offline]
lang: [en, es, fr, he, it, nl, ru, zh-Hant, zh-TW]
build: [build]
permissions:
contents: read
uses: ./.github/workflows/build.yml
@ -77,20 +77,20 @@ jobs:
continue-on-error: false
context: production
build_videos:
build_zimfile:
needs: submodule
permissions:
contents: read
uses: ./.github/workflows/build-videos.yml
uses: ./.github/workflows/build-zimfile.yml
with:
repo: ${{ github.repository }}
ref: ${{ github.ref }}
continue-on-error: false
context: production
secrets:
RO_DISCOURSE_API_KEY: ${{ secrets.RO_DISCOURSE_API_KEY }}
release:
name: Create release notes
needs: build
needs: [build, build_zimfile]
runs-on: ubuntu-latest
permissions:
contents: write
@ -98,21 +98,20 @@ jobs:
steps:
- uses: actions/download-artifact@v4
with:
pattern: offline*
pattern: "*.zim"
merge-multiple: true
- name: Create release notes
uses: ncipollo/release-action@v1
with:
generateReleaseNotes: true
artifacts: "offline.zip,offline.tar.gz,offline-privacy_guides.zim"
artifacts: "*.zim"
makeLatest: true
deploy:
needs: [build, build_blog, build_videos]
needs: [build, build_blog]
uses: privacyguides/webserver/.github/workflows/deploy-all.yml@main
secrets:
NETLIFY_TOKEN: ${{ secrets.NETLIFY_TOKEN }}
PROD_MINIO_KEY_ID: ${{ secrets.PROD_MINIO_KEY_ID }}
PROD_MINIO_SECRET_KEY: ${{ secrets.PROD_MINIO_SECRET_KEY }}
PROD_GARAGE_KEY_ID: ${{ secrets.PROD_GARAGE_KEY_ID }}
@ -126,5 +125,5 @@ jobs:
cleanup:
if: ${{ always() }}
needs: [build, build_blog, build_videos]
needs: [build, build_blog, build_zimfile]
uses: privacyguides/.github/.github/workflows/cleanup.yml@main

4
.github/workflows/update-discussions.yml vendored
View file

@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ jobs:
- name: Run generate-topics.sh for top posts
run: |
bash generate-topics.sh \
bash tools/generate-topics.sh \
--source='https://discuss.privacyguides.net/top.json?period=weekly' \
--tag="top posts" \
--destination="./site/en/index.html" \
@ -65,7 +65,7 @@ jobs:
- name: Run generate-topics.sh for latest posts
run: |
bash generate-topics.sh \
bash tools/generate-topics.sh \
--source='https://discuss.privacyguides.net/latest.json' \
--tag="latest posts" \
--destination="./site/en/index.html" \

1
.mailmap
View file

@ -15,6 +15,7 @@ Jonah Aragon <jonah@privacyguides.org> <jonah@triplebit.net>
Jonah Aragon <jonah@privacyguides.org> <jonah@privacytools.io>
Jonah Aragon <jonah@privacyguides.org> <github@aragon.science>
Jordan Warne <jordan@privacyguides.org> <jw@omg.lol>
Jordan Warne <jordan@privacyguides.org> <contact@jordanwarne.net>
Justin Ehrenhofer <justin.ehrenhofer@gmail.com> <12520755+SamsungGalaxyPlayer@users.noreply.github.com>
Mare Polaris <ph00lt0@privacyguides.org> <15004290+ph00lt0@users.noreply.github.com>
Niek de Wilde <niek@privacyguides.org> <github.ef27z@simplelogin.com>

2
.vscode/ltex.dictionary.en-US.txt vendored
View file

@ -316,7 +316,6 @@ cryptofs
siv-mode
cryptolib-swift
cryptomator-objc-cryptor
Picocrypt
VeraCrypt
TrueCrypt
cryptoprocessor
@ -569,3 +568,4 @@ allowlisted
MyMonero
Monero-LWS
OkCupid
Anom

3
.vscode/settings.json vendored
View file

@ -115,5 +115,6 @@
"editor.formatOnSave": true,
"[github-actions-workflow]": {
"editor.defaultFormatter": "esbenp.prettier-vscode"
}
},
"python-envs.pythonProjects": []
}

439
Pipfile.lock generated
View file

@ -64,11 +64,11 @@
},
"certifi": {
"hashes": [
"sha256:0a816057ea3cdefcef70270d2c515e4506bbc954f417fa5ade2021213bb8f0c6",
"sha256:30350364dfe371162649852c63336a15c70c6510c2ad5015b21c2345311805f3"
"sha256:e564105f78ded564e3ae7c923924435e1daa7463faeab5bb932bc53ffae63407",
"sha256:f6c12493cfb1b06ba2ff328595af9350c65d6644968e5d3a2ffd78699af217a5"
],
"markers": "python_version >= '3.6'",
"version": "==2025.4.26"
"markers": "python_version >= '3.7'",
"version": "==2025.8.3"
},
"cffi": {
"hashes": [
@ -145,101 +145,88 @@
},
"charset-normalizer": {
"hashes": [
"sha256:005fa3432484527f9732ebd315da8da8001593e2cf46a3d817669f062c3d9ed4",
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@ -672,11 +655,11 @@
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@ -786,11 +769,77 @@
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8
README.md
View file

@ -42,7 +42,7 @@
**Privacy Guides** is a socially motivated website that provides information for protecting your data security and privacy. Our mission is to inform the public about the value of digital privacy, and global government initiatives which aim to monitor your online activity. We are a non-profit collective operated entirely by volunteer team members and contributors. Our website is free of advertisements and not affiliated with any of the listed providers.
The current list of team members can be found [here](https://www.privacyguides.org/en/about/#executive-committee). Additionally, [many people](#contributors) have made contributions to the project, and you can too!
The current list of team members can be found on [the executive committee page](https://www.privacyguides.org/en/about/#executive-committee). Additionally, [many people](#contributors) have made contributions to the project, and you can too!
*Featured on: [Tweakers](https://tweakers.net/reviews/10568/op-zoek-naar-privacyvriendelijke-tools-niek-de-wilde-van-privacy-guides.html), [The New York Times](https://nytimes.com/wirecutter/guides/online-security-social-media-privacy), [Wired](https://wired.com/story/firefox-mozilla-2022), and [Fast Company](https://www.fastcompany.com/91167564/mozilla-wants-you-to-love-firefox-again).*
@ -63,9 +63,7 @@ All contributors to the site are listed [here](#contributors). If you have contr
## Mirrors
- **GitHub Pages:** [privacyguides.github.io/privacyguides.org](https://privacyguides.github.io/privacyguides.org/en/)
- **Netlify (AWS):** [illustrious-bavarois-56cf30.netlify.app](https://illustrious-bavarois-56cf30.netlify.app/en/)
- **BunnyCDN:** [privacyguides-org-production.b-cdn.net](https://privacyguides-org-production.b-cdn.net/en/)
- **Hetzner:** [direct.privacyguides.org](https://direct.privacyguides.org/en/) (discouraged!)
### Alternative Networks
@ -117,7 +115,7 @@ Committing to this repository requires [signing your commits](https://docs.githu
It is required to create a GitHub release to publish the current site to privacyguides.org. The current `main` branch can be previewed at [https://main.staging.privacyguides.dev](https://main.staging.privacyguides.dev) prior to release.
1. Create a new tag: `git tag -s YYYY.MM.DD -m 'Some message'`
- Tag numbering: `YYYY.MM.DD` - if two+ releases are published on the same day, append short commit sha to next release, e.g. `YYYY.MM.DD-6aa14e8`
- Tag numbering: `YYYY.MM.DD` - if two+ releases are published on the same day, append short commit to the next release, e.g. `YYYY.MM.DD-6aa14e8`
- Enable GPG tag signing by default (`git config tag.gpgSign true`) to avoid missing signatures
2. Push the tag to GitHub: `git push --tags`
3. A GitHub Release will be automatically created and deployed to the live site.
@ -614,7 +612,7 @@ Privacy Guides wouldn't be possible without these wonderful people ([emoji key](
<!-- ALL-CONTRIBUTORS-LIST:END -->
This project follows the [all-contributors](https://github.com/all-contributors/all-contributors) specification. Contributions of **any** kind welcome, including contributions to Privacy Guides outside of this repo, and contributions that aren't content related (like sharing ideas for Privacy Guides, promoting the project, answering questions on the forum, etc.).
This project follows the [all-contributors](https://github.com/all-contributors/all-contributors) specification. Contributions of **any** kind welcome, including contributions to Privacy Guides outside this repo, and contributions that aren't content related (like sharing ideas for Privacy Guides, promoting the project, answering questions on the forum, etc.).
CLI to generate this table:

4
blog/.authors.yml
View file

@ -86,6 +86,10 @@ authors:
mastodon:
username: blacklight447
instance: mastodon.social
ptrmdn:
name: Peter Marsden
description: Guest Contributor
avatar: https://forum-cdn.privacyguides.net/user_avatar/discuss.privacyguides.net/ptrmdn/288/14291_2.png
sam-howell:
name: Sam Howell
description: Guest Contributor

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---
date:
created: 2025-09-08T18:00:00Z
updated: 2025-09-15T16:30:00Z
categories:
- News
authors:
- em
description:
Chat Control is back to undermine everyone's privacy. There's an important deadline on October 14th, 2025. We must act now to stop it!
schema_type: ReportageNewsArticle
preview:
cover: blog/assets/images/chat-control-must-be-stopped/chatcontrol-cover.webp
---
# Chat Control Must Be Stopped, Act Now!
![Filtered photo of a protest with a protestor holding a sign in first plan. The background is a red monochrome and the sign is in turquoise. The sign says "You won't make me live this 1984 sh*t".](../assets/images/chat-control-must-be-stopped/chatcontrol-cover.webp)
<small aria-hidden="true">Illustration: Em / Privacy Guides | Photo: Ramaz Bluashvili / Pexels</small>
If you've heard of [Chat Control](the-future-of-privacy.md) already, bad news: **it's back**. If you haven't, this is a pressing issue you should urgently learn more about if you value privacy, democracy, and human rights. This is happening **right now**, and **we must act to stop it right now**.<!-- more -->
Take a minute to visualize this: Every morning you wake up with a police officer entering your home to inspect it, and staying with you all day long.
The agent checks your bathroom, your medicine cabinet, your bedroom, your closets, your drawers, your fridge, and takes photos and notes to document everything. Then, this report is uploaded to the police's cloud. It's "[for a good cause](encryption-is-not-a-crime.md)" you know, it's to make sure you aren't hiding any child sexual abuse material under your bed.
Every morning. Even if you're naked in bed. Even while you're having a call with your doctor or your lover. Even when you're on a date. Even while you're working and discussing your client's confidential information with their attorney. This police officer is there, listening to you and reporting on everything you do.
This is the in-person equivalent of Chat Control, a piece of legislation that would mandate **all** services to scan **all** private digital communications of **everyone** residing in the European Union.
This is an Orwellian nightmare.
## Act now!
This is happening **right now**. European governments will be finalizing their positions on the regulation proposal on September 12th, and there will be a final vote on **October 14th, 2025**.
<div class="admonition warning" markdown>
<p class="admonition-title">Important: If you are reading this article after September 12th</p>
Regardless of the outcome on September 12th, the fight isn't over. The next deadline will be the **final vote on October 14th, 2025**.
If you've missed September 12th, make sure to contact your representatives **right now** to tell them to **oppose Chat Control** on October 14th.
</div>
- ==If you are not located in Europe==: Keep reading, this will affect you too.
- If you are still unconvinced: Keep reading, we discuss Chat Control in [more details](#why-is-this-bad) below.
- If you are located in Europe: You must **act now** to stop it.
<div class="admonition question" markdown>
<p class="admonition-title">How to stop this? Contact your MEPs today</p>
Use this [**website**](https://fightchatcontrol.eu/) to easily contact your government representatives, and tell them they should **oppose Chat Control**. Even if your country already opposes Chat Control, contact your representatives to tell them you are relieved they oppose, and support them in this decision to protect human rights. This will help reinforce their position.
But if your country *supports* Chat Control, or is *undecided*, **it is vital that you contact your representatives as soon as possible**. To support your point, you can share this article with them or one of the many great [resources](#resources-to-learn-more-and-fight-for-human-rights) listed at the end.
At the time of this writing, the list of countries to contact is:
| **Supporting (15)** | | **Undecided (6)** |
| ---------------------------------- | ----------------------------------- | -------------------- |
| :triangular_flag_on_post: Bulgaria | :triangular_flag_on_post: Latvia | :warning: Estonia |
| :triangular_flag_on_post: Croatia | :triangular_flag_on_post: Lithuania | :warning: Germany |
| :triangular_flag_on_post: Cyprus | :triangular_flag_on_post: Malta | :warning: Greece |
| :triangular_flag_on_post: Denmark | :triangular_flag_on_post: Portugal | :warning: Luxembourg |
| :triangular_flag_on_post: France | :triangular_flag_on_post: Slovakia | :warning: Romania |
| :triangular_flag_on_post: Hungary | :triangular_flag_on_post: Spain | :warning: Slovenia |
| :triangular_flag_on_post: Ireland | :triangular_flag_on_post: Sweden | |
| :triangular_flag_on_post: Italy | | |
</div>
![A map of countries part of the European Union. Countries opposing Chat Control are represented in green, countries undecided in blue, and countries in favor are in red. Below there is text saying "Act now! www.chatcontrol.eu".](../assets/images/chat-control-must-be-stopped/chatcontrol-map-chatcontroleu-20250903.webp)
<small aria-hidden="true">Image: Patrick Breyer / [chatcontrol.eu](https://www.chatcontrol.eu)</small>
## What is Chat Control?
"Chat Control" refers to a series of legislative proposals that would make it mandatory for *all* service providers (text messaging, email, social media, cloud storage, hosting services, etc.) to scan *all* communications and *all* files (including end-to-end encrypted ones), in order to supposedly detect whatever the government deems "abusive material."
The push for Chat Control started in 2021 with the approval of a [derogation](https://www.patrick-breyer.de/en/chatcontrol-european-parliament-approves-mass-surveillance-of-private-communications/) to the ePrivacy Directive by the European Parliament. This derogation escalated to a second proposal for *mandatory* scanning a year later, which was [rejected](https://fortune.com/europe/2023/10/26/eu-chat-control-csam-encryption-privacy-european-commission-parliament-johansson-breyer-zarzalejos-ernst/) in 2023. Nevertheless, lawmakers and lobbyists determined to undermine our safety and civil liberties are bringing it back again two years later, **literally trying to wear you down**.
We cannot let authoritarians wear us down until we lose all our privacy rights. Our privacy rights are fundamental to so many other human rights, to civil liberties, to public safety, and to functioning democracies.
Chat Control undermines all of this.
Cryptography professor and cybersecurity expert Matthew Green described the 2022 proposal document for Chat Control as "[**the most terrifying thing I've ever seen**](https://fortune.com/2022/05/12/europe-phone-surveillance-crackdown-child-sexual-abuse-material-sparks-outrage-among-cybersecurity-experts-privacy-activists/)".
And terrifying, it is.
The [most recent proposal for Chat Control](https://tuta.com/blog/chat-control-criticism) comes from the EU Council Danish presidency pushing for regulation misleadingly called the **Child Sexual Abuse Regulation** (CSAR). Despite its seemingly caring name, this regulation will **not** help fight child abuse, and will even likely worsen it, impacting negatively what is already being done to fight child abuse (more on this in the [next section](#would-this-protect-the-children)).
The CSAR proposal (which *is* the latest iteration of Chat Control) could be implemented as early as *next month*, if we do not stop it.
**The problem is this: Chat Control will not work, it is unreliable, it will escalate in scope, and it will endanger everyone (including the children).**
Even if you are not in Europe, know that Chat Control will affect everyone inside *and* outside of Europe one way or another. Regardless of where you are, you should be concerned and pay attention, and there are things you can do to fight back. This is important.
![Still image from a video showing an illustration of three cellphones being scanned by a red light, with lines leading to a law enforcement icon.](../assets/images/chat-control-must-be-stopped/chatcontrol-stopscanningme-video.webp)
<small aria-hidden="true">Still image from [video](https://stopscanningme.eu/video/csar-explainer.mp4): Stop Scanning Me / EDRi</small>
## Why is this bad?
The idea that it's possible to somehow [magically protect](encryption-is-not-a-crime.md/#magical-backdoor-only-for-the-good-guys-is-a-complete-fantasy) information properly while giving access to unquestionably well-intended law enforcement comes from either extreme naivety, lack of information, and plain dishonesty.
This proposal would effectively break any end-to-end encryption protections, and potentially expose all your files and communications to not only law enforcement, but eventually also to criminals of all sorts (with the data breaches, data leaks, and corruption that will inevitably follow).
Here's a summary of some dangers this regulation would create if approved:
- **Breaking end-to-end encryption**: Removing crucial protections for all sensitive files and communications of vulnerable populations, victims, whistleblowers, journalists, activists, and everyone else.
- **Mission creep**: Once this mass surveillance system is in place, authorities can decide to add more criteria such as searching all communications for references to drug use, protest attendances, political dissidence, or even [negative comments](https://www.lemonde.fr/en/international/article/2025/03/22/how-a-french-researcher-being-refused-entry-to-the-us-turned-into-a-diplomatic-mess_6739415_4.html) about a leader. Europol (the EU law enforcement agency) has already called for [expanding the program](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L933xDcSS3o&t=2016s).
![A cartoon illustration explaining that chat control is planning to monitor all chats, emails, and messenger conversations, and use artificial intelligence to automatically report flagged content to the police.](../assets/images/chat-control-must-be-stopped/chatcontrol-LornaSchutte-chatcontroleu-1.webp)
<small aria-hidden="true">Image: Lorna Schütte / [chatcontrol.eu](https://www.chatcontrol.eu)</small>
- **Criminal attacks**: Each time a backdoor exists, it doesn't take long for criminals to find access and steal our information. This could include criminals finding access to each service independently or to the entire database authorities would keep. A database that would be filled with material tagged as sexually explicit text or photos of children. This could even *create* new Child Sexual Abuse Material (CSAM) for criminals. For example, consenting teenagers innocently sexting together could have their photos collected in this database, after being wrongly flagged by the automated system. Then, criminals could steal their intimate photos from the governments.
- **False positives**: With a mass surveillance system this large, moreover a system with no transparency and little oversight, false positives are inevitable. Despite marketing promises from the [organizations lobbying government officials](https://www.patrick-breyer.de/en/chat-control-eu-ombudsman-criticises-revolving-door-between-europol-and-chat-control-tech-lobbyist-thorn/), we all know AI technologies regularly misfire and cannot be reliable for anything of such importance. Loving parents could get flagged as pedophiles just for innocently uploading a photo of their child in the bathtub on their *private* cloud. Teenagers exploring their sexuality consensually with each other could get tagged as sexual predators (a label that might stick on them decades later). The police could receive reports for breastfeeding mothers. The list is infinite.
![A cartoon illustration summarizing why chat control is dangerous.](../assets/images/chat-control-must-be-stopped/chatcontrol-LornaSchutte-chatcontroleu-3.webp)
<small aria-hidden="true">Image: Lorna Schütte / [chatcontrol.eu](https://www.chatcontrol.eu)</small>
- **Overwhelming resources**: The inevitable false positives will completely overwhelm the agencies responsible for investigating flagged material. This will cost them precious time they will not have to investigate *actual* abuse cases. Organizations fighting child sexual abuse are already overwhelmed and lack resources to prosecute real criminals.
- **Hurting victims**: Such system of mass surveillance could prevent victims of child sexual abuse (and other crimes) to reach out for help. Knowing that all their communications would be scanned, they would lose all confidentiality while reporting crimes. The evidences they share could even be tagged by Chat Control, as if they were the perpetrator rather than the victim. Sadly, many will likely decide it's safer not to report at all.
- **Self-censorship**: With Chat Control in place, not only victims might censor themselves and stop reaching out for help, but everyone else as well. When people know they are being observed, they feel less free to be themselves and to share openly. This is doubly true for anyone who is part of a marginalized group, such as [LGBTQ+ people](importance-of-privacy-for-the-queer-community.md), or anyone who is being victimized or at risk of victimization.
![A cartoon illustration explaining how chat control does not protect the victims and might silence them due to loss of confidentiality.](../assets/images/chat-control-must-be-stopped/chatcontrol-LornaSchutte-chatcontroleu-2.webp)
<small aria-hidden="true">Image: Lorna Schütte / [chatcontrol.eu](https://www.chatcontrol.eu)</small>
- **Undermining democracy**: This surveillance system would allow governments to spy on opposition. Chat logs from opposing candidates, activists, and journalists could all be accessed by authorities in order to silence opponents or blackmail candidates. Even if you trust your government to not do this now, this doesn't mean it could not be used in this way by the next government. We have all seen how fast the political landscape can change.
- **Violating the GDPR (and other laws)**: The General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) offers wonderful protections to Europeans. Sadly, Chat Control would make a complete farce of it. The Right to Erasure (right to delete) could be reduced to ashes by Chat Control, including for any highly sensitive information wrongly caught in the CSAR net. Moreover, it would [violate Article 7 and Article 8](https://tuta.com/blog/chat-control-criticism) of the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights.
Protecting the children is only the excuse used in hope of convincing a misinformed public. **Chat Control is authoritarian mass surveillance.**
Authorities understand well how important protecting communication and information is. This is why they included an exemption to protect *their own* communications, but not yours.
## Would this protect the children?
No.
This cannot be stressed enough: **This regulation would not protect the children, it would *harm* the children**, and everyone else too, worldwide. Claiming otherwise is either naivety, or misinformation.
Last year, the civil and human rights association European Digital Rights (EDRi) put together a [joint statement from 48 organizations](https://edri.org/our-work/joint-statement-on-the-future-of-the-csa-regulation/) for children's protection, digital rights, and human rights, demanding that the European Parliament invest instead in proven strategies to fight child abuse. This appeal to reason does not seem to have been heard by most EU Member States.
There are many things we can do as a society to increase protections for children and fight abusers and criminals, but Chat Control is far from it all. Protection of the children is clearly only an excuse here, and a very misleading one.
![A popular No Yes meme, with the face replaced with the European Commission logo. In the No-part is: "Invest in: social workers, help for victims, support hotlines, prevention, education, targeted police work, IT-security", and in the Yes-part below is: "Buy Chat Control filter technology that doesn't solve the problem".](../assets/images/chat-control-must-be-stopped/chatcontrol-stopscanningme-meme-4.webp)
<small aria-hidden="true">[Image](https://stopscanningme.eu/en/organise-now.html): Stop Scanning Me / EDRi</small>
### Mislabelling children as criminals
First, this automated system is flawed in many ways, and the false-positive rate would likely be high. But let's imagine that, magically, the system could flag CSAM at an accuracy rate of 99%. This still means 1% of reports would be false. Expanded to the size of European Union's population of approximately 450 million people, exchanging likely billions of messages and files every day, this still means millions could be falsely tagged as sexual predators, with all the [consequences](https://www.republik.ch/2022/12/08/die-dunklen-schatten-der-chatkontrolle) this implies.
Worse, the Swiss federal police reported that currently about 80% of all automated reports received were [false-positives](https://www.patrick-breyer.de/en/posts/chat-control/#WhatYouCanDo). This means in reality, the error rate is likely far higher than 1%, and actually closer to an **80% error rate**. Of the approximate 20% of positive reports, in Germany, over 40% of investigations initiated [targeted children](https://www.polizei-beratung.de/aktuelles/detailansicht/straftat-verbreitung-kinderpornografie-pks-2022/) themselves.
Sometimes, flagged content is simply teenagers innocently sexting each other consensually. Not only would they be wrongly tagged as criminals under Chat Control, but they'd be triggering an investigation that would expose their intimate photos to some faceless officers or tech employees working on the system.
Even in a magical world where Chat Control AI is 99% accurate, it would still wrongly tag and **expose sensitive data from millions of children**. In reality, no AI system is even remotely close to this accuracy level, and proprietary algorithms are usually opaque black boxes impossible to audit transparently. The number of children Chat Control would harm, and likely traumatize for life, would be disastrous.
### Exposing children's sensitive and sexual information
Any content that could be deemed suspicious or explicit by the system, accurately or not, would be flagged and reported.
When this content is reported, it will likely be uploaded to a database for human review. This means that if a teenager was sending an intimate photo of themselves to another consenting teenager, they could be flagged as sharing CSAM, even if it's their own photo. Then, their photo would be sent to the police for review. Information that should very much have stayed protected and private between these two teenagers is now exposed to strangers. This is wrong, and dangerous.
Even innocuous communications such as daily conversations, teenagers chatting with each other, parents reporting information about their child to a [doctor](https://www.nytimes.com/2022/08/21/technology/google-surveillance-toddler-photo.html), and therapists talking with their patients, could all inadvertently expose children sensitive information. This is information that should have remained *private*, and would now be uploaded to a police database, likely [stored there forever](https://www.iccl.ie/news/an-garda-siochana-unlawfully-retains-files-on-innocent-people-who-it-has-already-cleared-of-producing-or-sharing-of-child-sex-abuse-material/) with few recourses to remove it.
The more we collect sensitive information about children (photos, faces, locations, identifications, medical information, private chats, experiences, etc.), the more we risk exposing children to harm. This includes systems used by authorities and governments. Even if everyone with legitimate access to this data is miraculously 100% exemplary and incorruptible citizens, the databases and scanning systems will still be vulnerable to attacks from criminals and hostile governments alike.
The only way to protect children's information properly is to **1) not collect it**, and **2) use end-to-end encryption to protect it** when we cannot avoid collecting it. Spying on everyone and every child is the opposite of that.
### Authorities' databases will be attacked
It's impossible to perfectly secure information online. There is a lot we can do to improve security (much more than is done now), but data breaches will happen.
If governments mandate a backdoor to have access to all our online communication and stored files, it's inevitable that at least some criminals will eventually get access to it as well. This is even truer if this system is closed-source, [privatized](https://fortune.com/europe/2023/09/26/thorn-ashton-kutcher-ylva-johansson-csam-csa-regulation-european-commission-encryption-privacy-surveillance/), and isn't subjected to frequent independent audits with strong accountability.
Once a vulnerability is found by criminals, they will have the same access as authorities have to our data. With Chat Control, this means pretty much all our data.
In addition, Chat Control could facilitate the proliferation of even more spyware and [stalkerware](https://stopstalkerware.org/) on the market, thriving on the vulnerabilities found in the powerful system. This would allow *anyone* to purchase access to spy on *anyone*, including databases of identified children. It could give a direct backdoor-access to pedophiles. How could *this* be helping to protect the children?
### The danger is inside
Even if the idea of online strangers accessing children's sensitive data is terrifying, the worse danger in often much closer.
Sadly, we already know that the [vast majority](https://content.c3p.ca/pdfs/C3P_SurvivorsSurveyFullReport2017.pdf) of child sexual abuse is perpetrated by adults close to the child, not strangers, and that two-thirds of CSAM images appear to have been [produced at home](https://theconversation.com/new-research-shows-parents-are-major-producers-of-child-sexual-abuse-material-153722). Chat Control would do nothing to fight this. In fact, it could facilitate it.
Child abuse is an incredibly important topic to discuss and to fight against as a society. Utilizing this issue as an excuse to pass a surveillance law that would endanger everyone, including the victims, is despicable.
When children are living with the abuser, the only escape is outside the home, and sometimes this means *online*. Abusers often use spying technologies to control and restrict access to help for their victims. If we make mass surveillance mandatory and normalized, this risks aggravating the stalkerware problem by obligating providers to implement backdoors in their systems. We would effectively be helping abusers at home to restrict access to help for their victims, including victims of CSAM. This is completely unacceptable.
### How to actually help the children
Despite the politicization of this issue to manipulate the public opinion in accepting mass surveillance, there are actually *proven* solutions to help to protect the children, online and offline.
First, governments should [listen](https://mogis.info/static/media/uploads/eu-libe-mogis-hahne-07032023_en.pdf) to [organizations already doing the work](https://edri.org/our-work/most-criticised-eu-law-of-all-time/). Most are understaffed and under-resourced to properly support the victims and prosecute the criminals. Thousands of more reports every day would not help them do any effective work. More capacity to conduct *targeted* investigation and arrest criminals, and more capacity to create safe spaces to support the victims and witnesses will help.
Privacy should be the default, for everyone.
If all our services were using end-to-end encryption when possible, and implemented proper security and privacy features and practices, this would effectively help to protect the children as well. Abusers and criminals are looking for leaked and stolen data all the time. When a cloud photo storage gets hacked, your photos are up for grabs online, including the photos of your children. When parents upload photos of their children and their address online, and this data gets exposed (leaked, breached, AI-scraped, etc.), this data then becomes accessible to criminals.
**Better privacy protections also means better protections for the children.**
Children themselves should receive better education on how their data is used online and how to protect it. Additionally, it is vital to provide better education on what behaviors aren't normal coming from an adult, and how to reach out for help when it happens. Children should have access to safe and confidential resources to report abuse, whether it's happening outside or inside their home.
Parents should be careful when sharing information about their children. And when they have to, they should benefit from complete confidentiality, knowing their communication is fully end-to-end encrypted and not shared with anyone else.
There is so much we can do to help to protect better the children online, surveillance is the opposite of it all.
## How would this affect me?
If this regulation is approved on **October 14th, 2025** (the date for the final vote), the consequences would be devastating for everyone, even outside the European Union.
We have seen how platforms implemented better privacy practices and features after the GDPR became effective in 2018, features that often benefited people worldwide. This could have the same effect in reverse.
Every platform potentially handling data of people located in the EU would be subjected to the law. Platforms would be obligated to scan all communications and all files of (at least) data subjects located in the EU, even data currently protected with end-to-end encryption. This would affect popular apps and services like Signal, Tuta, Proton, WhatsApp, Telegram, and much more.
### Outside of Europe
This would not only affect Europeans' data, but also the data of anyone outside communicating with someone located in the European Union. Because end-to-end encryption can only work if **both** ends are protected.
If Chat Control gets approved and applied, it will become very difficult to communicate with anyone located in the EU while keeping strong protections for your data. Many people might just accept the surveillance passively, and as a result lose their rights, their protections, and compromise their democratic processes. Overtime, this will likely lead to a slippery slope towards dystopian authoritarianism.
Outside of Europe, you could expect to see services removing some privacy-protective features, downgrading encryption, blocking European countries that are subjected to the law, or moving outside of Europe entirely. If localization-based scanning is too complicated to handle for an application, some companies might just decide it's simpler to scan communications for all users, worldwide.
Additionally, Five Eyes countries (Australia, Canada, New Zealand, the United Kingdom, and the United States) have already [expressed support](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L933xDcSS3o&t=2163s) for Chat Control, and might be keen to try the same at home, if this gets approved and tested in Europe first.
### Inside of Europe
Without using tools that would be now deemed illegal, you would lose any protections currently granted by end-to-end encryption. It would become impossible for you to send an email, a text message, or a photo without being observed by your government, and potentially also by criminals and foreign governments, following the inevitable data breaches.
You would have to constantly self-censor to avoid triggering the system and getting reported to the authorities. At first, you would probably just have to stop sending nudes, sexting, or sending photos of naked children in the bathtub or playing at the beach. Then, this would escalate to never mentioning drug or anything that could sound like drug, even as a joke. Later, you might have to stop texting about going to a protest, and stop organizing protests online. Further down the line, you might even have to self-censor to make sure you are not saying anything negative about a leader, or a [foreign politician](https://www.reuters.com/world/us/trump-administration-resuming-student-visa-appointments-state-dept-official-says-2025-06-18/) even. This isn't that hypothetical, this sort of [oppressive surveillance](https://www.hrw.org/news/2017/11/19/china-police-big-data-systems-violate-privacy-target-dissent) already exists in some countries.
Many services you currently rely on right now would simply shut down, or move away from Europe entirely. Businesses might also move outside of Europe if they worry about protecting their proprietary information. This could cause massive layoffs, while organizations move to jurisdictions where they are allowed to keep their data protected and unobserved.
Finally, even if this doesn't affect you personally, or you don't believe it will, [**this isn't just about you**](the-privacy-of-others.md).
The data of vulnerable people would be exposed and their safety put at risk. Victims might decide to stop reaching out for help or reporting crimes. Sources requiring anonymity might decide the risk isn't worth reporting valuable information to journalists. Opponents of governments in power could be silenced. Every democracy in the European Union would suffer greatly from it.
Chat Control is completely antithetical to the values the European Union has been presenting to the world in recent years.
![The popular Red Dress meme, with the offended woman overlaid with the words "Fundamental Rights", the whistling man the words "European Commission", and woman wearing the red dress the words "Scanning private messages and controlling how citizens use the internet".](../assets/images/chat-control-must-be-stopped/chatcontrol-stopscanningme-meme-2.webp)
<small aria-hidden="true">[Image](https://stopscanningme.eu/en/organise-now.html): Stop Scanning Me / EDRi</small>
## What can I do about it?
Even if the landscape seems dismal, **the battle isn't over**. There are many things you can do, right now, to fight against this authoritarian dystopia.
### For Europeans, specifically
- Contact your country representatives **TODAY**. The group Fight Chat Control has put together an [**easy tool**](https://fightchatcontrol.eu/#contact-tool) making this quick with only a few clicks.
- After September 12th, the battle isn't over. Although governments will finalize their positions on that day, the final vote happens on **October 14th, 2025**. If you missed the September 12th deadline, keep contacting your representatives anyway.
- Tell your family and friends to contact their representatives as well, talk about it, make noise.
### For Everyone, including Europeans
- Talk about Chat Control on social media often, especially this month. Make noise online. Use the hashtags #ChatControl and #StopScanningMe to help others learn more about the opposition movement.
- Share informative [videos and memes](#resources-to-learn-more-and-fight-for-human-rights) about Chat Control. Spread the word in various forms.
- Contact your European friends in impacted countries and tell them to contact their representatives NOW.
- Even outside the EU, you can contact your own representatives as well, to let them know regulations like Chat Control are horrible for human rights, and you hope your country will never fall for such repressive laws. Tell your political representatives that privacy rights are important to you. **Your voice matters.**
We need your help to fight this. For democracy, for privacy, and for all other human rights, we cannot afford to lose this battle.
![Screenshot of the Fight Chat Control website in a browser.](../assets/images/chat-control-must-be-stopped/chatcontrol-fightchatcontrol-website.webp)
<small aria-hidden="true">Screenshot: [fightchatcontrol.eu](https://fightchatcontrol.eu/)</small>
## Resources to learn more, and fight for human rights
### Videos about Chat Control
- [**Stop Scanning Me**: Short video that summarizes perfectly the issues with Chat Control](https://stopscanningme.eu/video/csar-explainer.mp4)
- [**Stop Scanning Me**: German-language version of the same short video](https://www.patrick-breyer.de/posts/chat-control/)
- [**Louis Rossmann**: Video discussing why privacy matters, and the impact of Chat Control from a perspective outside of Europe](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3NyUgv6dpJc)
- [**Shaping Opinion**: Excellent interview with Chat Control expert Patrick Breyer (recommended)](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L933xDcSS3o)
- [**Patrick Breyer**: PeerTube channel with numerous videos related to Chat Control (German & English)](https://peertube.european-pirates.eu/c/patrick_breyer_mep_channel)
### Memes about Chat Control
- [**Stop Scanning Me**: Memes, banners, and other graphics](https://stopscanningme.eu/en/organise-now.html)
- [**Patrick Breyer**: Memes, explainers, maps, and other graphics](https://www.patrick-breyer.de/posts/chat-control/#WhatYouCanDo)
### Websites with more information
- [**Fight Chat Control** (Contact your representatives here **TODAY**!)](https://fightchatcontrol.eu/)
- [**Stop Scanning Me** (from EDRi)](https://stopscanningme.eu)
- [**Patrick Breyer** (expert and former Member of the European Parliament)](https://www.patrick-breyer.de/posts/chat-control/)
- [**European Crypto Initiative**](https://eu.ci/eu-chat-control-regulation/)
- [Follow **Fight Chat Control** on Mastodon for updates](https://mastodon.social/@chatcontrol)
---
**Update (9/15):** Added modifications related to the second important deadline for action, on October 14th.
**Update (9/8):** Added clarification about what Chat Control is for readers unfamiliar with it.

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# The Power of Digital Provenance in the Age of AI
![Article cover showing a painterly background with cool colors and the Content Credentials logo](../assets/images/digital-provenance/cover.jpg)
<small aria-hidden="true">Photo: Kseniya Lapteva / Pexels | Logo: Content Credentials</small>
With the popularity of generative AI, it's becoming more and more difficult to [distinguish](https://uwaterloo.ca/news/media/can-you-tell-ai-generated-people-real-ones) reality from fiction. Can this problem be solved using cryptography? What are the privacy implications of the currently proposed systems?<!-- more -->

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---
date:
created: 2025-09-15T17:30:00Z
categories:
- Explainers
authors:
- fria
tags:
- Privacy Enhancing Technologies
schema_type: BackgroundNewsArticle
description: Learn about Secure Multi-Party Computation and how it can be used to solve real-world privacy problems.
---
# What is Multi-Party Computation?
![An image of a lock and multiple keys going toward it to unlock it](../assets/images/multi-party-computation/cover.webp)
<small aria-hidden="true">Illustration: Jordan Warne / Privacy Guides</small>
We know how to secure data in storage using E2EE, but is it possible to ensure data privacy even while processing it server-side? This is the first in a [series](../tags.md/#tag:privacy-enhancing-technologies) of articles I'll be writing covering the privacy-enhancing technologies being rolled out.<!-- more -->
## History
In a seminal [paper](https://dspace.mit.edu/bitstream/handle/1721.1/148953/MIT-LCS-TM-125.pdf?sequence=1) called "Mental Poker" by Adi Shamir, Ronald L. Rivest, and Leonard M. Adleman from 1979, the researchers attempt to demonstrate a way of playing poker over a distance using only messages and still have it be a fair game.
To explain, fan favorites Alice and Bob will make a return. First, Bob encrypts all the cards with his key, then sends them to Alice. Alice picks five to deal back to Bob as his hand, then encrypts five with her own key and sends those to Bob as well. Bob removes his encryption from all ten cards and sends Alice's cards back to her.
<div style="position: relative; padding-top: 56.25%;"><iframe title="Mental Poker Animation" width="100%" height="100%" src="https://neat.tube/videos/embed/k5jMvrTPLx5VcgzNq3ej1B?title=0" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen="" sandbox="allow-same-origin allow-scripts allow-popups allow-forms" style="position: absolute; inset: 0px;"></iframe></div>
Notice that Bob needs to be able to remove his encryption *after* Alice has applied hers. This commutative property is important for the scheme to work.
This early scheme is highly specialized for this task and not applicable to different situations.
### Secure Two-Party Computation
Alice and Bob have struck it rich! They're both millionaires, but they want to be able to see who has more money without revealing exactly how much they have to each other.
Luckily, we can use **Multi-Party Computation** (**MPC**) to solve this "Millionaire's Problem," using a method invented by Andrew Yao called *garbled circuits*. Garbled circuits allow us to use MPC for any problem as long as it can be represented as a boolean circuit, i.e. a set of logic gates such as `AND` `OR` `XOR` etc.
### Garbled Circuits
We can split the two parties into an "Evaluator" and a "Generator". The Generator will be responsible for setting up the cryptography that'll be used, and the Evaluator will actually perform the computation.
We start by making the truth table for our inputs. In order to hide the values of the truth table, we assign each input a different label. Importantly, we need to assign a different label for each input, so 1 will not be represented by the same label for each. We also need to shuffle the order of the rows, so the values can't be inferred from that.
We can still tell what the value is based on knowing the type of logic gate. For example, an `AND` gate would only have one different output, so you could infer that output is 1 and the others are 0. To fix this, we can encrypt the rows using the input labels as keys, so only the correct output can be decrypted.
We still have a problem, though: how can the Evaluator put in their inputs? Asking for both labels would allow them to decrypt more than one output, and giving their input would break the whole point. The solution is something called "Oblivious Transfer".
The solution is for the Evaluator to generate two public keys, one of which they have the private key for. The Generator encrypts the two labels for the Evaluator's inputs using the provide public keys and sends them back. Since the Generator only has a private key for one of the labels, they will decrypt the one they want. The Generator puts the labels in order so that the Evaluator can choose which one they want to decrypt. This method relies on the Evaluator not to send multiple keys that can be decrypted. Because some trust is required, this protocol is considered "semi-honest".
There's a good explainer for Yao's garbled circuits [here](https://lcamel.github.io/MPC-Notes/story-en-US.html) if you're interested in a step-by-step walkthrough.
### Birth of Multi-Party Computation
Multi-Party Computation was solidified with the [research](https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/28395.28420) of Oded Goldreich, Silvio Micali, and Avi Wigderson and the GMW paradigm (named after the researchers, similar to how RSA is named).
#### More Than Two Parties
Yao's protocol was limited to two parties. The GMW paradigm expanded the protocol to be able to handle any number of parties and can handle actively malicious actors as long as the majority are honest.
#### Secret Sharing
The GMW paradigm relies on secret sharing which is a method of splitting private information like a cryptographic key into multiple parts such that it will only reveal the secret if the shares are combined. The GMW protocol uses additive secret sharing, which is quite simple. You come up with a secret number, say 123, and you split it up into however many other numbers you want.
`99 + 24 = 123`
You distribute each number to a participant and add them all together to get the original secret. While simple, it doesn't play well with multiplication operations.
#### Zero-Knowledge Proofs
The GMW paradigm introduced protections against malicious adversaries, powered by zero-knowledge proofs (ZKP). ZKP allow one party to convince another party a statement is true without revealing any other information than the fact that the statement is true. The concept of ZKP was first introduced in a [paper](https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/22145.22178) from 1985 by Shafi Goldwasser, Silvio Micali, and Charles Rackoff.
A humorous paper titled *[How to Explain Zero-Knowledge Protocols to Your Children](https://pages.cs.wisc.edu/~mkowalcz/628.pdf)* gives a storybook explanation of how they work (who says academic papers can't be fun?).
The main crux revolves around probability: if a party knows the proper way to get a result, they should be able to reliably get the correct answer.
To borrow the cave explanation, imagine Alice and Bob have taken up cave exploration. They've found a cave in the shape of a loop with a magic door connecting each entrance together and Alice claims to know how to open it. However, she doesn't want Bob to know the secret to open the door.
Alice, acting as the "Prover" goes into the cave. Bob, the "Verifier", stays outside and yells which side of the cave Alice should come out of. They repeat this many times. If Alice can reliably make it out of the correct side of the cave, then she must know how to open the magic door.
### BGW Protocol
While the GMW protocol was a huge leap forward for MPC, there were still huge limitations. The garbled circuit protocol is limited to boolean logic gates which makes implementing many different common operations much more difficult. It also requires communication for every single gate, which is highly inefficient.
The researchers Michael Ben-Or, Shafi Goldwassert, and Avi Wigderson in their paper *[Completeness Theorems for Non-Cryptographic Fault-Tolerant Distributed Computation](https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/62212.62213)* made several advancements in the efficiency and robustness of MPC, moving it closer to being practical to use in the real world.
#### Arithmetic Circuits
Instead of boolean circuits, the BGW protocol uses arithmetic circuits. These allow for easier mathematical operations like multiplication and addition instead of being limited to logic gates on individual bits. This makes a huge difference in the amount of communication between parties and thus the efficiency of the protocol.
#### Shamir's Secret Sharing
The BGW protocol utilizes [Shamir's Secret Sharing](https://web.mit.edu/6.857/OldStuff/Fall03/ref/Shamir-HowToShareASecret.pdf), which relies on polynomials instead of addition. This allows for more efficiency in multiplication and allows for setting a threshold where only a certain number of shares need to be present in order to reconstruct the secret.
#### Less Communication
The BGW protocol doesn't require as much communication between parties, partly thanks to its use of Shamir's secret sharing which works well with arithmetic operations.
Additionally, it doesn't require Oblivious Transfer or zero-knowledge proofs. Its use of Shamir's secret sharing and error correction codes instead provides the same properties in a more efficient way.
### Fairplay
The field was further advanced by the introduction of the [Fairplay](https://www.cs.huji.ac.il/w~noam/FairplayMP.pdf) system.
Up until this paper, MPC was limited to boolean circuits or arithmetic circuits: not exactly friendly if you're a programmer that's used to using higher level languages. Fairplay introduces a compiler, SFDL, which can compile higher level languages to boolean circuits and then securely computes the circuit.
Fairplay also brings some advancements in efficiency. It utilizes constant rounds, with a fixed 8 rounds, reducing the communication overhead. It also uses the free XOR technique so that encryption operations don't have to be performed on XOR gates, improving efficiency.
### Real-World Usage
As MPC saw gradual optimizations and improvements, it grew from an interesting thought experiment to something that could have real-world uses.
#### Danish Sugar Beet Auction
The first instance of MPC being used in a real-world scenario wouldn't occur until 2008.
Denmark's sugar beet industry faced a problem: with the EU significantly reducing its financial support for sugar beet production, they needed to figure out what price the thousands of sugar beet farmers were willing to sell at, and which price the company that bought all the sugar beets would be willing to buy them at, a so-called "double auction" where the buyer and seller figure out the **market clearing price**, or the price at which demand meets supply most effectively.
But who should be in charge of the auction? Farmers don't want to trust Danisco with their bids as it reveals information about each individual farmer's business. The farmers can't be in charge of it because they don't trust each other. They could use an external consulting firm, but then the entire operation would rely on that one firm's confidentiality and the reliability of their tools.
The [solution](https://a.storyblok.com/f/266767/x/e4c85ffa34/mpc-goes-live_whitepaper_2008-068.pdf) was to use a "virtual auctioneer" that relied on MPC to fairly carry the auction out.
It relied on three servers, with one representing each party: Danisco, DKS (the Danish sugar beet growers association), and The SIMAP project (Secure Information Management and Processing, a project sponsored by the Danish National Research Agency).
The solution was so successful that it was used every year until 2015 when it was no longer needed. A survey of the farmers found that the vast majority found the system simplified the process of trading contracts and that they were satisfied with the level of confidentiality it provided.
The first test run of MPC was a massive success and the potential was now proven.
#### The Boston Women's Workforce Council
In 2016, the [Boston Women's Workforce Council](https://www.boston.gov/sites/default/files/document-file-09-2017/bwwcr-2016-new-report.pdf) worked with 69 companies to investigate if women are paid the same as men.
Using MPC, the companies were able to process their data without revealing the actual wages of any employees. The wage data of 112,600 employees was collected, representing about 11% of the Greater Boston workforce.
You can read their detailed findings in the report, but they found that women were indeed being paid less than men: 77 cents for every dollar a man makes on average.
It was reported in 2023 that thanks to this data, the Boston Women's Workforce Council was able to reduce the wage gap by 30%.
#### Allegheny County
In 2018, Allegheny County Department of Human Services partnered with the [Bipartisan Policy Center](https://bipartisanpolicy.org/press-release/bpc-partners-with-allegheny-county-on-new-privacy-preserving-data-project/) to implement MPC, allowing for private and secure sharing of county data on services to the homeless, behavioral health services, causes and incidence of mortality, family interventions, and incarceration.
The experiment was considered a success, with a recommendation from the U.S. Commission on Evidence-Based Policymaking to further explore the use of MPC.
## MPC Today
Today, the [MPC Alliance](https://www.mpcalliance.org) represents a collective of companies that have come together to advance the use of MPC.
MPC is used for everything from [cryptocurrency](https://www.coinbase.com/learn/wallet/what-is-a-multi-party-computation-mpc-wallet) to HIPAA-compliant [medical](https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6658266/) uses. There are ongoing efforts to [standardize](https://csrc.nist.gov/projects/threshold-cryptography) it from organizations like NIST, although it's a difficult proposition due to the sheer variation in MPC protocols and use cases.
There's been research into using MPC for secure and [verifiably fair](https://eprint.iacr.org/2014/075.pdf) [electronic voting](https://arxiv.org/html/2205.10580v4), something that's much needed as countries move toward [electronic voting](https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/electronic-voting-by-country). It's important to not completely dismiss the march of technology, but these things should be implemented with the utmost caution and scientific rigor. I feel that implementing black-box electronic voting without open and provably secure technologies like MPC is irresponsible and endangers elections.
MPC acts as an essential privacy tool in the toolbox. It intersects with other PETs like homomorphic encryption, a method of encrypting data in such a way that operations can still be performed on it without revealing the unencrypted data.
MPC is just one tool among many that's reshaping the privacy landscape. I'm excited to see how it's used in the future and what new advancements it unlocks.

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---
date:
created: 2025-07-24T18:20:00Z
categories:
- Opinion
authors:
- em
description: Improving privacy can get overwhelming at first. It's important to move one step at a time, but remain persistent. Good privacy is like good health habits.
schema_type: AnalysisNewsArticle
preview:
cover: blog/assets/images/privacy-is-like-broccoli/broccoli-cover.webp
---
# Privacy Is Like Broccoli
![Background filled with numbers from 0 to 2, representing binary code separated by the character 2. Outlined in bright green color is the shape of a piece of broccoli.](../assets/images/privacy-is-like-broccoli/broccoli-cover.webp)
<small aria-hidden="true">Illustration: Em / Privacy Guides</small>
If you are just starting the journey to improve your privacy online, you might feel overwhelmed by all the information you recently learned. This is normal, don't panic!<!-- more -->
When we first start learning about how much data is collected on us, and all the things we need to do to protect it, it's very common to feel stressed and distressed.
In a state of panic, you might be tempted to try doing it all at once, driven by an urgent desire to delete yourself from the entire internet, like right now! While this feeling is very understandable, this is the wrong approach.
The right approach is to see privacy like broccoli. Yes, broccoli, you have not misread me.
## Privacy is like good health habits
Good privacy is very similar to good health habits. If you want to improve your health, and your plan for this is to take one week per year to stuff yourself with broccoli, spend 7 days in a bath, and exercise 20 hours per day that week (while in the bath eating broccoli, I presume), then for the rest of the year follow a strict diet of ice cream and chips without any exercise or hygiene, you will not in fact end up being healthier.
The best *sustainable* approach to become healthier is to adopt better practices that you can keep doing the *whole* year, at a reasonable pace.
Slowly, while you eat some broccoli with healthy meals once in a while, exercise moderately but regularly, and take care of your body in general, you will effectively improve your health over the months and years.
The same is true for data privacy.
Trying to stuff yourself with better privacy is a common and normal reaction after realizing how much of our personal data is getting exploited online. The extent to which our privacy rights are getting violated daily is understandably terrifying.
However, trying to fix it all at once can lead to the greatest danger of all: Giving up entirely.
As it is for good health habits, it's important to work on adopting good privacy habits slowly but *persistently*. These improvements need to be habits you will be able to maintain through the whole year.
For some privacy-enhancing tools, it might take more time to set it up and get used to it at first, but then take no extra time to keep using it through the year. Nevertheless, it's important to actually **keep using these tools**. If you spend money on a stationary bike, then leave it to collect dust in the garage, this isn't going to improve your health at all.
## What you can do concretely
There is so much you can do to improve your privacy online, but here's the good news: You should start with the *easiest*.
Here are a few things you can start doing to improve your data privacy. Start with the **easiest for you.** Complete goals **one at a time**. Once you are comfortable with one improvement, **then pick another one**.
Don't forget to keep using these tools and practices through the whole year, not just for one stuffing-broccoli week. The key here is persistence.
### Tools and services you can start using
Start with the improvements that are easier for you, and with the recommendations that are realistically applicable to your unique situation. Only you can determine what are the tools that work best for yourself. Don't do it all at once! Pace yourself, but stay persistent.
- [x] [**Browser**: Start using privacy-respectful browsers](https://www.privacyguides.org/en/desktop-browsers/)
- [x] [**Internet Search**: Use a privacy-focused search engine](https://www.privacyguides.org/en/search-engines/)
- [x] [**Communication**: Use Signal for your text messages, calls, and video chats whenever possible](https://www.privacyguides.org/en/real-time-communication/#signal)
- [x] [**Social Media**: Start using better social media like Mastodon](https://www.privacyguides.org/en/social-networks/)
- [x] [**Documents**: Use CryptPad for your collaborative documents and forms](cryptpad-review.md)
- [x] [**Security**: Enable multifactor authentication for your accounts](https://www.privacyguides.org/en/multi-factor-authentication/)
- [x] [**Passwords**: Start using a secure password manager](https://www.privacyguides.org/en/passwords/)
- [x] [**Email**: Migrate to a privacy-respectful email service](https://www.privacyguides.org/en/email/)
- [x] [**Virtual Private Network**: Protect your IP address with a trustworthy VPN service](https://www.privacyguides.org/en/vpn/)
- [x] [**Cloud**: Move your data to an end-to-end encrypted cloud storage](https://www.privacyguides.org/en/cloud/)
- [x] [Continue your journey with more recommendations here!](https://www.privacyguides.org/en/tools/)
### Practices and habits to adopt progressively
- [x] [**Use pseudonymity when creating accounts:**](stay-safe-but-stay-connected.md/#pseudonymity) Favor sharing only a nickname or a first name when possible. Create accounts using email aliases, unique passwords, and a VPN connection when you can. Avoid sharing your phone number as much as possible.
- [x] [**Limit the photos you share:**](stay-safe-but-stay-connected.md/#photo-sharing) Be careful when sharing photos of yourself online. Be mindful of the information it contains, such as precise location. Examine your photos for reflections that could share more details than you intended. Keep in mind that using the same photos on different services might link these services together. Never share photos of others without their prior consent!
- [x] [**Remove metadata:**](stay-safe-but-stay-connected.md/#file-metadata) Whenever you share a photo or a file somewhere, strip the metadata from this file before sharing it.
- [x] **Minimize shared data:** When filling a form or creating an account, don't share more information than what is necessary. Even if there is a question with a field, this field might not be mandatory to fill. Only fill the mandated information to obtain the service you need.
- [x] [**Opt out of data collection, say no:**](you-can-say-no.md) Whenever possible, try opting out of unnecessary data collection. Sometimes, options to opt out aren't advertised, but you can ask if there is one. Opt out of meetings or medical visits being recorded (often done from AI transcription tools), opt out of facial scans at airports (if you legally can), reject all cookies!
- [x] **Opt out of AI features:** Each time a service or app asks for your consent to use a "smart" feature, if you don't absolutely need it, choose No. Don't use AI features if you can avoid it. Unfortunately, many if not most of these features do collect your data, in a way that often makes it impossible to delete later. Unless you have reliable guarantees this feature is privacy-respectful, it's always safer to opt out and say no.
- [x] [**Delete your unused accounts:**](https://www.privacyguides.org/en/basics/account-deletion/) Get into the habit of deleting the accounts you no longer use (and the data it contains). If required, email the service to submit an official data deletion request. You will feel lighter and lighter over time!
- [x] **Continue your journey with us:** Keep consulting our many resources to adopt even more healthy privacy practices persistently!
## Persistence is key
There are a lot of recommendations above, but don't do it all at once. Be careful not to choke on broccoli!
Take steps to bookmark this information for later, and go through it slowly at a pace that doesn't overwhelm you. **Always take the easiest next step.**
Maybe keep a to-do list, use a privacy-respectful calendar app, or even a bingo card (gamified privacy!) for your privacy improvement goals for the year. Make it easy, and make it fun!
Perhaps joining a group of like-minded people may also help you to stay motivated. There's a truly wonderful community on our [Privacy Guides Forum](https://discuss.privacyguides.net/) you are welcome to join! Many people there will be able to help you if you have questions through your privacy journey. Give yourself the tools and support you need to succeed, you are not alone with this.
Your greatest enemy is yourself giving up.
Your greatest allies are the amazing variety of free privacy-preserving tools and services available to you, the numerous guides and communities out there to help you, and the friends you will make along the way.
Remember to stay healthy and persistent with your privacy! 🥦✨

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---
date:
created: 2025-08-20T17:00:00Z
categories:
- Opinion
authors:
- em
description:
Privacy washing is a widely used deceptive strategy. Learning to detect it better is an important skill to develop to help us to respond to it and report it.
schema_type: Opinion
preview:
cover: blog/assets/images/privacy-washing-is-a-dirty-business/washing-cover.webp
---
# Privacy Washing Is a Dirty Business
![Filtered photo of a sticker on a metallic surface with graffiti. The sticker has the sentence "We respect your privacy!" written on it, and the whole sentence is barred is a red line over it.](../assets/images/privacy-washing-is-a-dirty-business/washing-cover.webp)
<small aria-hidden="true">Photo: Marija Zaric / Unsplash</small>
Perhaps you haven't heard the term *privacy washing* before. Nonetheless, it's likely that you have already been exposed to this scheme in the wild. Regrettably, privacy washing is a widespread deceptive strategy.<!-- more -->
## What is privacy washing
Similarly to whitewashing (concealing unwanted truths to improve a reputation) and greenwashing (deceptively presenting a product as environmentally friendly for marketing purposes), privacy washing misleadingly, or fraudulently, presents a product, service, or organization as being responsible and trustworthy with data protection, when it isn't.
<div class="admonition quote inline end" markdown>
<p class="admonition-title">Your privacy is&ast; important to us. <small aria-hidden="true">&ast;not!</small></p></div>
The term has been used for over a decade already. It's saddening to see that not only is this [not a new problem](https://dataethics.eu/privacy-washing/), but it has only gotten worse through the years.
With the acceleration of data collection, the accumulation of data breaches, and the erosion of customers' trust, companies have an increased need for reassuring users to gain their business.
Despite consumers' rights and expectations, implementing proper data protection takes time, expertise, and money. Even if the long term benefits are colossal, the time invested often doesn't translate into direct *short term* profits, the main objective for most businesses. On the other hand, collecting more data to sell it to third parties often *does* translate into short term profits.
For these reasons, many companies quickly realize the need for *advertising* better privacy, but aren't necessarily willing to invest what it takes to make these claims true.
There comes privacy washing: <span class="pullquote-source">"Your privacy is&ast; important to us." <small aria-hidden="true">&ast;not!</small></span>
Privacy washing comes with a selection of washer cycles, from malicious trap to deceptive snake oil to perhaps the most common wash: plain negligence.
## Negligence, incompetence, or malevolence
In some other contexts, intentions might matter more. But when it comes to privacy washing, the result is often the same regardless of intentions: Personal data from users, customers, employees, patients, or children even being leaked and exploited in all sorts of ways.
Whether false claims come from negligence by failing to verify that data protections are properly implemented, incompetence to evaluate if they are, or maliciously trying to trick users in using a service that is actually detrimental to their privacy, harm is done, and sometimes permanently so.
Nonetheless, understanding the different types of privacy washing can help us to evaluate how to detect it, respond to it, and report it.
### Negligence and greed
> *They know what they are doing, but they care more about money*
The most common occurrence of privacy washing likely comes from negligence and greed. One of the biggest drivers for this is that the current market incentivizes it.
Today's software industry is largely inflated by venture capitalist funding, which creates expectations for a substantial return on investment. This funding model often encourages startups to quickly build an app following the [minimum viable product](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimum_viable_product) principles, grow its user base as fast as possible, increase its value, and then sell it off for profits.
The problem is, this model is antithetical to implementing good privacy, security, and legal practices from the start. Data privacy cannot only be an afterthought. It must be implemented from the start, before users' data even gets collected.
Many startups fail to see how being thorough with data privacy will benefit them in the long term, and view privacy and security requirements only as a burden slowing down their growth. This mindset can result in perceiving privacy as a simple marketing asset, something businesses talk to users about for reassurance, but without putting any real effort into it beneath the surface.
<div class="admonition quote inline end" markdown>
<p class="admonition-title">Perhaps moving fast and breaking things wasn't such a good idea after all.</small></p></div>
Outside of privacy, this common startup mindset of playing fast and loose with customers and their safety frequently has **devastating** consequences. One recent and tragic example comes from OceanGate's Titan deep-sea submersible that [infamously imploded](https://globalnews.ca/news/11318623/titan-sub-report-oceangate-culture-critically-flawed/) during an exploration, killing its five passengers in an instant.
The final report blamed a problematic safety culture at OceanGate that was “critically flawed and at the core of these failures were glaring disparities between their written safety protocols and their actual practices.”
<span class="pullquote-source">Perhaps [moving fast and breaking things](move-fast-and-break-things.md) wasn't such a good idea after all.</span>
Alas, similar "glaring disparities" between policies and practices are widespread in the tech industry. While maybe not as dramatic and spectacular as an imploding submersible, [data leaks can also literally kill people](privacy-means-safety.md).
**Data privacy is the "passenger safety protocol" for software**, and it should never be trivialized.
Privacy isn't just "risk management", it is a human right. Analogous to safety protocols, organizations are responsible for ensuring their data protection policies are being followed, and are accurately describing their current practices. Anything less is negligence, at best.
Unfortunately, users (like passengers) often have very few ways to verify false claims about allegedly privacy-respectful features and policies. But this burden should never be on them in the first place.
### Incompetence and willful ignorance
> *They don't know what they are doing, or they just don't want to know*
Partly related to negligence, is plain incompetence and willful ignorance. Some organizations might be well-intentioned initially, but either lack the internal expertise to implement proper privacy practices, or conveniently decide not to spend much time researching about what their data protection responsibilities are.
For example, most businesses have heard by now of the requirement to present a privacy policy to their users, customers, and even web visitors. Deplorably, in a failed attempt to fulfill this legal obligation, many simply copy someone else's privacy policy and paste it on their own website. Not only this is very unlikely to be compliant with applicable privacy regulations, but it also possibly infringes *copyright* laws.
Do not simply copy-paste another organization's privacy policy and claim it as your own!
It's important to remember that legal requirements for policies aren't the end goal here. **The true requirements are the data protection *practices*.**
The policies *must* accurately describe what the *practices* are in reality. Because no two organizations have the exact same internal practices and third-party vendors, no two organizations should have the exact same privacy policy.
**Copy-paste privacy policies aren't compliance, they're deception.**
A privacy policy that isn't accurately describing an organization's practices is a form of privacy washing. Sadly, a quite commonly used one, like some quick light-wash cycle.
It's worth noting these days that creating a privacy policy using generative AI will lead to the exact same problems related to accuracy and potential infringement of both privacy and copyright laws. This is *not* a smart "shortcut" to try.
While lack of understanding of policies and legal requirements is only one example of how incompetence can become a form of privacy washing, there are infinitely more ways this can happen.
As soon as data is collected by an organization (or by the third-party software it uses), there is almost certainly legal obligations to protect this data, to restrict its collection and retention, and to inform data subjects.
Organizations that do not take this responsibility seriously, or blissfully decide to remain unaware of it, while presenting an empty privacy policy, are effectively doing privacy washing.
Implementing protections and limiting collection cannot be an afterthought. Once data is leaked, there is often nothing that can be done to truly delete it from the wild. The damage caused by leaked data can be tragic and permanent.
Organizations must take this responsibility much more seriously.
### Malevolence and fraud
> *They lie, and they want your data*
Greed and ignorance are common causes of privacy washing, but they can quickly escalate to fraud and ambush.
It's worth noting that a large amount of negligence or incompetence can be indistinguishable from malice, but there are organizations that deliberately lie to users to exploit them, or to trick them into unwillingly revealing sensitive information.
#### Anom, the secret FBI operation
Perhaps one of the most infamous example of this is the Anom honeypot. Anom was an encrypted phone company promising privacy and security, but that was in fact part of an undercover operation staged by the American Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), [Operation Trojan Shield](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Trojan_Shield).
Investigative journalist Joseph Cox [reported](https://www.vice.com/en/article/inside-anom-video-operation-trojan-shield-ironside/) in 2021 that Anom advertised their products to criminal groups, then secretly sent a copy of every message on the device to the FBI. It was so secret, even Anom developers didn't know about the operation. They were told their customers were corporations.
A screenshot [shared](https://www.vice.com/en/article/operation-trojan-shield-anom-fbi-secret-phone-network/) by Motherboard shows an Anom slogan: "Anom, Enforce your right to privacy". It's hard to tell how many non-criminal persons (if any) might have accidentally been caught in this FBI net. Although this specific operation seems to have been narrowly targeting criminals, who knows if a similar operation could not be casting a wider net, inadvertently catching many innocent privacy-conscious users in its path.
#### Navigating VPN providers can be a minefield
Using a [trustworthy](https://www.privacyguides.org/en/vpn/) Virtual Private Network (VPN) service is a good strategy to improve your privacy online. That being said, evaluating trustworthiness is critical here. Using a VPN is only a transfer of trust, from your Internet Service Provider (ISP) to your VPN provider. Your VPN provider will still know your true IP address and location, and *could* technically see all your online activity while using the service, if they decided to look.
[Different VPN services are not equal](https://www.privacyguides.org/videos/2024/12/12/do-you-need-a-vpn/), unfortunately, snake oil products and traps are everywhere in this market. As with anything, do not assume that whoever screams the loudest is the most trustworthy. Loudness here only means more investment in advertising.
For example, take the interesting case of [Kape Technologies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kape_Technologies), a billionaire-run company formerly known as Crossrider. This corporation has now acquired four different VPN services: ExpressVPN, CyberGhost, Private Internet Access, and Zenmate. This isn't that suspicious in itself, but Kape Technologies has also [acquired](https://cyberinsider.com/kape-technologies-owns-expressvpn-cyberghost-pia-zenmate-vpn-review-sites/) a number of VPN *review* websites, suspiciously always ranking its own VPN services at the top. This is a blatant conflict of interest, to say the least.
Sadly, on the VPN market — [estimated](https://www.grandviewresearch.com/industry-analysis/virtual-private-network-market) at $41.33 billion USD in 2022 — what is called a ["review" is often just *advertising*](the-trouble-with-vpn-and-privacy-review-sites.md).
Moreover, many free VPN providers [break their privacy promises](https://iapp.org/news/a/privacy-violations-by-free-vpn-service-providers) regarding users' data. In 2013, Facebook [bought](https://gizmodo.com/do-not-i-repeat-do-not-download-onavo-facebook-s-vam-1822937825) the free VPN provider Onavo, and included it in a Facebook feature deceptively labeled "Protect". As is now standard behavior for Facebook, the social media juggernaut actually collected and analyzed the data from Onavo users. This allowed Facebook to monitor the online habits of its users even when they weren't using the Facebook app. This is very much the opposite of data privacy, and of any implied promises to "Protect".
Then there's the case of Hotspot Shield VPN, accused in 2017 of [breaking](https://www.zdnet.com/article/privacy-group-accuses-hotspot-shield-of-snooping-on-web-traffic/) its privacy promises by the Center for Democracy & Technology, a digital rights nonprofit organization. While promising "anonymous browsing", Hotspot Shield allegedly deployed persistent cookies and used more than five different third-party tracking libraries. The parent company AnchorFree denied the accusations, but even *if* it wasn't the case for AnchorFree, how tempting would it be for a business with an ad-based revenue model to utilize the valuable data it collects for more of this revenue? And indeed, many free VPN services do [monetize](https://thebestvpn.com/how-free-vpns-sell-your-data/) users' data.
Worst of all are the *fake*, free VPN services. Like stepping on a landmine, criminals are [luring users](https://www.techradar.com/pro/criminals-are-using-a-dangerous-fake-free-vpn-to-spread-malware-via-github-heres-how-to-stay-safe) looking for a free VPN service and tricking them into downloading malware on their devices. While this goes beyond privacy washing, it's still a piece of software actively harming users and deceptively gaining their trust with the false promise of better privacy. Wherever privacy washing is being normalized by greedy or lazy organizations, criminals like this flourish.
#### Using compliance to appear legitimate
Another fraudulent case of privacy washing is organizations using false claims related to privacy law compliance to appear more legitimate.
Earlier this year, the digital rights organization Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF) [called](https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2025/01/eff-state-ags-time-investigate-crisis-pregnancy-centers) for an investigation into deceptive anti-abortion militant organizations (also called "[fake clinics](https://www.plannedparenthood.org/blog/what-are-crisis-pregnancy-centers)") in eight different US states.
These fake clinics were claiming to be bound by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) in order to appear like genuine health organizations. HIPAA is an American federal privacy law that was established in 1996 to protect sensitive health information in the United States.
Not only are many of these fake clinics **not** complying with HIPAA, but they collect extremely sensitive information without being bound by HIPAA in the first place, because they *aren't* licensed healthcare providers. Worse, some have [leaked this data](https://jessica.substack.com/p/exclusive-health-data-breach-at-americas) in all sorts of ways.
Thanks to the EFF's work, some of those fake clinics have now [quietly removed](https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2025/08/fake-clinics-quietly-edit-their-websites-after-being-called-out-hipaa-claims) misleading language from their websites. But sadly, this small victory doesn't make these organizations any more trustworthy, it only slightly reduces the extent of their privacy washing.
### Deception and privacy-masquerading
> *They talk privacy, but their words are empty*
Perhaps the most obvious and pernicious examples of privacy washing are organizations that are clearly building products and features harming people's privacy, while using deceptive, pro-privacy language to disguise themselves as privacy-respectful organizations. There are likely more occurrences of this than there are characters in this article's text.
Buzzwords like "military-grade encryption", "privacy-enhancing", and the reassuring classic "we never share your data with anyone" get thrown around like candies falling off a privacy-preserving-piñata.
But **words are meaningless when they are deceitful**, and these candies quickly turn bitter once we learn the truth.
#### Google, the advertising company
An infamous recent example of this is Google, who [pushed](https://proton.me/blog/privacy-washing-2023) a new Chrome feature for targeted advertising in 2023 and dared to call it "Enhanced Ad Privacy"
This [enabled by default](https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2023/09/how-turn-googles-privacy-sandbox-ad-tracking-and-why-you-should) technology allows Google to target users with ads customized around their browsing history. It's really difficult to see where the "privacy" is supposed to be here, even when squinting very hard.
Of course, Google, an advertising company, has long mastered the art of misleading language around data privacy to reassure its valuable natural resource, the user.
<div class="admonition quote inline end" markdown>
<p class="admonition-title">Google continued to collect personally identifiable user data from their extensive server-side tracking network.</small></p></div>
Everyone is likely familiar with Chrome's infamously deceptive "Incognito mode". In reality, becoming "Incognito" stopped at your own device where browsing history will not be kept, while <span class="pullquote-source">Google continued to collect personally identifiable user data from their extensive server-side tracking network.</span> Understandably, disgruntled users filed an official [class action lawsuit](https://www.theverge.com/2023/8/7/23823878/google-privacy-tracking-incognito-mode-lawsuit-summary-judgment-denied) to get reparation from this deception. In 2023, Google agreed [to settle](https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-67838384) this $5 billion lawsuit.
Despite claims of "privacy" in their advertising to users, Google, like many other big tech giants, has in reality spent millions [lobbying against](https://www.politico.com/news/2021/10/22/google-kids-privacy-protections-tech-giants-516834) better privacy protections for years.
#### World App, the biometric data collector
Similarly, Sam Altman's World project loves to throw privacy-preserving language around to reassure prospect users and investors. But despite all its claims, data protection authorities around the world have been [investigating, fining, and even banning](sam-altman-wants-your-eyeball.md/#privacy-legislators-arent-on-board) its operations.
The World App (developed by the World project) is an "everything app" providing users with a unique identifier called a World ID. This World ID, which grants various perks and accesses while using the World App, is earned by providing biometric data to the organization, in the form of an iris scan.
Providing an iris scan to a for-profit corporation with little oversight will rightfully scare away many potential users. This is why the company has evidently invested heavily in branding itself as a "privacy-preserving" technology, claims that are [questionable](sam-altman-wants-your-eyeball.md/#how-privacy-preserving-is-it) to say the least.
Despite catchy declarations such as "privacy by default and by design approach", the World project has accumulated an impressive history of privacy violations, and multiplies contradicting and misleading statements in its own documentation.
There are some stains that even a powerful, billionaire-backed, privacy wash just cannot clean off.
#### Flo, sharing your period data with Facebook
In 2019, the Wall Street Journal [reported](https://therecord.media/meta-flo-trial-period-tracking-data-sharing) that the period tracking application Flo had been sharing sensitive health data with Facebook (Meta), despite its promises of privacy.
The app, developed by Flo Health, repeatedly reassured users that the very sensitive information they shared with the app would remain private and would not be shared with any third parties without explicit consent.
Despite this pledge, the Flo app did share sensitive personal data with third parties, via the software development kits incorporated into the app.
This extreme negligence (or malevolence) have likely harmed some users in unbelievable ways. Considering the state of abortion rights in the United States at the moment, it's not an exaggeration to say this data leak could [severely endanger](privacy-means-safety.md/#healthcare-seekers) Flo App's users, including with risk of imprisonment.
In response, users have filed several [class action lawsuits](https://www.hipaajournal.com/jury-trial-meta-flo-health-consumer-privacy/) against Flo Health, Facebook, Google, AppsFlyer, and Flurry.
Trivializing health data privacy while promising confidentiality to gain users' trust should never be banalized. This is a very serious infringement of users' rights.
## Remain skeptical, revoke your trust when needed
Regardless of the promises to safeguard our personal data, it's sad to say, we can never let our guard down.
Privacy washing isn't a trend that is about to fade away, it's quite likely that it will even worsen in the years to come. We must prepare accordingly.
The only way to improve our safety (and our privacy) is to remain vigilant at all time, and grant our trust only sparsely. We also need to stay prepared to revoke this trust at any time, when we learn new information that justifies it.
Always remain skeptical when you encounter privacy policies that seem suspiciously too generic; official-looking badges on websites advertising unsupported claims of "GDPR compliance", reviews that are lacking supporting evidence and doubtfully independent; and over usage of buzzwords like "military-grade encryption", "privacy-enhancing", "fully encrypted", and (more recently) "AI-powered".
It's not easy to navigate the perilous waters of supposedly privacy-respectful software. And it's even worse in an age where AI-spawned websites and articles can create the illusion of trustworthiness with only a few clicks and prompts.
Learning [how to spot the red flags, and the green(ish) flags](red-and-green-privacy-flags.md), to protect ourselves from the deceptive manipulation of privacy washing is an important skill to develop to make better informed choices.

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<div class="admonition recommendation" markdown>
![Nextcloud logo](../assets/img/document-collaboration/nextcloud.svg){ align=right }
![Nextcloud logo](../assets/img/self-hosting/nextcloud.svg){ align=right }
**Nextcloud** is a suite of free and open-source client-server software for creating your own file hosting services on a private server you control.

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---
date:
created: 2025-09-03T19:30:00Z
categories:
- Tutorials
authors:
- em
description:
Being able to distinguish facts from marketing lies is an essential skill in today's world. Despite all the privacy washing, there are clues we can look for to help.
schema_type: AnalysisNewsArticle
preview:
cover: blog/assets/images/red-and-green-privacy-flags/dontcare-cover.webp
---
# &ldquo;We [Don't] Care About Your Privacy&rdquo;
![Filtered photo of a metal container left on the street, with on it the painted sentence "We've updated our privacy policy." with three faded happy face icons around it. On and around the container are icons of hidden red flags.](../assets/images/red-and-green-privacy-flags/dontcare-cover.webp)
<small aria-hidden="true">Illustration: Em / Privacy Guides | Photo: Lilartsy / Unsplash</small>
They all claim "Your privacy is important to us." How can we know if that's true? With privacy washing being normalized by big tech and startups alike, it becomes increasingly difficult to evaluate who we can trust with our personal data. Fortunately, there are red (and green) flags we can look for to help us.<!-- more -->
If you haven't heard this term before, [privacy washing](privacy-washing-is-a-dirty-business.md) is the practice of misleadingly, or fraudulently, presenting a product, service, or organization as being trustworthy for data privacy, when in fact it isn't.
Privacy washing isn't a new trend, but it has become more prominent in recent years, as a strategy to gain trust from progressively more suspicious prospect customers. Unless politicians and regulators start getting much more serious and severe about protecting our privacy rights, this trend is likely to only get worse.
In this article, we will examine common indicators of privacy washing, and the "red" and "green" flags we should look for to make better-informed decisions and avoid deception.
## Spotting the red flags
<div class="admonition quote inline end" markdown>
<p class="admonition-title">Marketing claims can be separated from facts by an abysmally large pit of lies</p></div>
It's important to keep in mind that it's not the most visible product that's necessarily the best. More visibility only means more marketing. <span class="pullquote-source">Marketing claims can be separated from facts by an abysmally large pit of lies</span>.
Being able to distinguish between facts and marketing lies is an important skill to develop, doubly so on the internet. After all, it's difficult to find a single surface of the internet that isn't covered with ads, whether in plain sight or lurking in the shadows, disguised as innocent comments and enthusiastic reviews.
So what can we do about it?
There are some signs that should be considered when evaluating a product to determine its trustworthiness. It's unfair this burden falls on us, but sadly, until we get better regulations and institutions to protect us, we will have to protect ourselves.
It's also important to remember that evaluating trustworthiness isn't binary, and isn't permanent. There is always at least some risk, no matter how low, and trust should always be revoked when new information justifies it.
<div class="admonition info" markdown>
<p class="admonition-title">Examine flags collectively, and in context</p>
It's important to note that each red flag isn't necessarily a sign of untrustworthiness on its own (and the same is true for green flags, in reverse). But the more red flags you spot, the more suspicious you should get.
Taken into account *together*, these warning signs can help us estimate when it's probably reasonably safe to trust (low risk), when we should revoke our trust, or when we should refrain from trusting a product or organization entirely (high risk).
</div>
### :triangular_flag_on_post: Conflict of interest
Conflict of interest is one of the biggest red flag to look for. It comes in many shapes: Sponsorships, affiliate links, parent companies, donations, employments, personal relationships, and so on and so forth.
#### Content sponsorships and affiliate links
Online influencers and educators regularly receive offers to "monetize their audience with ease" if they accept to overtly or subtly advertise products within their content. If this isn't explicitly presented as advertising, then there is obviously a strong conflict of interest. The same is true for affiliate links, where creators receive a sum of money each time a visitor clicks on a link or purchase a product from this link.
It's understandable that content creators are seeking sources of revenue to continue doing their work. This isn't an easy job. But a trustworthy content creator should always **disclose** any potential conflicts of interest related to their content, and present paid advertising explicitly as paid advertising.
<div class="admonition success" markdown>
<p class="admonition-title">What to do?</p>
Before trusting content online, try to examine what the sources of revenue are for this content. Look for affiliate links and sponsorships, and try to evaluate if what you find might have influenced the impartiality of the content.
</div>
#### Parent companies
This one is harder to examine, but is extremely important. In today's corporate landscape, it's not rare to find conglomerates of corporations with a trail of ownership so long it's sometimes impossible to find the head. Nevertheless, investigating which company owns which is fundamental to detect conflicts of interest.
For example, the corporation [Kape Technologies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teddy_Sagi#Kape_Technologies) is the owner of both VPN providers (ExpressVPN, CyberGhost, Private Internet Access, and Zenmate) and websites publishing [*VPN reviews*](https://cyberinsider.com/kape-technologies-owns-expressvpn-cyberghost-pia-zenmate-vpn-review-sites/). Suspiciously, their own VPN providers always get ranked at the top on their own review websites. Even if there were no explicit directive for the websites to do this, which review publisher would dare to rank negatively a product owned by its parent company, the one keeping them alive? This is a direct and obvious conflict of interest.
<div class="admonition success" markdown>
<p class="admonition-title">What to do?</p>
Look at the *Terms of Service* and *Privacy Policy* (or *Privacy Notice*) for declarations related to a parent company. This is often stated there. You can also examine an organization's *About* page, Wikipedia page, or even the official government corporate registries to find out if anyone else owns an organization.
</div>
#### Donations, event sponsorships, and other revenues
When money is involved, there is always a potential for conflict of interest. If an organization receives a substantial donation, grant, or loan from another, it will be difficult to remain impartial about it. Few would dare to talk negatively about a large donor.
This isn't necessarily a red flag in every situation of course. For example, a receiving organization could be in a position where the donor's values are aligned, or where impartiality isn't required. Nevertheless, it's something important to consider.
In 2016, developer and activist Aral Balkan [wrote](https://ar.al/notes/why-im-not-speaking-at-cpdp/) about how he refused an invitation to speak at a panel on Surveillance Capitalism at the [Computers, Privacy, & Data Protection Conference](http://www.cpdpconferences.org) (CPDP). The conference had accepted sponsorship from an organization completely antithetical to its stated values: [Palantir](https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/us-politics/trump-doge-palantir-data-immigration-b2761096.html).
Balkan wrote: "The sponsorship of privacy and human rights conferences by corporations that erode our privacy and human rights is a clear conflict of interests that we must challenge."
<div class="admonition quote inline end" markdown>
<p class="admonition-title">How could one claim to defend privacy rights while receiving money from organizations thriving on destroying them?</p></div>
This is a great example of how sponsors can severely compromise not only the impartiality of an organization, but also its credibility and its values. How could the talks being put forward at such a conference be selected without bias? <span class="pullquote-source">How could one claim to defend privacy rights while receiving money from organizations thriving on destroying them?</span>
It's worth nothing that this year's CPDP 2025 sponsors [included](https://www.cpdpconferences.org/sponsors-partners) Google, Microsoft, TikTok, and Uber.
<div class="admonition success" markdown>
<p class="admonition-title">What to do?</p>
Examine who sponsors events and who donates to organizations. Try to evaluate if an organization or event received money from sources that could be in contradiction with its values. Does this compromise its credibility? If a sponsor or donor has conflicting values, what benefit would there be for the sponsor supporting this event or organization?
</div>
#### Employment and relationships
Finally, another important type of conflicts of interest to keep in mind are the relationships between the individuals producing the content and the companies or products they are reporting on.
For example, if a content creator is working or previously worked for an organization, and the content requires impartiality, this is a potential conflict of interest that should be openly disclosed.
The same can be true if this person is in a professional or personal relationship with people involved with the product. This can be difficult to detect of course, and is not categorically a sign of bias, but it's worth paying attention to it in our evaluations.
<div class="admonition success" markdown>
<p class="admonition-title">What to do?</p>
Look for disclaimers related to conflict of interest. Research the history of an organization to gain a better understanding of the people involved. Wikipedia can be a valuable resource for this.
</div>
### :triangular_flag_on_post: Checkbox compliance and copy-paste policies
Regrettably, many organizations have no intention whatsoever to genuinely implement privacy-respectful practices, and are simply trying to get rid of these "pesky privacy regulation requirements" as cheaply and quickly as possible.
They treat privacy law compliance like an annoying list of annoying tasks. They think they can complete this list doing the bare *cosmetic* minimum, so that it will all *look* like it's compliant (of course, it is not).
A good clue this mindset might be ongoing in an organization is when it uses a very generic privacy policy and terms of service, policies that are often simply copy-pasted from another website or AI-generated (which is kind of the same thing).
Not only this is *extremely unlikely* to truly fulfill the requirements for privacy compliance, but it also almost certainly infringes on *copyright* laws.
<div class="admonition success" markdown>
<p class="admonition-title">What to do?</p>
If you find few details in a privacy policy that are specific to the organization, try copying one of its paragraph or long sentence in a search engine (using quotation marks around it to find the exact same entry). This will help detect where other websites are using the same policy.
Some might be using legitimate templates of course, but even legal usable policy templates need to be customized heavily to be compliant. Sadly, many simply copy-paste material from other organizations without permission, or use generative AI tools doing the same.
If the whole policy is copied without customization, it's very unlikely to describe anything true.
</div>
### :triangular_flag_on_post: Meaningless privacy compliance badges
Many businesses and startups have started to proudly display privacy law "[compliance badges](https://www.shutterstock.com/search/compliance-badge)" on their websites, to reassure potential clients and customers.
While it can indeed be reassuring at first glance to see "GDPR Compliant!", "CCPA Privacy Approved", and other deceitful designs, there is no central authority verifying this systematically. At this time, anyone could decide to claim they are "GDPR Compliant" and ornate their website with a pretty badge.
Moreover, if this claim isn't true, this is fraudulent of course and likely to break many laws. But some businesses bet on the assumption that no one will verify or report it, or that data protection authorities simply have better things to do.
While most privacy regulations adopt principles similar to the European General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) [principle of accountability](https://commission.europa.eu/law/law-topic/data-protection/rules-business-and-organisations/obligations/how-can-i-demonstrate-my-organisation-compliant-gdpr_en) (where organizations are responsible for compliance and for demonstrating compliance), organizations' assertions are rarely challenged or audited. Because most of the time there isn't anyone verifying compliance unless there's an individual complaint, organizations have grown increasingly fearless with false claims of compliance.
<div class="admonition success" markdown>
<p class="admonition-title">What to do?</p>
Never trust a claim of privacy compliance at face value, especially if it comes in the shape of a pretty website badge.
Examine organizations' privacy policies, contact them and ask questions, look for independent reviews, investigate to see if an organization has been reported before. Never trust a first-party source to tell you how great and compliant the first-party is.
</div>
### :triangular_flag_on_post: Fake reviews
Fake reviews are a growing problem on the internet. And this was only aggravated by the arrival of generative AI. There are so many review websites that are simply advertising in disguise. Some fake reviews are [generated by AI](https://apnews.com/article/fake-online-reviews-generative-ai-40f5000346b1894a778434ba295a0496), some are paid for or [influenced by sponsorships and affiliate links](the-trouble-with-vpn-and-privacy-review-sites.md), some are in [conflict of interest](https://cyberinsider.com/kape-technologies-owns-expressvpn-cyberghost-pia-zenmate-vpn-review-sites/) from parent companies, and many are biased in other ways. Trusting an online review today feels like trying to find the single strand of true grass through an enormous plastic haystack.
Genuine reviews are (were?) usually a good way to get a second opinion while shopping online and offline. Fake reviews pollute this verification mechanism by duping us in believing something comes from an independent third-party, when it doesn't.
<div class="admonition success" markdown>
<p class="admonition-title">What to do?</p>
Train yourself to spot fake reviews. There are [many signs](https://www.bbb.org/all/spot-a-scam/how-to-spot-a-fake-review) that can help with this, such as language that suspiciously uses the complete and correct product and feature brand each time, reviewers who published an unnatural quantity of reviews in a short period of time, excessively positive review, negative reviews talking about how great this *other* brand is, etc. Make sure to look for potential conflicts of interest as well.
</div>
### :triangular_flag_on_post: Fake AI-generated content
Sadly, the internet has been infected by a new plague in recent years: AI-generated content. This was mentioned before, but truly deserves its own red flag.
Besides AI-generated reviews, it's important to know there are also now multiple articles, social media posts, and even entire websites that are completely AI-generated, and doubly fake. This affliction makes it even harder for readers to find genuine sources of reliable information online. [Learning to recognize this fake content](https://www.cnn.com/interactive/2023/07/business/detect-ai-text-human-writing/) is now an internet survival skill.
<div class="admonition success" markdown>
<p class="admonition-title">What to do?</p>
If you find a blog that publishes 5 articles per day from the same author every day, be suspicious. Look for publication dates, and if they are inhumanly close to each other, this can be a sign of AI-generated content.
When reading an article, AI-generated text will often use very generic sentences, you will rarely find the colorful writing style that is unique to an author. AI-writing is generally bland with no personality shinning through. You might also notice the writing feels circular. It will seems like it's not really saying anything specific, except for that one thing, that is repeated over and over.
</div>
### :triangular_flag_on_post: Excessive self-references
When writing an article, review, or a product description, writers often use text links to add sources of information to support their statements, or to provide additional resources to readers.
When **all** the text links in an article point to the same source, you should grow suspicious. If all the seemingly external links only direct to material created from the original source, this can give the impression of supporting independent evidences, when in fact there aren't any.
Of course, organizations will sometimes refer back to their own material to share more of what they did with you (we certainly do!), but if an article or review *only* uses self-references, and these references also only use self-references, this could be a red flag.
<div class="admonition success" markdown>
<p class="admonition-title">What to do?</p>
Even if you do not click on links, at least hover over them to see where they lead. Usually, trustworthy sources will have at least a few links pointing to *external* third-party websites. A diversity of supporting resources is important when conducting impartial research, and should be demonstrated there whenever relevant.
</div>
### :triangular_flag_on_post: Deceptive designs
Deceptive design can be difficult to spot. Sometimes it's obvious, like a cookie banner with a ridiculously small <small>"reject all"</small> button, or an opt-out option hidden under twenty layers of menu.
Most of the time however, deceptive design is well-planned to psychologically manipulate us to pick the option most favorable to the company, at the expense of our privacy. The Office of the Privacy Commissioner of Canada has produced this informative [web page](https://www.priv.gc.ca/en/privacy-topics/technology/online-privacy-tracking-cookies/online-privacy/deceptive-design/gd_dd-ind/) to help us recognize better deceptive design.
<div class="admonition success" markdown>
<p class="admonition-title">What to do?</p>
Favor tools and services that are built for privacy from the ground up, and always default to privacy first. Train yourself to spot deceptive patterns and be persistent to choose the most privacy-protective option.
Don't be afraid to [say no](you-can-say-no.md), to reject options and products, and to also report them when deceptive design becomes fraudulent or infringes privacy laws.
</div>
### :triangular_flag_on_post: Buzzword language
Be suspicious of buzzword language, especially when it becomes excessive or lacks any supportive evidences. **Remember that buzzwords aren't a promise, but only marketing to get your attention.** These words don't mean anything on their own.
Expressions like "military-grade encryption" are usually designed to inspire trust, but there is [no such thing](https://www.howtogeek.com/445096/what-does-military-grade-encryption-mean/) that grants better privacy. Most military organizations likely use industry-standard encryption from solid and tested cryptographic algorithms, like any trustworthy organizations and privacy-preserving tools do.
Newer promises like "AI-powered" are completely empty, if not *scary*. Thankfully, many "AI-powered" apps aren't really AI-powered, and this is a good thing because "AI" is more often [a danger to your privacy](https://www.sciencenewstoday.org/the-dark-side-of-ai-bias-surveillance-and-control), and not an enhancement at all.
<div class="admonition success" markdown>
<p class="admonition-title">What to do?</p>
Remain skeptical of expressions like "privacy-enhancing", "privacy-first approach", "fully-encrypted", or "fully compliant" when these claims aren't supported with evidences. Fully encrypted means nothing if the encryption algorithm is weak, or if the company has access to your encryption keys.
When you see claims of "military-grade encryption", ask which cryptographic algorithms are used, and how encryption is implemented. Look for evidences and detailed information on technological claims. Never accept vague promises as facts.
</div>
### :triangular_flag_on_post: Unverifiable and unrealistic promises
Along the same lines, many businesses will be happy to promise you the moon. But then, they become reluctant to explain how they will get you the moon, how they will manage to give the moon to multiple customers at once, and what will happen to the planet once they've transported the moon away from its orbit to bring it back to you on Earth... Maybe getting the moon isn't such a good promise after all.
<div class="admonition quote inline end" markdown>
<p class="admonition-title">companies promising you software that is 100% secure and 100% private are either lying or misinformed themselves</p></div>
Similarly, <span class="pullquote-source">companies promising you software that is 100% secure and 100% private are either lying or misinformed themselves</span>.
No software product is 100% secure and/or 100% private. Promises like this are unrealistic, and (fortunately for those companies) often also *unverifiable*. But an unverifiable claim shouldn't default to a trustworthy claim, quite the opposite. Trust must be earned. If a product cannot demonstrate how their claims are true, then we must remain skeptical.
<div class="admonition success" markdown>
<p class="admonition-title">What to do?</p>
Same as for buzzwords and compliance claims, never trust at face value. If there are no ways for you to verify a claim, remain skeptical and aware this promise could be empty.
Be especially suspicious with organizations repeating exaggerated guarantees such as 100% secure. Organizations that are knowledgeable about security and privacy will usually restrain from such binary statement, and tend to talk about risk reduction with nuanced terms like "more secure", or "more private".
</div>
### :triangular_flag_on_post: Flawed or absent process for data deletion
Examining an organization's processes for data deletion can reveal a lot on their privacy practices and expertise. Organizations that are knowledgeable about privacy rights will usually be prepared to respond to data deletion requests, and will already have a process in place, a process that [doesn't require providing more information](queer-dating-apps-beware-who-you-trust.md/#they-can-make-deleting-data-difficult) than they already have.
Be especially worried if:
- [ ] You don't find any mentions of data deletion in their privacy policy.
- [ ] From your account's settings or app, you cannot find any option to delete your account and data.
- [ ] The account and data deletion process uses vague terms that make it unclear if your data will be truly deleted.
- [ ] You cannot find an email address to contact a privacy officer in their privacy policy.
- [ ] The email listed in their privacy policy isn't an address dedicated to privacy.
- [ ] You emailed the address listed but didn't get any reply after two weeks.
- [ ] Their deletion process requires to fill a form demanding more information than they already have on you, or uses a privacy-invasive third-party like Google Forms.
- [ ] They argue with you when you ask for legitimate deletion.
<div class="admonition success" markdown>
<p class="admonition-title">What to do?</p>
If this isn't already explicitly explained in their policies (or if you do not trust their description), find the privacy contact for an organization and email them *before* using their products or services, to ask about their data deletion practices.
Ask in advance which information will be required from you in order to delete your data. Also ask if they keep any data afterward, and (if they do) what data they keep. Once data is shared, this could be much harder to deal with. It's best to verify data deletion processes *before* trusting an organization with our data.
</div>
### :triangular_flag_on_post: False reassurances
The goal of privacy washing is to reassure worried clients, consumers, users, patients, and investors into using the organization's products or services. But making us *feel* more secure doesn't always mean that we are.
#### Privacy theaters
You might have heard the term "security theater" already, but there's also "[privacy theater](https://slate.com/technology/2021/12/facebook-twitter-big-tech-privacy-sham.html)". Many large tech organizations have mastered this art for decades now. In response to criticisms about their dubious privacy practices, companies like Facebook and Google love to add seemingly "privacy-preserving" options to their software's settings, to give people the impression it's possible to use their products while preserving their privacy. But alas, it is not.
Unfortunately, no matter how much you "harden" your Facebook or Google account for privacy, these corporations will keep tracking everything you do on and off their platforms. Yes, enabling these options *might* very slightly reduce exposure for *some* of your data (and you should enable them if you cannot leave these platforms). However, Facebook and Google will still collect enough data on you to make them billions in profits each year, otherwise they wouldn't implement these options at all.
#### Misleading protections
The same can be said for applications that have built a reputation on a supposedly privacy-first approach like [Telegram](https://cybersecuritycue.com/telegram-data-sharing-after-ceo-arrest/) and [WhatsApp](https://insidetelecom.com/whatsapp-security-risk-alert-over-privacy-concerns/). In fact, the protections these apps offer are only partial, often poorly explained to users, and the apps still collect a large amount of data and/or metadata.
#### When deletion doesn't mean deletion
In other cases, false reassurance comes in the form of supposedly deleted data that isn't truly deleted. In 2019, Global News [reported](https://globalnews.ca/news/5463630/amazon-alexa-keeps-data-deleted-privacy/) on Amazon's Alexa virtual assistant speaker that didn't always delete voice-recorded data as promised. Google was also found [guilty](https://www.cnet.com/tech/services-and-software/google-oops-did-not-delete-street-view-data-as-promised/) of this, even after receiving an order from UK's Information Commissioner's Office.
This can also happen with cloud storage services that display an option to "delete" a file, when in fact the file is [simply hidden](https://www.consumersearch.com/technology/cloud-storage-privacy-concerns-learn-permanently-delete-data) from the interface, while remaining available in a bin directory or from version control.
How many unaware organizations might have inadvertently (or maliciously) kept deleted data by misusing their storage service and version control system? Of course, if a copy of the data is kept in backups or versioning system, then it's **not** fully deleted, and doesn't legally fulfill a data deletion requirement.
<div class="admonition success" markdown>
<p class="admonition-title">What to do?</p>
Do not simply trust a "privacy" or "opt-out" option. Look at the overall practices of an organization to establish trust. Privacy features have no value at all if we cannot trust the organization that implemented them.
Investigate to find an organization's history of data breaches and how they responded to it. Was this organization repeatedly fined by data protection authorities? Do not hesitate to ask questions to an organization's privacy officer about their practices. And look for independent reviews of the organization.
</div>
### :triangular_flag_on_post: New and untested technologies
Many software startups brag about how revolutionary their NewTechnology™ is. Some even dare to brag about a "unique" and "game-changing" novel encryption algorithm. You should not feel excited by this, you should feel *terrified*.
For example, any startups serious about security and privacy will know that **you should never be ["rolling your own crypto"](https://www.infosecinstitute.com/resources/cryptography/the-dangers-of-rolling-your-own-encryption/)**.
Cryptography is a complex discipline, and developing a robust encryption algorithm takes a lot of time and transparent testing to achieve. Usually, it is achieved with the help of an entire community of experts. Some beginners might think they had the idea of the century, but until their algorithm has been rigorously tested by hundreds of experts, this is an unfounded claim.
The reason most software use the same few cryptographic algorithms for encryption, and usually follow strict protocols to implement them, is because this isn't an easy task to do, and the slightest mistake could render this encryption completely useless. The same can be true for other types of technology as well.
Novel technologies might sound more exciting, but *proven* and *tested* technologies are usually much more reliable when it comes to privacy, and especially when it comes to encryption.
<div class="admonition success" markdown>
<p class="admonition-title">What to do?</p>
If a company brags about its new technology, investigate what information they have made available about it. Look for a document called a *White Paper*, which should describe in technical details how the technology works.
If the code is open source, look at the project's page and see how many people have worked on it, who is involved, since how long, etc.
More importantly, look for independent audits from trustworthy experts. Read the reports and verify if the organization's claims are supported by professionals in the field.
</div>
### :triangular_flag_on_post: Critics from experts
<div class="admonition quote inline end" markdown>
<p class="admonition-title">if you find multiple reports of privacy experts raising the alarm about it, consider this a dark-red red flag</p></div>
No matter how much an organization or product claims to be "privacy-first", <span class="pullquote-source">if you find multiple reports of privacy experts raising the alarm about it, consider this a dark-red red flag</span>.
If a company has been [criticized by privacy commissioners](sam-altman-wants-your-eyeball.md/#privacy-legislators-arent-on-board), data protection authorities, privacy professionals, and consumer associations, especially if this has happened repeatedly, you should be *very* suspicious.
Sometimes, criticized corporations will use misleading language like "we are currently working with the commissioner", this *isn't* a good sign.
The marketing department will try to spin any authority audits into something that sounds favorable to the corporation, but this is only privacy washing. They would not be "working with" the privacy commissioner if they hadn't been forced to in the first place. And **they wouldn't have been forced to if they truly had privacy-respectful practices**.
<div class="admonition success" markdown>
<p class="admonition-title">What to do?</p>
Use a search engine to look for related news using keywords such as the company's name with "data breach", "fined", or "privacy".
Check the product's or corporation's Wikipedia page, sometimes there will be references to previous incidents and controversies listed there. Follow trustworthy sources of privacy and security news to stay informed about reported data leaks and experts raising the alarm.
</div>
## Looking for the green(ish) flags
Now that we have discussed some red flags to help us know when we should be careful, let's examine the signs that *can* be indicator of trustworthiness.
Like for red flags, green flags should always be taken into context and considered together. One, or even a few green flags (or greenish flags) aren't on their own a guarantee that an organization is trustworthy. Always remain vigilant, and be ready to revoke your trust at any time if new information warrants it.
### :custom-green-flag: Independent reviews
Independent reviews from trustworthy sources can be a valuable resource to help to determine if a product is reliable. This is never a guarantee of course, humans (even experts) can also make mistakes (less than AI, but still) and aren't immune to lies.
However, an impartial review conducted by an expert in the field has the benefit of someone who has likely put many hours investigating this topic, something you might understandably not always have the time to do yourself. But be careful to first evaluate if this is a genuine unbiased assessment, or simply marketing content disguised as one.
### :custom-green-flag: Independent audits
Similarly, independent audits from credible organizations are very useful to assess a product's claims. Make sure the company conducting the audit is reputable, impartial, and that you can find a copy of the audit's report they produced, ideally from a source that *isn't* the audited company's website (for example, the auditing organization might [provide](https://cure53.de/#publications) access to it transparently).
### :custom-green-flag: Transparency
Transparency helps a lot to earn trust, and source code that is publicly available helps a lot with transparency. If a piece of software publishes its code for anyone to see, this is already a significant level of transparency above any proprietary code.
Open source code is never a guarantee of security and privacy, but it makes it much easier to verify any organization assertions. This is almost impossible to do when code is proprietary. Because no one outside the organization can examine the code, they must be trusted on their own words entirely. Favor products with code that is transparently available whenever possible.
### :custom-green-flag: Verifiable claims
If you can easily verify an organization's claims, this is a good sign. For example, if privacy practices are explicitly detailed in policies (and match the observed behaviors), if source code is open and easy to inspect, if independent audits have confirmed the organization's claims, and if the organization is consistent with its privacy practices (in private as much as in public), this all helps to establish trust.
### :custom-green-flag: Well-defined policies
Trustworthy organizations should always have well-defined, unique, and easy to read privacy policies and terms of service. The conditions within it should also be fair. **You shouldn't have to sell your soul to 1442 marketing partners just to use a service or visit a website.**
Read an organization's privacy policy (or privacy notice), and make sure it includes:
- [x] Language unique to this organization (no copy-paste policy).
- [x] Disclosure of any parent companies owning this organization (if any).
- [x] A dedicated email address to contact for privacy-related questions and requests.
- [x] Detailed information on what data is collected for each activity. For example, the data collected when you use an app or are employed by an organization shouldn't be bundled together indistinctly with the data collected when you simply visit the website.
- [x] Clear limits on data retention periods (when the data will be automatically deleted).
- [x] Clear description of the process to follow in order to delete, access, or correct your personal data.
- [x] A list of third-party vendors used by the organization to process your information.
- [x] Evidences of accountability. The organization should demonstrate accountability for the data it collects, and shouldn't just transfer this responsibility to the processors it uses.
### :custom-green-flag: Availability
Verify availability. Who will you contact if a problem arises with your account, software, or data? Will you be ignored by an AI chatbot just repeating what you've already read on the company's website? Will you be able to reach out to a competent human?
If you contact an organization at the listed privacy-dedicated email address to ask a question, and receive a thoughtful non-AI-generated reply within a couple of weeks, this can be a good sign. If you can easily find a privacy officer email address, a company's phone number, and the location where the organization is based, this also can be encouraging signs.
### :custom-green-flag: Clear funding model
If a *free* service is provided by a *for-profit* corporation, you should investigate further. The old adage that if you do not pay for a product you are the product is sadly often true in tech, and doubly so for big tech.
Before using a new service, try to find what the funding model is. Maybe it's a free service run by volunteers? Maybe they have a paid tier for businesses, but remain free for individual users? Maybe they survive and thrive on donations? Or maybe everyone does pay for it (with money, not data).
Look for what the funding model is. If it's free, and you can't really find any details on how it's financed, this could be a red flag that your data might be used for monetization. But if the funding model is transparent, fair, and ethical, this *can* be a green flag.
### :custom-green-flag: Reputation history
Some errors are forgivable, but others are too big to let go. Look for an organization's track record to help to evaluate its reputation overtime. Check if there was any security or privacy incidents, or expert criticisms, and check how the organization responded to it.
If you find an organization that has always stuck to its values (integrity), is still run by the same core people in recent years (stability), seems to have a generally good reputation with others (reputability), and had few (or no) incidents in the past (reliability), this *can* be a green flag.
### :custom-green-flag: Expert advice
Seek expert advice before using a new product or service. Look online for reliable and independent sources of [recommendations](https://www.privacyguides.org/en/tools/) (like Privacy Guides!), and read thoroughly to determine if the description fits your privacy needs. No tool is perfect to protect your privacy, but experts will warn you about a tool's limitations and downsides.
There's also added value in community consensus. If a piece of software is repeatedly recommended by multiple experts (not websites or influencers, *experts*), then this *can* be a green flag that this tool or service is generally trusted by the community (at this point in time).
## Take a stand for better privacy
Trying to evaluate who is worthy of our trust and who isn't is an increasingly difficult task. While this burden shouldn't fall on us, there are unfortunately too few institutional protections we can rely on at the moment.
Until our governments finally prioritize the protection of human rights and privacy rights over corporate interests, we will have to protect ourselves. But this isn't limited to self-protection, our individual choices also matter collectively.
Each time we dig in to thoroughly investigate a malicious organization and expose its privacy washing, we contribute in improving safety for everyone around us.
Each time we report a business infringing privacy laws, talk publicly about our bad experience to get our data deleted, and more importantly refuse to participate in services and products that aren't worthy of our trust, this all helps to improve data privacy for everyone overtime.
Being vigilant and reporting bad practices is taking a stand for better privacy. We must all take a stand for better privacy, and expose privacy washing each time we spot it.

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---
date:
created: 2025-09-16T18:00:00Z
categories:
- Opinion
authors:
- ptrmdn
description: In 2020, London police failed to save two sisters in life, then violated their privacy in death. This is a call to arms for posthumous privacy rights.
schema_type: OpinionNewsArticle
preview:
cover: blog/assets/images/the-fight-for-privacy-after-death/cover.webp
---
# Ghosts in the Machine: The Fight for Privacy After Death
![](../assets/images/the-fight-for-privacy-after-death/cover.webp)
<small aria-hidden="true">Photo: Panyawat Auitpol / Unsplash</small>
In the early hours of 6 June 2020, Nicole Smallman and her sister Bibaa Henry had just finished celebrating Bibaa's birthday with friends in a park in London. Alone and in the dark, they were both [fatally and repeatedly stabbed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murders_of_Bibaa_Henry_and_Nicole_Smallman) 36 times.<!-- more -->
<div class="admonition note inline end" markdown>
<p class="admonition-title">Guest Contributor</p>
Please welcome Peter Marsden as a first-time guest contributor! Privacy Guides does not publish guest posts in exchange for compensation, and this tutorial was independently reviewed by our editorial team prior to publication.
</div>
But the police didn’t just fail them in life—they failed them in death too. PC Deniz Jaffer and PC Jamie Lewis, both of the Metropolitan Police, [took selfies](https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2021/dec/06/two-met-police-officers-jailed-photos-murdered-sisters-deniz-jaffer-jamie-lewis-nicole-smallman-bibaa-henry) with the dead bodies of the victims, posting them on a WhatsApp group. And no privacy laws prevented them from doing so.
This horrific case is just one in the murky, often sinister realm of posthumous privacy. In the UK, Europe, and across the world, privacy protections for the dead are at best a rarity—and at worst, a deep moral and societal failing that we cannot and must not accept.
Let’s take a step back. The case of the Smallmans starkly draws attention to the denial in death of guarantees to the living.
<div class="admonition quote inline pullquote" markdown>
<p class="admonition-title">This abrupt collapse in privacy rights leaves the deceased and their families <small>[...]</small> newly vulnerable, and at a time when they are already utterly broken.</p>
</div>
As a *Privacy Guides* reader, you are no doubt aware that the UK and Europe have firm privacy protections in *The General Data Protection Regulation* (GDPR) and Article 8 of the *European Convention on Human Rights* (ECHR).
However, the picture elsewhere is less clear, with a challenging patchwork of laws and regional statutes being the only protection for those in the US and much of the rest of the world. And once you die? Almost universally, these protections [immediately cease](https://gdpr-info.eu/recitals/no-27/).
Here the problem begins. <span class="pullquote-source">This abrupt collapse in privacy rights leaves the deceased and their families—like the Smallman family—newly vulnerable, and at a time when they are already utterly broken.</span>
In the absence of law comes the pursuit of it, against a backdrop of flagrant privacy violations. What this pursuit means, in practical terms, is that two primary categories of posthumous privacy dominate legal debate: the medical, where the law has intervened tentatively, and the digital, where it simply hasn’t kept up.
Medical protections are tentative because of piecemeal development. Typically involving legal workarounds, they offer rare precedent for what might happen to your digital ghosts now and in the future, with the only clear trend being a reluctance to protect.
That said, the US is one country that has taken measures to protect the medical privacy of the dead. The *Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act* (HIPAA) dictates that 50 years of protection must be given to your personally identifiable medical information after you die.
Except there’s a catch. State laws also apply, and state laws differ. In Colorado, Louisiana, and many others, its efficacy is severely challenged by laws dictating the mandatory release of information regarded as public—including autopsy reports and even [your genetic information](http://dx.doi.org.ezp.lib.cam.ac.uk/10.1177/1073110516654124).
In lieu of any protections, surviving relatives in Europe have found some success claiming that their own Article 8 rights—that ECHR right to privacy—have been violated through disclosures or inspections related to their deceased.
In one case, Leyla Polat, an Austrian national, suffered the awful death of her son just two days after birth following a cerebral hemorrhage. The family refused a postmortem examination, wanting to bury their child in accordance with Muslim beliefs; but doctors insisted it take place, covertly removing his internal organs and filling the hollows with cotton wool.
When this was discovered during the funeral rites, the boy had to be buried elsewhere, and without ceremony. After several court cases and appeals, The European Court of Human Rights [found](https://hudoc.echr.coe.int/rum#%7B%22itemid%22:%5B%22002-13361%22%5D%7D) that Leyla’s Article 8 and 9 rights had been violated.
As an aside: Stalin’s grandson [tried the same Article 8 route](https://hudoc.echr.coe.int/eng#%7B%22itemid%22:%5B%22001-150568%22%5D%7D) in relation to reputational attacks on his grandfather, reflecting attempts to apply the workaround more widely.
It’s not that there hasn’t been some progress. The fundamental problem is that protections—already sparse—are only as good as their material and geographic scopes, their interactions with other laws, and how they are interpreted in a court.
Nowhere is this more apparent than in the case of the Smallman sisters. Judge Mark Lucraft KC [found](https://www.judiciary.uk/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/R-v-Jaffer-Lewis-sentencing-061221.pdf) that PCs Jaffer and Lewis, in taking selfies with the murdered victims, had:
> *“…wholly disregarded the privacy of the two victims of horrific violence and their families for what can only have been some cheap thrill, kudos, a kick or some form of bragging right by taking images and then passing them to others.”*
Yet this acknowledgement of privacy violation is precisely just that. The crime the officers committed was misconduct in public office; they were not convicted on the basis of privacy law. That sense of progress—that we might be beginning to recognize the importance of posthumous privacy—has all but gone out of the window.
That does not leave your digital privacy in a good place. Whatever little protection you may be able to tease out for our medical privacy far, far exceeds the control you have over your virtual ghosts. And with AI just about everywhere, the prospects for your data after death are terrifying.
<div class="admonition quote inline end pullquote" markdown>
<p class="admonition-title">Account deleted or not, our ghosts will all be stuck in the machine.</p>
</div>
We’ve already established that data protections for the living—such as GDPR—expire at death. The simple reality is that dying places your data at the mercy of large technology corporations, and their dubious afterlife tools.
Even if you trust such tools to dispose of or act on our data, there is a disconnect between demand and take-up. A [study of UK nationals](https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/13600869.2025.2506164#abstract) found a majority that wanted their data deleted at death were unaware of the tools, with large tech companies unwilling to share any details on their uptake. Reassuring stuff.
But the reality is, you shouldn’t. You’ll recall that [deletion doesn’t usually mean deletion](https://www.privacyguides.org/en/basics/account-deletion/), and after death even GDPR can’t force big tech to delete the data of those lucky enough to have benefited from it. <span class="pullquote-source">Account deleted or not, our ghosts will all be stuck in the machine.</span>
Recent reports have acknowledged dire possibilities. Almost worldwide, you can [legally train AI models on the data of a deceased person](https://www.reuters.com/article/world/data-of-the-dead-virtual-immortality-exposes-holes-in-privacy-laws-idUSKBN21Z0NE/) and recreate them in digital form—all without their prior consent. Organizations exist purely to scour your social media profiles and activity for this exact purpose. Your ghost could be used to generate engagement against your will, disclosing what you tried to hide.
You may ask: why should the law care? Why indeed, when it deems we [cannot be harmed](https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199607860.003.0003) after death. To argue thus is to miss the point. **A lack of privacy after death harms the living, often in ways others cannot see.**
The effect of [postmortem anxiety](https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/17577632.2024.2438395#d1e120) is a real one that deeply troubles individuals wishing to keep a part of them hidden from public—or even family—view, whether it be it an [illicit affair](https://www.cardozoaelj.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/02/Edwards-Galleyed-FINAL.pdf) or whatever else. Revelation at the point of death can be just as harmful to those still alive.
There is cause for optimism. Article 85 of the *French Data Protection Act* allows you to include [legally enforceable demands concerning your personal data](https://www.cnil.fr/fr/la-loi-informatique-et-libertes#article85) in your will. This is truly a landmark piece of legislation by the French that indicates what the global direction of travel should be, and what we should ultimately demand: protections for the dead, by the dead.
But even more urgently, we must demand that governments across the world introduce even the most basic legal framework for postmortem privacy that protects you, your family, and community from egregious harm.
The Smallmans deserved dignity, and so does everyone else in death. The law must catch up.
---
*This article hasn’t even begun to scratch the surface of the complexity of postmortem privacy, and there are innumerable relevant cases and laws that simply wouldn’t fit. If the topic has caught your interest, and you’d like to dig in more, [this white paper](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clsr.2022.105737) by Uta Kohl is a good starting point.*

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# Welcome to Privacy Guides
![Privacy Guides cover image](../assets/brand/images/png/cover.png)
<small aria-hidden="true">Illustration: Jonah Aragon / Privacy Guides</small>
We are excited to announce the launch of [Privacy Guides](https://www.privacyguides.org/) and [r/PrivacyGuides](https://www.reddit.com/r/PrivacyGuides/), and welcome the privacy community to participate in our crowdsourced software recommendations and share tips and tricks for keeping your data safe online. Our goal is to be a central resource for privacy and security-related tips that are usable by anybody, and to carry on the trusted legacy of PrivacyTools.<!-- more -->

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@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ schema:
**Privacy Guides** is a socially motivated website that provides information for protecting your data security and privacy. We are a non-profit project with a mission to inform the public about the value of digital privacy, and about global government initiatives which aim to monitor your online activity. Our website is free of advertisements and not affiliated with any of the listed providers.
[:material-heart:{.pg-red} Make a Donation](https://donate.magicgrants.org/privacyguides){ .md-button .md-button--primary }
[:material-heart:{.pg-red} Become a Member](https://donate.magicgrants.org/privacyguides){ .md-button .md-button--primary data-portal="signup" }
[:octicons-home-16:](https://www.privacyguides.org){ .card-link title=Homepage }
[:octicons-code-16:](https://github.com/privacyguides/privacyguides.org){ .card-link title="Source Code" }
@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ The best way to get individual help is from our community on Discourse. If you n
![Signal contact QR code](assets/img/layout/signal-contact-qr.png){ align=right }
Have a tip for us, or need to share some sensitive information? The best way to get in touch with us securely is via `@privacyguides.01` on Signal. This group account is monitored by [Jonah](https://discuss.privacyguides.net/u/jonah), [Niek](https://discuss.privacyguides.net/u/niek-de-wilde), [Em](https://discuss.privacyguides.net/u/ematprivacyguides), and [Jordan](https://discuss.privacyguides.net/u/jordan).
Have a tip for us, or need to share some sensitive information? The best way to get in touch with us securely is via `@privacyguides.01` on Signal. This group account is monitored by [Jonah](https://discuss.privacyguides.net/u/jonah), [Niek](https://discuss.privacyguides.net/u/niek-de-wilde), [Em](https://discuss.privacyguides.net/u/em), and [Jordan](https://discuss.privacyguides.net/u/jordan).
[:simple-signal: Chat on Signal](https://signal.me/#eu/zg9xcrIv5w-EtXt2FmTJgfWv01LmyTed8rpr7RDv35Mizq8ISZ9NJLmYtzsxI0Z4){ .md-button }
@ -130,7 +130,7 @@ Our staff are paid to contribute to supplemental content at Privacy Guides, like
:material-text-account: Journalist
[:material-account: Profile](https://discuss.privacyguides.net/u/ematprivacyguides)
[:material-account: Profile](https://discuss.privacyguides.net/u/em)
[:material-github:](https://github.com/EmAtPrivacyGuides "GitHub")
[:material-mastodon:](https://infosec.exchange/@Em0nM4stodon "@Em0nM4stodon@infosec.exchange"){rel=me}
@ -182,6 +182,7 @@ However, Privacy Guides *does* have social media accounts on a wide variety of p
- [:simple-reddit: Reddit](https://reddit.com/r/PrivacyGuides)
- [:simple-x: X (Twitter)](https://x.com/privacy_guides)
- [:simple-youtube: YouTube](https://youtube.com/@privacyguides)
- [:simple-tiktok: TikTok](https://www.tiktok.com/@privacyguides)
</div>

7
docs/about/donate.md
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@ -5,8 +5,11 @@ description: The charitable mission of Privacy Guides relies on contributions fr
<!-- markdownlint-disable MD036 -->
Support our mission to defend digital rights and spread the word about mass surveillance programs and other daily privacy invasions. You can help Privacy Guides researchers, activists, and maintainers create informative content, host private digital services, and protect privacy rights at a time when the world needs it most.
[:material-heart:{ .pg-red } Become a Member](https://donate.magicgrants.org/privacyguides/membership){ class="md-button md-button--primary" }
[:material-hand-coin: Make a Donation](https://donate.magicgrants.org/privacyguides/donate/privacyguides){ class="md-button md-button--primary" }
<!-- markdownlint-disable-next-line -->
[:material-heart:{ .pg-red } Become a Member](https://donate.magicgrants.org/privacyguides/membership){ class="md-button md-button--primary" data-portal="signup" }
[Become a Member (Cryptocurrency)](https://donate.magicgrants.org/privacyguides/membership){ class="md-button" }
[One-Time Donation](https://donate.magicgrants.org/privacyguides/donate/privacyguides){ class="md-button" }
<small markdown>

10
docs/advanced/payments.md
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@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ title: Private Payments
icon: material/hand-coin
description: Your buying habits are the holy grail of ad targeting, but you still have plenty of options when it comes to making payments privately.
---
Data about your buying habits is considered the holy grail of ad targeting: your purchases can leak a veritable treasure trove of data about you. Unfortunately, the current financial system is anti-privacy by design, enabling banks, other companies, and governments to easily trace transactions. Nevertheless, you have plenty of options when it comes to making payments privately.
Data about your buying habits is considered the holy grail of ad targeting: Your purchases can leak a veritable treasure trove of data about you. Unfortunately, the current financial system is anti-privacy by design, enabling banks, other companies, and governments to easily trace transactions. Nevertheless, you have plenty of options when it comes to making payments privately.
## Cash
@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ Despite the above, cash is typically the best option when available.
You can easily purchase gift cards and prepaid cards at most grocery stores and convenience stores with cash. Gift cards usually don’t have a fee, though prepaid cards often do, so pay close attention to these fees and expiry dates. Some stores may ask to see your ID at checkout in an effort to reduce fraud.
Gift cards usually have limits of up to $200 per card, but some offer limits of up to $2,000 per card. Prepaid cards (e.g.: from Visa or Mastercard) usually have limits of up to $1,000 per card.
Gift cards usually have limits of up to $200 per card, but some offer limits of up to $2,000 per card. Prepaid cards (e.g. from Visa or Mastercard) usually have limits of up to $1,000 per card.
Gift cards have the downside of being subject to merchant policies, which can have terrible terms and restrictions. For example, some merchants don’t accept payment in gift cards exclusively, or they may cancel the value of the card if they consider you to be a high-risk user. Once you have merchant credit, the merchant has a strong degree of control over this credit.
@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ These tend to be good options for recurring/subscription payments online, while
## Cryptocurrency
Cryptocurrencies are a digital form of currency designed to work without central authorities such as a government or bank. While *some* cryptocurrency projects can allow you to make private transactions online, many use a transparent blockchain which does not provide any transaction privacy. Cryptocurrencies also tend to be very volatile assets, meaning their value can change rapidly and significantly. As such, we generally don't recommend using cryptocurrency as a long-term store of value. If you decide to use cryptocurrency online, make sure you have a full understanding of its privacy aspects beforehand, and only invest amounts which would not be disastrous to lose.
Cryptocurrencies are a digital form of currency designed to work without central authorities such as a government or bank. While *some* cryptocurrency projects can allow you to make private transactions online, many use a transparent blockchain which does not provide any transaction privacy. Cryptocurrencies also tend to be very volatile assets, meaning their value can change rapidly and significantly. As such, we generally don't recommend using cryptocurrency as a long-term store of value. If you decide to use cryptocurrency online, make sure you have a full understanding of its privacy aspects beforehand, and only purchase amounts which would not be disastrous to lose.
<div class="admonition danger" markdown>
<p class="admonition-title">Danger</p>
@ -72,7 +72,7 @@ Anonymous transactions on a transparent blockchain are *theoretically* possible,
### Wallet Custody
With cryptocurrency there are two forms of wallets: custodial wallets and self-custody wallets. Custodial wallets are operated by centralized companies/exchanges, where the private key for your wallet is held by that company, and you can access them anywhere typically with a regular username and password. Self-custody wallets are wallets where you control and manage the private keys to access it. Assuming you keep your wallet's private keys secured and backed up, self-custody wallets provide greater security and censorship-resistance over custodial wallets, because your cryptocurrency can't be stolen or frozen by a company with custody over your private keys. Key custody is especially important when it comes to privacy coins: Custodial wallets grant the operating company the ability to view your transactions, negating the privacy benefits of those cryptocurrencies.
With cryptocurrency there are two forms of wallets: custodial wallets and self-custody wallets. Custodial wallets are operated by centralized companies/exchanges, where the private key for your wallet is held by that company, and you can access them anywhere typically with a regular username and password. Self-custody wallets are wallets where you control and manage the private keys to access it. Assuming you keep your wallet's private keys secured and backed up, self-custody wallets provide greater security and censorship resistance over custodial wallets, because your cryptocurrency can't be stolen or frozen by a company with custody over your private keys. Key custody is especially important when it comes to privacy coins: Custodial wallets grant the operating company the ability to view your transactions, negating the privacy benefits of those cryptocurrencies.
### Acquisition
@ -84,7 +84,7 @@ If you go this route, make sure to purchase Monero at different times and in dif
## Additional Considerations
When you're making a payment in-person with cash, make sure to keep your in-person privacy in mind. Security cameras are ubiquitous. Consider wearing non-distinct clothing and a face mask (such as a surgical mask or N95). Don’t sign up for rewards programs or provide any other information about yourself.
When you're making a payment in person with cash, make sure to keep your in-person privacy in mind. Security cameras are ubiquitous. Consider wearing non-distinct clothing and a face mask (such as a surgical mask or N95). Don’t sign up for rewards programs or provide any other information about yourself.
When purchasing online, ideally you should do so over [Tor](tor-overview.md). However, many merchants don’t allow purchases with Tor. You can consider using a [recommended VPN](../vpn.md) (paid for with cash, gift card, or Monero), or making the purchase from a coffee shop or library with free Wi-Fi. If you are ordering a physical item that needs to be delivered, you will need to provide a delivery address. You should consider using a PO box, private mailbox, or work address.

2
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@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ There is another standard which is popular with business called [S/MIME](https:/
The [Web Key Directory (WKD)](https://wiki.gnupg.org/WKD) standard allows email clients to discover the OpenPGP key for other mailboxes, even those hosted on a different provider. Email clients which support WKD will ask the recipient's server for a key based on the email address' domain name. For example, if you emailed `jonah@privacyguides.org`, your email client would ask `privacyguides.org` for Jonah's OpenPGP key, and if `privacyguides.org` has a key for that account, your message would be automatically encrypted.
In addition to the [email clients we recommend](../email-clients.md) which support WKD, some webmail providers also support WKD. Whether *your own* key is published to WKD for others to use depends on your domain configuration. If you use an [email provider](../email.md#openpgp-compatible-services) which supports WKD, such as Proton Mail or Mailbox.org, they can publish your OpenPGP key on their domain for you.
In addition to the [email clients we recommend](../email-clients.md) which support WKD, some webmail providers also support WKD. Whether *your own* key is published to WKD for others to use depends on your domain configuration. If you use an [email provider](../email.md#openpgp-compatible-services) which supports WKD, such as Proton Mail or Mailbox Mail, they can publish your OpenPGP key on their domain for you.
If you use your own custom domain, you will need to configure WKD separately. If you control your domain name, you can set up WKD regardless of your email provider. One easy way to do this is to use the "[WKD as a Service](https://keys.openpgp.org/about/usage#wkd-as-a-service)" feature from the `keys.openpgp.org` server: Set a CNAME record on the `openpgpkey` subdomain of your domain pointed to `wkd.keys.openpgp.org`, then upload your key to [keys.openpgp.org](https://keys.openpgp.org). Alternatively, you can [self-host WKD on your own web server](https://wiki.gnupg.org/WKDHosting).

6
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@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
---
title: "Multifactor Authentication"
icon: 'material/two-factor-authentication'
title: Multifactor Authentication
icon: material/two-factor-authentication
description: MFA is a critical security mechanism for securing your online accounts, but some methods are stronger than others.
---
**Multifactor Authentication** (**MFA**) is a security mechanism that requires additional steps beyond entering your username (or email) and password. The most common method is time limited codes you might receive from SMS or an app.
@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ If your threat model requires you to have different identities on different webs
#### FIDO (Fast IDentity Online)
[FIDO](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIDO_Alliance) includes a number of standards, first there was U2F and then later [FIDO2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIDO2_Project) which includes the web standard [WebAuthn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WebAuthn).
[FIDO](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIDO_Alliance) includes a number of standards, first there was [U2F](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_2nd_Factor) and then later [FIDO2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIDO2_Project) which includes the web standard [WebAuthn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WebAuthn).
U2F and FIDO2 refer to the [Client to Authenticator Protocol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Client_to_Authenticator_Protocol), which is the protocol between the security key and the computer, such as a laptop or phone. It complements WebAuthn which is the component used to authenticate with the website (the "Relying Party") you're trying to log in on.

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@ -70,6 +70,8 @@ uBlock Origin also has a "Lite" version of their extension, which offers a very
<summary>Downloads</summary>
- [:simple-googlechrome: Chrome](https://chrome.google.com/webstore/detail/ublock-origin-lite/ddkjiahejlhfcafbddmgiahcphecmpfh)
- [:fontawesome-brands-edge: Edge](https://microsoftedge.microsoft.com/addons/detail/cimighlppcgcoapaliogpjjdehbnofhn)
- [:simple-safari: Safari](https://apps.apple.com/app/id6745342698)
</details>

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@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
---
meta_title: "The Best Private and Secure Cloud Storage Providers - Privacy Guides"
title: "Cloud Storage"
title: Cloud Storage
icon: material/file-cloud
description: Many cloud storage providers require your trust that they will not look at your files. These are private alternatives!
cover: cloud.webp
@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ If these alternatives do not fit your needs, we suggest you look into using encr
<details class="admonition info" markdown>
<summary>Looking for Nextcloud?</summary>
Nextcloud is [still a recommended tool](document-collaboration.md#nextcloud) for self-hosting a file management suite, however we do not recommend third-party Nextcloud storage providers at the moment, because we do [not recommend](https://discuss.privacyguides.net/t/dont-recommend-nextcloud-e2ee/10352/29) Nextcloud's built-in E2EE functionality for home users.
For more technical readers, Nextcloud is [still a recommended tool](self-hosting/file-management.md#nextcloud) for self-hosting a file management suite, however we do not recommend third-party Nextcloud storage providers at the moment, because we do [not recommend](https://discuss.privacyguides.net/t/dont-recommend-nextcloud-e2ee/10352/29) Nextcloud's built-in E2EE functionality for home users.
</details>
@ -97,7 +97,7 @@ They have also received the Digital Trust Label, a certification from the [Swiss
![Peergos logo](assets/img/cloud/peergos.svg){ align=right }
**Peergos** is a decentralized protocol and open-source platform for storage, social media, and applications. It provides a secure and private space where users can store, share, and view their photos, videos, documents, etc. Peergos secures your files with quantum-resistant end-to-end encryption and ensures all data about your files remains private.
**Peergos** is a decentralized protocol and open-source platform for storage, social media, and applications. It provides a secure and private space where users can store, share, view and edit their photos, videos, documents, etc. Peergos secures your files with quantum-resistant E2EE and ensures all data about your files remains private.
[:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://peergos.org){ .md-button .md-button--primary }
[:octicons-eye-16:](https://peergos.net/privacy.html){ .card-link title="Privacy Policy" }
@ -110,9 +110,9 @@ They have also received the Digital Trust Label, a certification from the [Swiss
- [:simple-googleplay: Google Play](https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=peergos.android)
- [:simple-github: GitHub](https://github.com/Peergos/web-ui/releases)
- [:fontawesome-brands-windows: Windows](https://github.com/Peergos/web-ui/releases)
- [:simple-apple: macOS](https://github.com/Peergos/web-ui/releases)
- [:simple-linux: Linux](https://github.com/Peergos/web-ui/releases)
- [:fontawesome-brands-windows: Windows](https://peergos.org/download#windows)
- [:simple-apple: macOS](https://peergos.org/download#macos)
- [:simple-linux: Linux](https://peergos.org/download#linux)
- [:octicons-browser-16: Web](https://peergos.net)
</details>
@ -121,9 +121,7 @@ They have also received the Digital Trust Label, a certification from the [Swiss
Peergos is built on top of the [InterPlanetary File System (IPFS)](https://ipfs.tech), a peer-to-peer architecture that protects against [:material-close-outline: Censorship](basics/common-threats.md#avoiding-censorship){ .pg-blue-gray }.
Peergos is primarily a web app, but you can self-host the server either as a local cache for your remote Peergos account, or as a standalone storage server which negates the need to register for a remote account and subscription. The Peergos server is a `.jar` file, which means the Java 17+ Runtime Environment ([OpenJDK download](https://azul.com/downloads)) should be installed on your machine to get it working.
Running a local version of Peergos alongside a registered account on their paid, hosted service allows you to access your Peergos storage without any reliance on DNS or TLS certificate authorities, and keep a copy of your data backed up to their cloud. The user experience should be the same whether you run their desktop server or just use their hosted web interface.
Peergos has a web app, desktop apps and an Android app and you can also self-host the server. Client, server and command line interface all run from the same binary. There is a sync engine included (accessible via the desktop or android apps) for bi-directionally synchronizing a local folder with a Peergos folder, and a webdav bridge to allow other applications to access your Peergos storage.
Peergos was [audited](https://peergos.org/posts/security-audit-2024) in November 2024 by Radically Open Security and all issues were fixed. They were previously [audited](https://cure53.de/pentest-report_peergos.pdf) by Cure53 in June 2019, and all found issues were subsequently fixed.

4
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@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ You should search for your information on these sites first, and submit an opt-o
- Dataveria ([Search](https://dataveria.com), [Opt-Out](https://dataveria.com/ng/control/privacy))
- InfoTracer ([Search](https://infotracer.com), [Opt-Out](https://infotracer.com/optout))
- Intelius ([Search](https://intelius.com), [Opt-Out](https://suppression.peopleconnect.us/login))
- PeekYou ([Search](https://peekyou.com), [Opt-Out](https://peekyou.com/about/contact/optout))
- PeekYou ([Search](https://peekyou.com), [Opt-Out](https://peekyou.com/about/contact/ccpa_optout/do_not_sell))
- PublicDataUSA ([Search](https://publicdatausa.com), [Opt-Out](https://publicdatausa.com/remove.php))
- Radaris ([Search](https://radaris.com), [Opt-Out](https://radaris.com/page/how-to-remove))
- Spokeo ([Search](https://spokeo.com/search), [Opt-Out](https://spokeo.com/optout))
@ -84,7 +84,7 @@ Our [testing](https://www.privacyguides.org/articles/2025/02/03/easyoptouts-revi
EasyOptOuts does not cover the following sites we consider to be "high priority," so you should still manually opt-out of:
- Intelius ([Search](https://intelius.com), [Opt-Out](https://suppression.peopleconnect.us/login))
- PeekYou ([Search](https://peekyou.com), [Opt-Out](https://peekyou.com/about/contact/optout))
- PeekYou ([Search](https://peekyou.com), [Opt-Out](https://peekyou.com/about/contact/ccpa_optout/do_not_sell))
</div>

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@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
---
meta_title: "Privacy Respecting Web Browsers for PC and Mac - Privacy Guides"
title: "Desktop Browsers"
title: Desktop Browsers
icon: material/laptop
description: These privacy-protecting browsers are what we currently recommend for standard/non-anonymous internet browsing on desktop systems.
cover: desktop-browsers.webp
@ -112,9 +112,9 @@ This is required to prevent advanced forms of tracking, but does come at the cos
### Mullvad Leta
Mullvad Browser comes with [**Mullvad Leta**](https://leta.mullvad.net) as the default search engine, which functions as a proxy to either Google or Brave search results (configurable on the Mullvad Leta homepage).
Mullvad Browser comes with [**Mullvad Leta**](search-engines.md#mullvad-leta) as the default search engine, which functions as a proxy to either Google or Brave search results (configurable on the Mullvad Leta homepage).
If you are a Mullvad VPN user, there is some risk in using services like Mullvad Leta which are offered by your VPN provider themselves. This is because Mullvad theoretically has access to your true IP address (via their VPN) and your search activity (via Leta), which is information a VPN is typically intended to separate. Even though Mullvad collects very little information about their VPN subscribers or Leta users, you should consider a different [search engine](search-engines.md) if this risk concerns you.
If you are a Mullvad VPN user, there is some risk in using services like Mullvad Leta which are offered by your VPN provider themselves. This is because Mullvad theoretically has access to your true IP address (via their VPN) and your search activity (via Leta); the latter is information a VPN is typically intended to separate. Even though Mullvad collects very little information about their VPN subscribers or Leta users, you should consider a different [search engine](search-engines.md) if this risk concerns you.
## Firefox

59
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@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
---
title: "DNS Resolvers"
title: DNS Resolvers
icon: material/dns
description: We recommend choosing these encrypted DNS providers to replace your ISP's default configuration.
cover: dns.webp
@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ global:
- [:material-account-cash: Surveillance Capitalism](basics/common-threats.md#surveillance-as-a-business-model){ .pg-brown }
Encrypted DNS with third-party servers should only be used to get around basic [DNS blocking](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNS_blocking) when you can be sure there won't be any consequences. Encrypted DNS will not help you hide any of your browsing activity.
Encrypted **DNS** with third-party servers should only be used to get around basic [DNS blocking](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNS_blocking) when you can be sure there won't be any consequences. Encrypted DNS will not help you hide any of your browsing activity.
[Learn more about DNS :material-arrow-right-drop-circle:](advanced/dns-overview.md){ .md-button }
@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ These are our favorite public DNS resolvers based on their privacy and security
| DNS Provider | Protocols | Logging / Privacy Policy | [ECS](advanced/dns-overview.md#what-is-edns-client-subnet-ecs) | Filtering | Signed Apple Profile |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| [**AdGuard Public DNS**](https://adguard-dns.io/en/public-dns.html) | Cleartext <br>DoH/3 <br>DoT <br>DoQ <br>DNSCrypt | Anonymized[^1] | Anonymized | Based on server choice. Filter list being used can be found here. [:octicons-link-external-24:](https://github.com/AdguardTeam/AdGuardDNS) | Yes [:octicons-link-external-24:](https://adguard-dns.io/en/blog/encrypted-dns-ios-14.html) |
| [**AdGuard Public DNS**](https://adguard-dns.io/en/public-dns.html) | Cleartext <br>DoH/3 <br>DoT <br>DoQ <br>DNSCrypt | Anonymized[^1] | Anonymized | Based on server choice. Filter list being used can be found here. [:octicons-link-external-24:](https://github.com/AdguardTeam/AdGuardSDNSFilter) | Yes [:octicons-link-external-24:](https://adguard-dns.io/en/blog/encrypted-dns-ios-14.html) |
| [**Cloudflare**](https://developers.cloudflare.com/1.1.1.1/setup) | Cleartext <br>DoH/3 <br>DoT | Anonymized[^2] | No | Based on server choice. | No [:octicons-link-external-24:](https://community.cloudflare.com/t/requesting-1-1-1-1-signed-profiles-for-apple/571846) |
| [**Control D Free DNS**](https://controld.com/free-dns) | Cleartext <br>DoH/3 <br>DoT <br>DoQ | No[^3] | No | Based on server choice. | Yes <br>[:simple-apple: iOS](https://docs.controld.com/docs/ios-platform) <br>[:material-apple-finder: macOS](https://docs.controld.com/docs/macos-platform#manual-setup-profile) |
| [**DNS0.eu**](https://dns0.eu) | Cleartext <br>DoH/3 <br>DoH <br>DoT <br>DoQ | Anonymized[^4] | Anonymized | Based on server choice. | Yes [:octicons-link-external-24:](https://dns0.eu/zero.dns0.eu.mobileconfig) |
@ -54,52 +54,9 @@ These are our favorite public DNS resolvers based on their privacy and security
Quad9: [*Data and Privacy Policy*](https://quad9.net/privacy/policy)
## Self-Hosted DNS Filtering
A self-hosted DNS solution is useful for providing filtering on controlled platforms, such as Smart TVs and other IoT devices, as no client-side software is needed.
### Pi-hole
<div class="admonition recommendation" markdown>
![Pi-hole logo](assets/img/dns/pi-hole.svg){ align=right }
**Pi-hole** is an open-source [DNS-sinkhole](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNS_sinkhole) which uses [DNS filtering](https://cloudflare.com/learning/access-management/what-is-dns-filtering) to block unwanted web content, such as advertisements.
Pi-hole is designed to be hosted on a Raspberry Pi, but it is not limited to such hardware. The software features a friendly web interface to view insights and manage blocked content.
[:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://pi-hole.net){ .md-button .md-button--primary }
[:octicons-eye-16:](https://pi-hole.net/privacy){ .card-link title="Privacy Policy" }
[:octicons-info-16:](https://docs.pi-hole.net){ .card-link title=Documentation}
[:octicons-code-16:](https://github.com/pi-hole/pi-hole){ .card-link title="Source Code" }
[:octicons-heart-16:](https://pi-hole.net/donate){ .card-link title=Contribute }
</details>
</div>
### AdGuard Home
<div class="admonition recommendation" markdown>
![AdGuard Home logo](assets/img/dns/adguard-home.svg){ align=right }
**AdGuard Home** is an open-source [DNS-sinkhole](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNS_sinkhole) which uses [DNS filtering](https://cloudflare.com/learning/access-management/what-is-dns-filtering) to block unwanted web content, such as advertisements.
AdGuard Home features a polished web interface to view insights and manage blocked content.
[:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://adguard.com/adguard-home/overview.html){ .md-button .md-button--primary }
[:octicons-eye-16:](https://adguard.com/privacy/home.html){ .card-link title="Privacy Policy" }
[:octicons-info-16:](https://github.com/AdguardTeam/AdGuardHome/wiki){ .card-link title=Documentation}
[:octicons-code-16:](https://github.com/AdguardTeam/AdGuardHome){ .card-link title="Source Code" }
</details>
</div>
## Cloud-Based DNS Filtering
These DNS filtering solutions offer a web dashboard where you can customize the block lists to your exact needs, similarly to a Pi-hole. These services are usually easier to set up and configure than self-hosted services like the ones above, and can be used more easily across multiple networks (self-hosted solutions are typically restricted to your home/local network unless you set up a more advanced configuration).
These DNS filtering solutions offer a web dashboard where you can customize the block lists to your exact needs. These services can be used easily across multiple networks.
### Control D
@ -107,7 +64,9 @@ These DNS filtering solutions offer a web dashboard where you can customize the
![Control D logo](assets/img/dns/control-d.svg){ align=right }
**Control D** is a customizable DNS service which lets you block security threats, unwanted content, and advertisements on a DNS level. In addition to their paid plans, they offer a number of preconfigured DNS resolvers you can use for free.
**Control D** is a customizable DNS service which lets you block security threats, unwanted content, and advertisements on a DNS level.
In addition to their paid plans, they offer a number of preconfigured DNS resolvers you can use for free.
[:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://controld.com){ .md-button .md-button--primary }
[:octicons-eye-16:](https://controld.com/privacy){ .card-link title="Privacy Policy" }
@ -134,7 +93,9 @@ These DNS filtering solutions offer a web dashboard where you can customize the
![NextDNS logo](assets/img/dns/nextdns.svg){ align=right }
**NextDNS** is a customizable DNS service which lets you block security threats, unwanted content, and advertisements on a DNS level. They offer a fully functional free plan for limited use.
**NextDNS** is a customizable DNS service which lets you block security threats, unwanted content, and advertisements on a DNS level.
They offer a fully functional free plan for limited use.
[:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://nextdns.io){ .md-button .md-button--primary }
[:octicons-eye-16:](https://nextdns.io/privacy){ .card-link title="Privacy Policy" }

62
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@ -1,77 +1,41 @@
---
title: "Document Collaboration"
title: Document Collaboration
icon: material/account-group
description: Most online office suites do not support E2EE, meaning the cloud provider has access to everything you do.
description: Most online office suites do not support end-to-end encryption, meaning the cloud provider has access to everything you do.
cover: document-collaboration.webp
---
<small>Protects against the following threat(s):</small>
- [:material-server-network: Service Providers](basics/common-threats.md#privacy-from-service-providers){ .pg-teal }
Most online office suites do not support E2EE, meaning the cloud provider has access to everything you do. The provider's privacy policy may legally protect your rights, but it does not provide technical access constraints.
Most online **document collaboration** platforms like Google Drive do not support end-to-end encryption, meaning the cloud provider has access to everything you do. The provider's privacy policy may legally protect your rights, but it does not provide technical access constraints.
## Collaboration Platforms
### Nextcloud
<div class="admonition recommendation" markdown>
![Nextcloud logo](assets/img/document-collaboration/nextcloud.svg){ align=right }
**Nextcloud** is a suite of free and open-source client-server software for creating your own file hosting services on a private server you control.
[:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://nextcloud.com){ .md-button .md-button--primary }
[:octicons-eye-16:](https://nextcloud.com/privacy){ .card-link title="Privacy Policy" }
[:octicons-info-16:](https://nextcloud.com/support){ .card-link title=Documentation}
[:octicons-code-16:](https://github.com/nextcloud){ .card-link title="Source Code" }
[:octicons-heart-16:](https://nextcloud.com/contribute){ .card-link title=Contribute }
<details class="downloads" markdown>
<summary>Downloads</summary>
- [:simple-googleplay: Google Play](https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.nextcloud.client)
- [:simple-appstore: App Store](https://apps.apple.com/app/id1125420102)
- [:simple-github: GitHub](https://github.com/nextcloud/android/releases)
- [:fontawesome-brands-windows: Windows](https://nextcloud.com/install/#install-clients)
- [:simple-apple: macOS](https://nextcloud.com/install/#install-clients)
- [:simple-linux: Linux](https://nextcloud.com/install/#install-clients)
</details>
</div>
<div class="admonition danger" markdown>
<p class="admonition-title">Danger</p>
We don't recommend using the [E2EE App](https://apps.nextcloud.com/apps/end_to_end_encryption) for Nextcloud as it may lead to data loss; it is highly experimental and not production quality. For this reason, we don't recommend third-party Nextcloud providers.
</div>
### CryptPad
## CryptPad
<div class="admonition recommendation" markdown>
![CryptPad logo](assets/img/document-collaboration/cryptpad.svg){ align=right }
**CryptPad** is a private-by-design alternative to popular office tools. All content on this web service is end-to-end encrypted and can be shared with other users easily. [:material-star-box: Read our latest CryptPad review.](https://www.privacyguides.org/articles/2025/02/07/cryptpad-review)
**CryptPad** is a private-by-design alternative to popular, full-fledged office suites. All content on this web service is E2EE and can be shared with other users easily.
[:material-star-box: Read our latest CryptPad review.](https://www.privacyguides.org/articles/2025/02/07/cryptpad-review)
[:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://cryptpad.fr){ .md-button .md-button--primary }
[:octicons-eye-16:](https://cryptpad.fr/pad/#/2/pad/view/GcNjAWmK6YDB3EO2IipRZ0fUe89j43Ryqeb4fjkjehE){ .card-link title="Privacy Policy" }
[:octicons-info-16:](https://docs.cryptpad.fr){ .card-link title=Documentation}
[:octicons-server-16:](https://cryptpad.org/instances){ .card-link title="Public Instances" }
[:octicons-info-16:](https://docs.cryptpad.fr){ .card-link title="Documentation" }
[:octicons-code-16:](https://github.com/xwiki-labs/cryptpad){ .card-link title="Source Code" }
[:octicons-heart-16:](https://opencollective.com/cryptpad){ .card-link title=Contribute }
[:octicons-heart-16:](https://opencollective.com/cryptpad){ .card-link title="Contribute" }
</details>
</div>
### Criteria
## Criteria
**Please note we are not affiliated with any of the projects we recommend.** In addition to [our standard criteria](about/criteria.md), we have developed a clear set of requirements to allow us to provide objective recommendations. We suggest you familiarize yourself with this list before choosing to use a project, and conduct your own research to ensure it's the right choice for you.
#### Minimum Requirements
In general, we define collaboration platforms as full-fledged suites which could reasonably act as a replacement to Google Drive.
### Minimum Requirements
- Must be open source.
- Must make files accessible via WebDAV unless it is impossible due to E2EE.
@ -80,7 +44,7 @@ In general, we define collaboration platforms as full-fledged suites which could
- Must support real-time document collaboration.
- Must support exporting documents to standard document formats (e.g. ODF).
#### Best-Case
### Best-Case
Our best-case criteria represents what we would like to see from the perfect project in this category. Our recommendations may not include any or all of this functionality, but those which do may rank higher than others on this page.

38
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@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
---
meta_title: "Encrypted Private Email Recommendations - Privacy Guides"
title: "Email Services"
title: Email Services
icon: material/email
description: These email providers offer a great place to store your emails securely, and many offer interoperable OpenPGP encryption with other providers.
cover: email.webp
@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ For everything else, we recommend a variety of email providers based on sustaina
| Provider | OpenPGP / WKD | IMAP / SMTP | Zero-Access Encryption | Anonymous Payment Methods |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| [Proton Mail](#proton-mail) | :material-check:{ .pg-green } | :material-information-outline:{ .pg-blue } Paid plans only | :material-check:{ .pg-green } | Cash |
| [Mailbox.org](#mailboxorg) | :material-check:{ .pg-green } | :material-check:{ .pg-green } | :material-information-outline:{ .pg-blue } Mail only | Cash |
| [Mailbox Mail](#mailbox-mail) | :material-check:{ .pg-green } | :material-check:{ .pg-green } | :material-information-outline:{ .pg-blue } Mail only | Cash |
| [Tuta](#tuta) | :material-alert-outline:{ .pg-orange } | :material-alert-outline:{ .pg-orange } | :material-check:{ .pg-green } | Monero <br>Cash via third party |
In addition to (or instead of) an email provider recommended here, you may wish to consider a dedicated [email aliasing service](email-aliasing.md#recommended-providers) to protect your privacy. Among other things, these services can help protect your real inbox from spam, prevent marketers from correlating your accounts, and encrypt all incoming messages with PGP.
@ -31,12 +31,12 @@ In addition to (or instead of) an email provider recommended here, you may wish
## OpenPGP Compatible Services
These providers natively support OpenPGP encryption/decryption and the [Web Key Directory (WKD) standard](basics/email-security.md#what-is-the-web-key-directory-standard), allowing for provider-agnostic end-to-end encrypted emails. For example, a Proton Mail user could send an E2EE message to a Mailbox.org user, or you could receive OpenPGP-encrypted notifications from internet services which support it.
These providers natively support OpenPGP encryption/decryption and the [Web Key Directory (WKD) standard](basics/email-security.md#what-is-the-web-key-directory-standard), allowing for provider-agnostic end-to-end encrypted emails. For example, a Proton Mail user could send an E2EE message to a Mailbox Mail user, or you could receive OpenPGP-encrypted notifications from internet services which support it.
<div class="grid cards" markdown>
- ![Proton Mail logo](assets/img/email/protonmail.svg){ .twemoji } [Proton Mail](email.md#proton-mail)
- ![Mailbox.org logo](assets/img/email/mailboxorg.svg){ .twemoji } [Mailbox.org](email.md#mailboxorg)
- ![Proton Mail logo](assets/img/email/protonmail.svg){ .twemoji } [Proton Mail](#proton-mail)
- ![Mailbox Mail logo](assets/img/email/mailbox-mail.svg){ .twemoji } [Mailbox Mail](#mailbox-mail)
</div>
@ -120,13 +120,13 @@ If you have a paid account and your [bill is unpaid](https://proton.me/support/d
Proton Mail's [Unlimited](https://proton.me/support/proton-plans#proton-unlimited) plan also enables access to other Proton services in addition to providing multiple custom domains, unlimited hide-my-email aliases, and 500 GB of storage.
### Mailbox.org
### Mailbox Mail
<div class="admonition recommendation" markdown>
![Mailbox.org logo](assets/img/email/mailboxorg.svg){ align=right }
![Mailbox Mail logo](assets/img/email/mailbox-mail.svg){ align=right }
**Mailbox.org** is an email service with a focus on being secure, ad-free, and powered by 100% eco-friendly energy. They have been in operation since 2014. Mailbox.org is based in Berlin, Germany.
**Mailbox Mail** is an email service with a focus on being secure, ad-free, and powered by 100% eco-friendly energy. They have been in operation since 2014. Mailbox Mail is based in Berlin, Germany.
Accounts start with up to 2 GB storage, which can be upgraded as needed.
@ -145,27 +145,27 @@ Accounts start with up to 2 GB storage, which can be upgraded as needed.
#### :material-check:{ .pg-green } Custom Domains and Aliases
Mailbox.org lets you use your own domain, and they support [catch-all](https://kb.mailbox.org/en/private/custom-domains/how-to-set-up-a-catch-all-alias-with-a-custom-domain-name) addresses. Mailbox.org also supports [sub-addressing](https://kb.mailbox.org/en/private/account-article/what-is-an-alias-and-how-do-i-use-it), which is useful if you don't want to purchase a domain.
Mailbox Mail lets you use your own domain, and they support [catch-all](https://kb.mailbox.org/en/private/custom-domains/how-to-set-up-a-catch-all-alias-with-a-custom-domain-name) addresses. Mailbox Mail also supports [sub-addressing](https://kb.mailbox.org/en/private/account-article/what-is-an-alias-and-how-do-i-use-it), which is useful if you don't want to purchase a domain.
#### :material-check:{ .pg-green } Private Payment Methods
Mailbox.org doesn't accept any cryptocurrencies as a result of their payment processor BitPay suspending operations in Germany. However, they do accept **cash** by mail, **cash** payment to bank account, bank transfer, credit card, PayPal, and a couple of German-specific processors: Paydirekt and Sofortüberweisung.
Mailbox Mail doesn't accept any cryptocurrencies as a result of their payment processor BitPay suspending operations in Germany. However, they do accept **cash** by mail, **cash** payment to bank account, bank transfer, credit card, PayPal, and a couple of German-specific processors: Paydirekt and Sofortüberweisung.
#### :material-check:{ .pg-green } Account Security
Mailbox.org supports [two-factor authentication](https://kb.mailbox.org/en/private/account-article/how-to-use-two-factor-authentication-2fa) for their webmail only. You can use either TOTP or a [YubiKey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YubiKey) via the [YubiCloud](https://yubico.com/products/services-software/yubicloud). Web standards such as [WebAuthn](basics/multi-factor-authentication.md#fido-fast-identity-online) are not yet supported.
Mailbox Mail supports [two-factor authentication](https://kb.mailbox.org/en/private/account-article/how-to-use-two-factor-authentication-2fa) for their webmail only. You can use either TOTP or a [YubiKey](security-keys.md#yubikey) via the [YubiCloud](https://yubico.com/products/services-software/yubicloud). Web standards such as [WebAuthn](basics/multi-factor-authentication.md#fido-fast-identity-online) are not yet supported.
#### :material-information-outline:{ .pg-blue } Data Security
Mailbox.org allows for encryption of incoming mail using their [encrypted mailbox](https://kb.mailbox.org/en/private/e-mail-article/your-encrypted-mailbox). New messages that you receive will then be immediately encrypted with your public key.
Mailbox Mail allows for encryption of incoming mail using their [encrypted mailbox](https://kb.mailbox.org/en/private/e-mail-article/your-encrypted-mailbox). New messages that you receive will then be immediately encrypted with your public key.
However, [Open-Xchange](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-Xchange), the software platform used by Mailbox.org, [does not support](https://kb.mailbox.org/en/private/security-privacy-article/encryption-of-calendar-and-address-book) the encryption of your address book and calendar. A [standalone option](calendar.md) may be more appropriate for that data.
However, [Open-Xchange](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-Xchange), the software platform used by Mailbox Mail, [does not support](https://kb.mailbox.org/en/private/security-privacy-article/encryption-of-calendar-and-address-book) the encryption of your address book and calendar. A [standalone option](calendar.md) may be more appropriate for that data.
#### :material-check:{ .pg-green } Email Encryption
Mailbox.org has [integrated encryption](https://kb.mailbox.org/en/private/e-mail-article/send-encrypted-e-mails-with-guard) in their webmail, which simplifies sending messages to people with public OpenPGP keys. They also allow [remote recipients to decrypt an email](https://kb.mailbox.org/en/private/e-mail-article/my-recipient-does-not-use-pgp) on Mailbox.org's servers. This feature is useful when the remote recipient does not have OpenPGP and cannot decrypt a copy of the email in their own mailbox.
Mailbox Mail has [integrated encryption](https://kb.mailbox.org/en/private/e-mail-article/send-encrypted-e-mails-with-guard) in their webmail, which simplifies sending messages to people with public OpenPGP keys. They also allow [remote recipients to decrypt an email](https://kb.mailbox.org/en/private/e-mail-article/my-recipient-does-not-use-pgp) on Mailbox Mail's servers. This feature is useful when the remote recipient does not have OpenPGP and cannot decrypt a copy of the email in their own mailbox.
Mailbox.org also supports the discovery of public keys via HTTP from their WKD. This allows people outside of Mailbox.org to find the OpenPGP keys of Mailbox.org accounts easily for cross-provider E2EE. This only applies to email addresses ending in one of Mailbox.org's own domains, like `@mailbox.org`. If you use a custom domain, you must [configure WKD](basics/email-security.md#what-is-the-web-key-directory-standard) separately.
Mailbox Mail also supports the discovery of public keys via HTTP from their WKD. This allows people outside of Mailbox Mail to find the OpenPGP keys of Mailbox Mail accounts easily for cross-provider E2EE. This only applies to email addresses ending in one of Mailbox Mail's own domains, like `@mailbox.org`. If you use a custom domain, you must [configure WKD](basics/email-security.md#what-is-the-web-key-directory-standard) separately.
#### :material-information-outline:{ .pg-blue } Account Termination
@ -173,11 +173,11 @@ Your account will be set to a restricted user account when your contract ends. I
#### :material-information-outline:{ .pg-blue } Additional Functionality
You can access your Mailbox.org account via IMAP/SMTP using their [.onion service](https://kb.mailbox.org/en/private/faq-article/the-tor-exit-node-of-mailbox-org). However, their webmail interface cannot be accessed via their .onion service, and you may experience TLS certificate errors.
You can access your Mailbox Mail account via IMAP/SMTP using their [.onion service](https://kb.mailbox.org/en/private/faq-article/the-tor-exit-node-of-mailbox-org). However, their webmail interface cannot be accessed via their .onion service, and you may experience TLS certificate errors.
All accounts come with limited cloud storage that [can be encrypted](https://kb.mailbox.org/en/private/drive-article/encrypt-files-on-your-drive). Mailbox.org also offers the alias [@secure.mailbox.org](https://kb.mailbox.org/en/private/e-mail-article/ensuring-e-mails-are-sent-securely), which enforces the TLS encryption on the connection between mail servers, otherwise the message will not be sent at all. Mailbox.org also supports [Exchange ActiveSync](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exchange_ActiveSync) in addition to standard access protocols like IMAP and POP3.
All accounts come with limited cloud storage that [can be encrypted](https://kb.mailbox.org/en/private/drive-article/encrypt-files-on-your-drive). Mailbox Mail also offers the alias [@secure.mailbox.org](https://kb.mailbox.org/en/private/e-mail-article/ensuring-e-mails-are-sent-securely), which enforces the TLS encryption on the connection between mail servers, otherwise the message will not be sent at all. Mailbox Mail also supports [Exchange ActiveSync](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exchange_ActiveSync) in addition to standard access protocols like IMAP and POP3.
Mailbox.org has a digital legacy feature for all plans. You can choose whether you want any of your data to be passed to heirs, providing that they apply and provide your testament. Alternatively, you can nominate a person by name and address.
Mailbox Mail has a digital legacy feature for all plans. You can choose whether you want any of your data to be passed to heirs, providing that they apply and provide your testament. Alternatively, you can nominate a person by name and address.
## More Providers
@ -185,7 +185,7 @@ These providers store your emails with zero-knowledge encryption, making them gr
<div class="grid cards" markdown>
- ![Tuta logo](assets/img/email/tuta.svg#only-light){ .twemoji loading=lazy }![Tuta logo](assets/img/email/tuta-dark.svg#only-dark){ .twemoji loading=lazy } [Tuta](email.md#tuta)
- ![Tuta logo](assets/img/email/tuta.svg#only-light){ .twemoji loading=lazy }![Tuta logo](assets/img/email/tuta-dark.svg#only-dark){ .twemoji loading=lazy } [Tuta](#tuta)
</div>

31
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@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
---
meta_title: "Recommended Encryption Software: VeraCrypt, Cryptomator, PicoCrypt, and OpenPGP - Privacy Guides"
meta_title: "Recommended Encryption Software: VeraCrypt, Cryptomator, and OpenPGP - Privacy Guides"
title: "Encryption Software"
icon: material/file-lock
description: Encryption of data is the only way to control who can access it. These tools allow you to encrypt your emails and any other files.
@ -52,35 +52,6 @@ Some Cryptomator cryptographic libraries have been [audited](https://community.c
Cryptomator's documentation details its intended [security target](https://docs.cryptomator.org/en/latest/security/security-target), [security architecture](https://docs.cryptomator.org/en/latest/security/architecture), and [best practices](https://docs.cryptomator.org/en/latest/security/best-practices) for use in further detail.
### Picocrypt (File)
<small>Protects against the following threat(s):</small>
- [:material-target-account: Targeted Attacks](basics/common-threats.md#attacks-against-specific-individuals){ .pg-red }
<div class="admonition recommendation" markdown>
![Picocrypt logo](assets/img/encryption-software/picocrypt.svg){ align=right }
**Picocrypt** is a small and simple encryption tool that provides modern encryption. Picocrypt uses the secure XChaCha20 cipher and the Argon2id key derivation function to provide a high level of security. It uses Go's standard x/crypto modules for its encryption features.
[:octicons-repo-16: Repository](https://github.com/Picocrypt/Picocrypt#readme){ .md-button .md-button--primary }
[:octicons-code-16:](https://github.com/Picocrypt/Picocrypt){ .card-link title="Source Code" }
[:octicons-heart-16:](https://opencollective.com/picocrypt){ .card-link title="Contribute" }
<details class="downloads" markdown>
<summary>Downloads</summary>
- [:fontawesome-brands-windows: Windows](https://github.com/Picocrypt/Picocrypt/releases)
- [:simple-apple: macOS](https://github.com/Picocrypt/Picocrypt/releases)
- [:simple-linux: Linux](https://github.com/Picocrypt/Picocrypt/releases)
</details>
</div>
Picocrypt has been [audited](https://github.com/Picocrypt/storage/blob/main/Picocrypt.Audit.Report.pdf) by Radically Open Security in August 2024, and [most](https://github.com/Picocrypt/Picocrypt/issues/32#issuecomment-2329722740) of the issues found in the audit were subsequently fixed.
### VeraCrypt (Disk)
<small>Protects against the following threat(s):</small>

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@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
---
title: "File Sharing and Sync"
title: File Sharing and Sync
icon: material/share-variant
description: Discover how to privately share your files between your devices, with your friends and family, or anonymously online.
cover: file-sharing.webp
@ -24,9 +24,9 @@ If you already use [Proton Drive](cloud.md#proton-drive)[^1] or have a [Bitwarde
[:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://send.vis.ee){ .md-button .md-button--primary }
[:octicons-server-16:](https://github.com/timvisee/send-instances){ .card-link title="Public Instances"}
[:octicons-info-16:](https://github.com/timvisee/send#readme){ .card-link title=Documentation}
[:octicons-info-16:](https://github.com/timvisee/send#readme){ .card-link title="Documentation" }
[:octicons-code-16:](https://github.com/timvisee/send){ .card-link title="Source Code" }
[:octicons-heart-16:](https://github.com/sponsors/timvisee){ .card-link title=Contribute }
[:octicons-heart-16:](https://github.com/sponsors/timvisee){ .card-link title="Contribute" }
</details>
@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ ffsend upload --host https://send.vis.ee/ FILE
[:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://onionshare.org){ .md-button .md-button--primary }
[:simple-torbrowser:](http://lldan5gahapx5k7iafb3s4ikijc4ni7gx5iywdflkba5y2ezyg6sjgyd.onion){ .card-link title="Onion Service" }
[:octicons-info-16:](https://docs.onionshare.org){ .card-link title=Documentation}
[:octicons-info-16:](https://docs.onionshare.org){ .card-link title="Documentation" }
[:octicons-code-16:](https://github.com/onionshare/onionshare){ .card-link title="Source Code" }
<details class="downloads" markdown>
@ -73,60 +73,8 @@ OnionShare provides the option to connect via [Tor bridges](https://docs.onionsh
- Must be open-source software.
- Must either have clients for Linux, macOS, and Windows; or have a web interface.
## FreedomBox
<div class="admonition recommendation" markdown>
![FreedomBox logo](assets/img/file-sharing-sync/freedombox.svg){ align=right }
**FreedomBox** is an operating system designed to be run on a [single-board computer (SBC)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single-board_computer). The purpose is to make it easy to set up server applications that you might want to self-host.
[:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://freedombox.org){ .md-button .md-button--primary }
[:octicons-info-16:](https://wiki.debian.org/FreedomBox/Manual){ .card-link title=Documentation}
[:octicons-code-16:](https://salsa.debian.org/freedombox-team/freedombox){ .card-link title="Source Code" }
[:octicons-heart-16:](https://freedomboxfoundation.org/donate){ .card-link title=Contribute }
</details>
</div>
## File Sync
### Nextcloud (Client-Server)
<div class="admonition recommendation" markdown>
![Nextcloud logo](assets/img/document-collaboration/nextcloud.svg){ align=right }
**Nextcloud** is a suite of free and open-source client-server software for creating your own file hosting services on a private server you control.
[:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://nextcloud.com){ .md-button .md-button--primary }
[:octicons-eye-16:](https://nextcloud.com/privacy){ .card-link title="Privacy Policy" }
[:octicons-info-16:](https://nextcloud.com/support){ .card-link title=Documentation}
[:octicons-code-16:](https://github.com/nextcloud){ .card-link title="Source Code" }
[:octicons-heart-16:](https://nextcloud.com/contribute){ .card-link title=Contribute }
<details class="downloads" markdown>
<summary>Downloads</summary>
- [:simple-googleplay: Google Play](https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.nextcloud.client)
- [:simple-appstore: App Store](https://apps.apple.com/app/id1125420102)
- [:simple-github: GitHub](https://github.com/nextcloud/android/releases)
- [:fontawesome-brands-windows: Windows](https://nextcloud.com/install/#install-clients)
- [:simple-apple: macOS](https://nextcloud.com/install/#install-clients)
- [:simple-linux: Linux](https://nextcloud.com/install/#install-clients)
</details>
</div>
<div class="admonition danger" markdown>
<p class="admonition-title">Danger</p>
We don't recommend using the [E2EE App](https://apps.nextcloud.com/apps/end_to_end_encryption) for Nextcloud as it may lead to data loss; it is highly experimental and not production quality.
</div>
### Syncthing (P2P)
<div class="admonition recommendation" markdown>

2
docs/frontends.md
View file

@ -147,7 +147,7 @@ Piped is useful if you want to use [SponsorBlock](https://sponsor.ajay.app) with
**FreeTube** is a free and open-source desktop application for [YouTube](https://youtube.com). FreeTube extracts data from YouTube using its built-in API based on [YouTube.js](https://github.com/LuanRT/YouTube.js) or the [Invidious](#invidious) API. You can configure either as the default, with the other serving as a fallback.
When using FreeTube, your subscription list and playlists are saved locally on your device.
When using FreeTube, your subscription list, playlists, watch history and search history are saved locally on your device.
[:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://freetubeapp.io){ .md-button .md-button--primary }
[:octicons-eye-16:](https://freetubeapp.io/privacy.php){ .card-link title="Privacy Policy" }

13
docs/health-and-wellness.md
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@ -66,21 +66,20 @@ Popular menstrual trackers like [Flo](https://techcrunch.com/2021/01/13/flo-gets
These general purpose apps can do everything from counting steps and tracking sleep to measuring your heartbeat.
### Apple Health
### Apple Fitness
<div class="admonition recommendation" markdown>
![Apple logo](assets/img/health-and-wellness/apple-health.svg#only-light){ align=right }![Apple logo](assets/img/health-and-wellness/apple-health-dark.svg#only-dark){ align=right }
![Apple Fitness logo](assets/img/health-and-wellness/apple-fitness.webp){ align=right }
**Apple Health** is the default health and fitness app for iOS. Apple Health always uses end-to-end encryption when syncing across multiple devices. Additionally, almost all measured data is processed on your device.
**Apple Fitness** is the default fitness app for iOS. Apple Fitness always uses end-to-end encryption when syncing across multiple devices. Additionally, almost all measured data is processed on your device.
[:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://apple.com/health){ .md-button .md-button--primary }
[:octicons-eye-16:](https://apple.com/legal/privacy/consumer-health-personal-data/en-ww){ .card-link title="Privacy Policy" }
<details class="downloads" markdown>
<summary>Downloads</summary>
- [:simple-appstore: App Store](https://apps.apple.com/app/apple-health/id1242545199)
- [:simple-appstore: App Store](https://apps.apple.com/app/id1208224953)
</details>
@ -120,9 +119,9 @@ These apps help you collect and manage personal health data and share it with he
<div class="admonition recommendation" markdown>
![Apple logo](assets/img/health-and-wellness/apple-health.svg#only-light){ align=right }![Apple logo](assets/img/health-and-wellness/apple-health-dark.svg#only-dark){ align=right }
![Apple logo](assets/img/health-and-wellness/apple-health.webp#only-light){ align=right }![Apple logo](assets/img/health-and-wellness/apple-health-dark.webp#only-dark){ align=right }
**Apple Health Records** is a built-in feature within [Apple Health](#apple-health) that allows you to view, store, and share your health records. It shares the security and privacy features of Apple Health.
**Apple Health Records** is a built-in feature within [Apple Health](https://apple.com/health) that allows you to view, store, and share your health records. It shares the security and privacy features of [Apple Fitness](#apple-fitness).
[:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://apple.com/health){ .md-button .md-button--primary }
[:octicons-eye-16:](https://apple.com/legal/privacy/consumer-health-personal-data/en-ww){ .card-link title="Privacy Policy" }

2
docs/index.md
View file

@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ Trying to protect all your data from everyone all the time is impractical, expen
<div markdown>
**Privacy Guides** has a dedicated [community](https://discuss.privacyguides.net) independently reviewing various *privacy tools* and services. Each of our recommendations comply with a strict set of criteria to ensure they provide the most value to most people, and provide the best balance of privacy, security, and convenience. As part of a non-profit **public charity**, Privacy Guides has strict **journalistic standards** and policies to ensure our recommendations are free of conflict of interest, and we do not partner with providers or affiliate programs that could sway our reviews and recommendations.
[:material-heart:{.pg-red} Support Our Work](about/donate.md){ class="md-button md-button--primary" }
[:material-heart:{.pg-red} Support Our Work](about/donate.md){ class="md-button md-button--primary" data-portal="signup" }
</div>

24
docs/language-tools.md
View file

@ -11,7 +11,9 @@ cover: language-tools.webp
Text inputted to grammar, spelling, and style checkers, as well as translation services, can contain sensitive information which may be stored on their servers for an indefinite amount of time and sold to third parties. The language tools listed on this page do not store your submitted text on a server and can be self-hosted and used offline for maximum control of your data.
## LanguageTool
## Grammar & Spelling
### LanguageTool
<div class="admonition recommendation" markdown>
@ -42,6 +44,26 @@ Text inputted to grammar, spelling, and style checkers, as well as translation s
LanguageTool offers integration with a variety of [office suites](https://languagetool.org/services#text_editors) and [email clients](https://languagetool.org/services#mail_clients).
## Translation Tools
### LibreTranslate
<div class="admonition recommendation" markdown>
![LibreTranslate logo](assets/img/language-tools/libretranslate.png){ align=right }
**LibreTranslate** is a free and open-source machine translation web interface and API server. It uses [Argos Translate](https://github.com/argosopentech/argos-translate) models on the backend for translations.
[:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://libretranslate.com){ .md-button .md-button--primary }
[:octicons-server-16:](https://github.com/LibreTranslate/LibreTranslate#mirrors){ .card-link title="Public Instances" }
[:octicons-code-16:](https://github.com/LibreTranslate/LibreTranslate){ .card-link title="Source Code" }
</div>
You can use LibreTranslate through a number of public instances, with some that offer a [Tor](tor.md) onion service or an [I2P](alternative-networks.md#i2p-the-invisible-internet-project) eepsite. You can also host the software yourself for maximum control over the text submitted for translation.
We use a self-hosted instance of LibreTranslate to automatically translate posts on our [forum](https://discuss.privacyguides.net) to multiple languages.
## Criteria
**Please note we are not affiliated with any of the projects we recommend.** In addition to [our standard criteria](about/criteria.md), we have developed a clear set of requirements to allow us to provide objective recommendations. We suggest you familiarize yourself with this list before choosing to use a project, and conduct your own research to ensure it's the right choice for you.

4
docs/maps.md
View file

@ -25,14 +25,14 @@ Features include cycling routes, hiking trails and walking paths, turn-by-turn n
[:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://organicmaps.app){ .md-button .md-button--primary }
[:octicons-eye-16:](https://organicmaps.app/privacy){ .card-link title="Privacy Policy" }
[:octicons-code-16:](https://git.omaps.dev/organicmaps/organicmaps){ .card-link title="Source Code" }
[:octicons-code-16:](https://github.com/organicmaps/organicmaps){ .card-link title="Source Code" }
<details class="downloads" markdown>
<summary>Downloads</summary>
- [:simple-googleplay: Google Play](https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=app.organicmaps)
- [:simple-appstore: App Store](https://apps.apple.com/app/organic-maps/id1567437057)
- [:simple-forgejo: Forgejo](https://git.omaps.dev/organicmaps/organicmaps/releases)
- [:simple-github: GitHub](https://github.com/organicmaps/organicmaps/releases)
- [:simple-linux: Linux](https://flathub.org/apps/app.organicmaps.desktop)
</details>

18
docs/meta/admonitions.md
View file

@ -164,7 +164,7 @@ This format is used to generate recommendation cards. Notably it is missing the
``` markdown title="Recommendation Card"
<div class="admonition recommendation" markdown>
![PhotoPrism logo](assets/img/photo-management/photoprism.svg){ align=right }
![PhotoPrism logo](assets/img/self-hosting/photoprism.svg){ align=right }
**PhotoPrism** is a self-hostable platform for managing photos. It supports album syncing and sharing as well as a variety of other [features](https://photoprism.app/features). It does not include end-to-end encryption, so it's best hosted on a server that you trust and is under your control.
@ -173,13 +173,6 @@ This format is used to generate recommendation cards. Notably it is missing the
[:octicons-info-16:](https://photoprism.app/kb){ .card-link title="Documentation" }
[:octicons-code-16:](https://github.com/photoprism){ .card-link title="Source Code" }
<details class="downloads" markdown>
<summary>Downloads</summary>
- [:simple-github: GitHub](https://github.com/photoprism)
</details>
</div>
```
@ -187,7 +180,7 @@ This format is used to generate recommendation cards. Notably it is missing the
<div class="admonition recommendation" markdown>
![PhotoPrism logo](../assets/img/photo-management/photoprism.svg){ align=right }
![PhotoPrism logo](../assets/img/self-hosting/photoprism.svg){ align=right }
**PhotoPrism** is a self-hostable platform for managing photos. It supports album syncing and sharing as well as a variety of other [features](https://photoprism.app/features). It does not include end-to-end encryption, so it's best hosted on a server that you trust and is under your control.
@ -196,13 +189,6 @@ This format is used to generate recommendation cards. Notably it is missing the
[:octicons-info-16:](https://photoprism.app/kb){ .card-link title="Documentation" }
[:octicons-code-16:](https://github.com/photoprism){ .card-link title="Source Code" }
<details class="downloads" markdown>
<summary>Downloads</summary>
- [:simple-github: GitHub](https://github.com/photoprism)
</details>
</div>
</div>

8
docs/mobile-browsers.md
View file

@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
---
meta_title: "Privacy Respecting Web Browsers for Android and iOS - Privacy Guides"
title: "Mobile Browsers"
title: Mobile Browsers
icon: material/cellphone-information
description: These browsers are what we currently recommend for standard/non-anonymous internet browsing on your phone.
cover: mobile-browsers.webp
@ -167,7 +167,7 @@ Shields' options can be downgraded on a per-site basis as needed, but by default
- [x] Select **Disable non-proxied UDP** under [*WebRTC IP handling policy*](https://support.brave.com/hc/articles/360017989132-How-do-I-change-my-Privacy-Settings#webrtc)
- [x] (Optional) Select **No protection** under *Safe Browsing* (1)
- [ ] Uncheck **Allow sites to check if you have payment methods saved**
- [ ] Uncheck **V8 Optimizer** under *Manage V8 security*
- [ ] Uncheck **Javascript optimization & security** under the setting with the same name
- [x] Select **Close tabs on exit**
- [ ] Uncheck **Allow privacy-preserving product analytics (P3A)**
- [ ] Uncheck **Automatically send diagnostic reports**
@ -267,7 +267,7 @@ This disables update checks for the unmaintained Bromite adblock filter.
## Safari (iOS)
On iOS, any app that can browse the web is [restricted](https://developer.apple.com/app-store/review/guidelines) to using an Apple-provided [WebKit framework](https://developer.apple.com/documentation/webkit), so a browser like [Brave](#brave) does not use the Chromium engine like its counterparts on other operating systems.
On iOS, any app that can browse the web is [restricted](https://developer.apple.com/app-store/review/guidelines) to using an Apple-provided [WebKit framework](https://developer.apple.com/documentation/webkit), so a browser like [Brave](#brave) does not use the Blink engine (the core component of Chromium) like its counterparts on other operating systems.
<div class="admonition recommendation" markdown>
@ -285,8 +285,6 @@ On iOS, any app that can browse the web is [restricted](https://developer.apple.
### Recommended Safari Configuration
We would suggest installing [AdGuard](browser-extensions.md#adguard) if you want a content blocker in Safari.
The following privacy/security-related options can be found in :gear: **Settings** → **Apps** → **Safari**.
#### Allow Safari to Access

21
docs/os/linux-overview.md
View file

@ -138,9 +138,26 @@ Many alternatives don't provide these same permission controls yet,[^1] while so
Many desktop Linux distributions (Fedora, openSUSE, etc.) come with [NetworkManager](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NetworkManager) to configure Ethernet and Wi-Fi settings.
It is possible to [randomize](https://fedoramagazine.org/randomize-mac-address-nm) the [MAC address](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MAC_address) when using NetworkManager. This provides a bit more privacy on Wi-Fi networks as it makes it harder to track specific devices on the network you’re connected to. It does [**not**](https://papers.mathyvanhoef.com/wisec2016.pdf) make you anonymous.
It is possible to randomize the [MAC address](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MAC_address) when using NetworkManager. This provides a bit more privacy on Wi-Fi networks as it makes it harder to track specific devices on the network you’re connected to. It does [**not**](https://papers.mathyvanhoef.com/wisec2016.pdf) make you anonymous.
We recommend changing the setting to **random** instead of **stable**, as suggested in the [article](https://fedoramagazine.org/randomize-mac-address-nm).
In the terminal, create a new file `/etc/NetworkManager/conf.d/00-macrandomize.conf` and add the following to it:
```text
[device]
wifi.scan-rand-mac-address=yes
[connection]
wifi.cloned-mac-address=random
ethernet.cloned-mac-address=random
```
Then, restart NetworkManager:
```sh
systemctl restart NetworkManager
```
Optionally, changing the connection parameter from `random` to `stable` will give you a random MAC address *per network*, but keep it stable for that network when you reconnect to it later. Using `random` will give you a random MAC address *per connection*. This may be desirable for networks with captive portals or where you have a static DHCP assignment, at the expense of making you more identifiable by a single network operator you connect to multiple times.
If you are using [systemd-networkd](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systemd#Ancillary_components), you will need to set [`MACAddressPolicy=random`](https://freedesktop.org/software/systemd/man/systemd.link.html#MACAddressPolicy=) which will enable [RFC 7844 (Anonymity Profiles for DHCP Clients)](https://freedesktop.org/software/systemd/man/systemd.network.html#Anonymize=).

40
docs/passwords.md
View file

@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
---
meta_title: "The Best Password Managers to Protect Your Privacy and Security - Privacy Guides"
title: "Password Managers"
title: Password Managers
icon: material/form-textbox-password
description: Password managers allow you to securely store and manage passwords and other credentials.
cover: passwords.webp
@ -176,17 +176,10 @@ These password managers sync your passwords to a cloud server for easy accessibi
Bitwarden uses [PBKDF2](https://bitwarden.com/help/kdf-algorithms/#pbkdf2) as its key derivation function (KDF) algorithm by default. It also offers [Argon2](https://bitwarden.com/help/kdf-algorithms/#argon2id), which is more secure, as an alternative. You can change your account's KDF algorithm in the web vault:
- [x] Select **Settings > Security > Keys > KDF algorithm > Argon2id**
- [x] Select **Settings → Security → Keys → KDF algorithm → Argon2id**
Bitwarden's server-side code is [open source](https://github.com/bitwarden/server), so if you don't want to use the Bitwarden cloud, you can easily host your own Bitwarden sync server.
**Vaultwarden** is an alternative implementation of Bitwarden's sync server written in Rust and compatible with official Bitwarden clients, perfect for self-hosted deployment where running the resource-heavy official service might not be ideal. If you are looking to self-host Bitwarden on your own server, you almost certainly want to use Vaultwarden over Bitwarden's official server code.
[:octicons-repo-16: Vaultwarden Repository](https://github.com/dani-garcia/vaultwarden){ .md-button }
[:octicons-info-16:](https://github.com/dani-garcia/vaultwarden/wiki){ .card-link title="Documentation" }
[:octicons-code-16:](https://github.com/dani-garcia/vaultwarden){ .card-link title="Source Code" }
[:octicons-heart-16:](https://github.com/sponsors/dani-garcia){ .card-link title="Contribute" }
### Proton Pass
<div class="admonition recommendation" markdown>
@ -367,6 +360,35 @@ KeePassXC stores its export data as [CSV](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comma-se
The [pro version](https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.kunzisoft.keepass.pro) of the app allows you to unlock cosmetic content and non-standard protocol features, but more importantly, it helps and encourages development.
### KeePassium (iOS & macOS)
<div class="admonition recommendation" markdown>
![KeePassium logo](assets/img/password-management/keepassium.svg){ align=right }
KeePassium is a commercial, open-source password manager made by KeePassium Labs that's compatible with other KeePass applications. It provides autofill support, passkey management, automatic two-way synchronization through [most cloud storage providers](https://support.keepassium.com/kb/sync), and more.
[:material-star-box: Read our latest KeePassium review.](https://www.privacyguides.org/articles/2025/05/13/keepassium-review)
[:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://keepassium.com){ .md-button .md-button--primary }
[:octicons-eye-16:](https://keepassium.com/privacy/app){ .card-link title="Privacy Policy" }
[:octicons-info-16:](https://support.keepassium.com){ .card-link title="Documentation" }
[:octicons-code-16:](https://github.com/keepassium/KeePassium){ .card-link title="Source Code" }
[:octicons-heart-16:](https://keepassium.com/donate){ .card-link title="Contribute" }
<details class="downloads" markdown>
<summary>Downloads</summary>
- [:simple-appstore: App Store](https://apps.apple.com/us/app/id1435127111)
</details>
</div>
KeePassium offers a [Premium version](https://keepassium.com/pricing) with additional features such as support for multiple databases, YubiKey support, and a password audit tool.
KeePassium's iOS app has been [audited](https://cure53.de/pentest-report_keepassium.pdf) by Cure53 in October 2024, and all [issues](https://keepassium.com/blog/2024/11/independent-security-audit-complete) found in the audit were subsequently fixed.
### Gopass (CLI)
<div class="admonition recommendation" markdown>

22
docs/photo-management.md
View file

@ -44,28 +44,6 @@ The free plan offers 10 GB of storage as long as you use the service at least o
Ente Photos underwent an audit by [Cure53](https://ente.io/blog/cryptography-audit) in March 2023 and by [Fallible](https://ente.io/reports/Fallible-Audit-Report-19-04-2023.pdf) in April 2023.
## PhotoPrism
<div class="admonition recommendation" markdown>
![PhotoPrism logo](assets/img/photo-management/photoprism.svg){ align=right }
**PhotoPrism** is a self-hostable platform for managing photos. It supports album syncing and sharing as well as a variety of other [features](https://photoprism.app/features). It does not include E2EE, so it's best hosted on a server that you trust and is under your control.
[:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://photoprism.app){ .md-button .md-button--primary }
[:octicons-eye-16:](https://photoprism.app/privacy){ .card-link title="Privacy Policy" }
[:octicons-info-16:](https://photoprism.app/kb){ .card-link title=Documentation}
[:octicons-code-16:](https://github.com/photoprism){ .card-link title="Source Code" }
<details class="downloads" markdown>
<summary>Downloads</summary>
- [:simple-github: GitHub](https://github.com/photoprism)
</details>
</div>
## Criteria
**Please note we are not affiliated with any of the projects we recommend.** In addition to [our standard criteria](about/criteria.md), we have developed a clear set of requirements to allow us to provide objective recommendations. We suggest you familiarize yourself with this list before choosing to use a project, and conduct your own research to ensure it's the right choice for you.

68
docs/search-engines.md
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@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
---
meta_title: "Recommended Search Engines: Anonymous Google Alternatives - Privacy Guides"
title: "Search Engines"
meta_title: "Recommended Search Engines: Anonymous Alternatives to Google - Privacy Guides"
title: Search Engines
icon: material/search-web
description: Privacy-respecting search engines which don't build an advertising profile based on your searches.
description: Use privacy-respecting search engines which don't build an advertising profile based on your searches.
cover: search-engines.webp
global:
- [randomize-element, "table tbody"]
@ -23,11 +23,25 @@ Consider using a [VPN](vpn.md) or [Tor](tor.md) if your threat model requires hi
|---|---|---|---|---|
| [Brave Search](#brave-search) | [Independent](https://brave.com/search-independence) | :material-check:{ .pg-green } | Anonymized[^1] | United States |
| [DuckDuckGo](#duckduckgo) | [Bing](https://help.duckduckgo.com/results/sources) | :material-check:{ .pg-green } | Anonymized[^2] | United States |
| [Startpage](#startpage) | [Google and Bing](https://support.startpage.com/hc/articles/4522435533844-What-is-the-relationship-between-Startpage-and-your-search-partners-like-Google-and-Microsoft-Bing) | :material-check:{ .pg-green } | Anonymized[^3] | Netherlands |
| [Mullvad Leta](#mullvad-leta) | [Brave and Google](https://leta.mullvad.net/faq#what-can-leta-do) | :material-check:{ .pg-green } | Anonymized[^3] | Sweden |
| [Startpage](#startpage) | [Google and Bing](https://support.startpage.com/hc/articles/4522435533844-What-is-the-relationship-between-Startpage-and-your-search-partners-like-Google-and-Microsoft-Bing) | :material-check:{ .pg-green } | Anonymized[^4] | Netherlands |
[^1]: Brave Search collects aggregated usage metrics, which includes the OS and the user agent. However, they do not collect PII. To serve [anonymous local results](https://search.brave.com/help/anonymous-local-results), IP addresses are temporarily processed, but are not retained. [https://search.brave.com/help/privacy-policy](https://search.brave.com/help/privacy-policy)
[^2]: DuckDuckGo **does** log your searches for product improvement purposes, but not your IP address or any other PII. [https://duckduckgo.com/privacy](https://duckduckgo.com/privacy)
[^3]: Startpage logs details such as operating system, user agent, and language. They do not log your IP address, search queries, or other PII. [https://startpage.com/en/privacy-policy](https://startpage.com/en/privacy-policy)
[^1]:
Brave Search collects aggregated usage metrics, which includes the OS and the user agent. However, they do not collect PII. To serve [anonymous local results](https://search.brave.com/help/anonymous-local-results), IP addresses are temporarily processed, but are not retained.
Brave Search: [*Brave Search privacy notice*](https://search.brave.com/help/privacy-policy)
[^2]:
DuckDuckGo **does** log your searches for product improvement purposes, but not your IP address or any other PII.
DuckDuckGo Privacy Policy: [*We don't track you.*](https://duckduckgo.com/privacy)
[^3]:
Mullvad Leta logs your searches and stores them hashed with a secret in a RAM-based cache. The cache is removed after it reaches 30 days in age, or when the server-side Leta application is restarted. They do not collect any PII.
Terms of Service: [*Service Usage*](https://leta.mullvad.net/terms-of-service)
[^4]:
Startpage logs details such as operating system, user agent, and language. They do not log your IP address, search queries, or other PII.
Our Privacy Policy: [*How we have implemented truly anonymous analytics*](https://startpage.com/en/privacy-policy#section-4)
### Brave Search
@ -35,18 +49,18 @@ Consider using a [VPN](vpn.md) or [Tor](tor.md) if your threat model requires hi
![Brave Search logo](assets/img/search-engines/brave-search.svg){ align=right }
**Brave Search** is a search engine developed by Brave. The index is optimized against Google Search and therefore may provide more contextually accurate results compared to other alternatives.
**Brave Search** is a search engine developed by Brave. It includes unique features such as [Discussions](https://search.brave.com/help/discussions), which highlights conversation-focused results such as forum posts.
Brave Search includes unique features such as [Discussions](https://search.brave.com/help/discussions), which highlights conversation-focused results such as forum posts.
Brave Search is the default search engine for the [Brave Browser](desktop-browsers.md#brave).
[:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://search.brave.com){ .md-button .md-button--primary }
[:simple-torbrowser:](https://search.brave4u7jddbv7cyviptqjc7jusxh72uik7zt6adtckl5f4nwy2v72qd.onion){ .card-link title="Onion Service" }
[:octicons-eye-16:](https://search.brave.com/help/privacy-policy){ .card-link title="Privacy Policy" }
[:octicons-info-16:](https://search.brave.com/help){ .card-link title=Documentation}
[:octicons-info-16:](https://search.brave.com/help){ .card-link title="Documentation" }
</div>
Note that if you use Brave Search while logged in to a Premium account, it may make it easier for Brave to correlate queries with specific users.
If you use Brave Search while logged in to a Premium account, there is a risk of Brave correlating search queries with your account.
We recommend you disable [Anonymous usage metrics](https://search.brave.com/help/usage-metrics) as it is enabled by default and can be disabled within settings.
@ -63,12 +77,38 @@ DuckDuckGo is the default search engine for the [Tor Browser](tor.md#tor-browser
[:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://duckduckgo.com){ .md-button .md-button--primary }
[:simple-torbrowser:](https://duckduckgogg42xjoc72x3sjasowoarfbgcmvfimaftt6twagswzczad.onion){ .card-link title="Onion Service" }
[:octicons-eye-16:](https://duckduckgo.com/privacy){ .card-link title="Privacy Policy" }
[:octicons-info-16:](https://help.duckduckgo.com){ .card-link title=Documentation}
[:octicons-info-16:](https://help.duckduckgo.com){ .card-link title="Documentation" }
</div>
DuckDuckGo offers two [other versions](https://help.duckduckgo.com/features/non-javascript) of their search engine, both of which do not require JavaScript. These versions do lack features, however. These versions can also be used in conjunction with their Tor hidden address by appending [/lite](https://duckduckgogg42xjoc72x3sjasowoarfbgcmvfimaftt6twagswzczad.onion/lite) or [/html](https://duckduckgogg42xjoc72x3sjasowoarfbgcmvfimaftt6twagswzczad.onion/html) for the respective version.
### Mullvad Leta
<div class="admonition recommendation" markdown>
![Mullvad logo](assets/img/vpn/mullvad.svg){ align=right }
**Mullvad Leta** is a search engine developed by Mullvad. It uses a [shared cache](https://leta.mullvad.net/faq#what-is-cached-search) to fetch search results and limit calls to the search APIs it uses.
Mullvad Leta currently only provides text search results. It is the default search engine for the [Mullvad Browser](desktop-browsers.md#mullvad-browser).
[:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://leta.mullvad.net){ .md-button .md-button--primary }
[:simple-torbrowser:](http://uxngojcovdcyrmwkmkltyy2q7enzzvgv7vlqac64f2vl6hcrrqtlskqd.onion){ .card-link title="Onion Service" }
[:octicons-eye-16:](https://leta.mullvad.net/terms-of-service){ .card-link title="Privacy Policy" }
[:octicons-info-16:](https://leta.mullvad.net/faq){ .card-link title="Documentation" }
</div>
<div class="admonition tip" markdown>
<p class="admonition-title">Tip</p>
Mullvad Leta is useful if you want to disable JavaScript in your browser, such as [Mullvad Browser](desktop-browsers.md#mullvad-browser) on the Safest security level.
</div>
Mullvad Leta was [audited](https://mullvad.net/en/blog/security-audit-of-our-letamullvadnet-search-service) by Assured AB in March 2023. All issues were addressed and fixed shortly after the [report](https://assured.se/publications/Assured_Mullvad_Leta_pentest_report_2023.pdf).
### Startpage
<div class="admonition recommendation" markdown>
@ -81,7 +121,7 @@ DuckDuckGo offers two [other versions](https://help.duckduckgo.com/features/non-
[:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://startpage.com){ .md-button .md-button--primary }
[:simple-torbrowser:](http://startpagel6srwcjlue4zgq3zevrujfaow726kjytqbbjyrswwmjzcqd.onion){ .card-link title="Onion Service" }
[:octicons-eye-16:](https://startpage.com/en/privacy-policy){ .card-link title="Privacy Policy" }
[:octicons-info-16:](https://support.startpage.com/hc/categories/4481917470356-Startpage-Search-Engine){ .card-link title=Documentation}
[:octicons-info-16:](https://support.startpage.com/hc/categories/4481917470356-Startpage-Search-Engine){ .card-link title="Documentation" }
</div>
@ -102,7 +142,7 @@ A [metasearch engine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metasearch_engine) aggregate
**SearXNG** is an open-source, self-hostable, metasearch engine. It is an actively maintained fork of [SearX](https://github.com/searx/searx).
[:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://searxng.org){ .md-button .md-button--primary }
[:octicons-server-16:](https://searx.space){ .card-link title="Public Instances"}
[:octicons-server-16:](https://searx.space){ .card-link title="Public Instances" }
[:octicons-code-16:](https://github.com/searxng/searxng){ .card-link title="Source Code" }
</div>

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@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
---
title: "Security Keys"
title: Security Keys
icon: material/key-chain
description: These security keys provide a form of phishing-immune authentication for accounts that support it.
cover: multi-factor-authentication.webp
@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ cover: multi-factor-authentication.webp
- [:material-target-account: Targeted Attacks](basics/common-threats.md#attacks-against-specific-individuals){ .pg-red }
- [:material-bug-outline: Passive Attacks](basics/common-threats.md#security-and-privacy){ .pg-orange }
A physical **security key** adds a very strong layer of protection to your online accounts. Compared to [authenticator apps](multi-factor-authentication.md), the FIDO2 security key protocol is immune to phishing, and cannot be compromised without physical possession of the key itself. Many services support FIDO2/WebAuthn as a multifactor authentication option for securing your account, and some services allow you to use a security key as a strong single-factor authenticator with passwordless authentication.
A physical **security key** adds a very strong layer of protection to your online accounts. Compared to [authenticator apps](multi-factor-authentication.md), the [FIDO2](basics/multi-factor-authentication.md#fido-fast-identity-online) security key protocol is immune to phishing, and cannot be compromised without physical possession of the key itself. Many services support FIDO2/WebAuthn as a multifactor authentication option for securing your account, and some services allow you to use a security key as a strong single-factor authenticator with passwordless authentication.
## Yubico Security Key
@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ A physical **security key** adds a very strong layer of protection to your onlin
![Security Key Series by Yubico](assets/img/security-keys/yubico-security-key.webp){ width="315" }
</figure>
The **Yubico Security Key** series is the most cost-effective hardware security key with FIDO Level 2 certification[^1]. It supports FIDO2/WebAuthn and FIDO U2F, and works out of the box with most services that support a security key as a second factor, as well as many password managers.
The **Yubico Security Key** series is the most cost-effective hardware security key with FIDO Level 2 certification[^1]. It supports FIDO2/WebAuthn and FIDO Universal 2nd Factor (U2F), and works out of the box with most services that support a security key as a second factor, as well as many password managers.
[:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://yubico.com/products/security-key){ .md-button .md-button--primary }
[:octicons-eye-16:](https://yubico.com/support/terms-conditions/privacy-notice){ .card-link title="Privacy Policy" }
@ -34,10 +34,10 @@ These keys are available in both USB-C and USB-A variants, and both options supp
This key provides only basic FIDO2 functionality, but for most people that is all you will need. Some notable features the Security Key series does **not** have include:
- [Yubico Authenticator](https://yubico.com/products/yubico-authenticator)
- CCID Smart Card support (PIV-compatibile)
- CCID Smart Card support (PIV-compatible)
- OpenPGP
If you need any of those features, you should consider their higher-end [YubiKey](#yubikey) of products instead.
If you need any of those features, you should consider their higher-end [YubiKey](#yubikey) series instead.
<div class="admonition warning" markdown>
<p class="admonition-title">Warning</p>
@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ The firmware of Yubico's Security Keys is not updatable. If you want features in
![YubiKeys](assets/img/security-keys/yubikey.png){ width="400" }
</figure>
The **YubiKey** series from Yubico are among the most popular security keys with FIDO Level 2 Certification[^1]. The YubiKey 5 Series has a wide range of features such as [Universal 2nd Factor (U2F)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_2nd_Factor), [FIDO2 and WebAuthn](basics/multi-factor-authentication.md#fido-fast-identity-online), [Yubico OTP](basics/multi-factor-authentication.md#yubico-otp), [Personal Identity Verification (PIV)](https://developers.yubico.com/PIV), [OpenPGP](https://developers.yubico.com/PGP), and [TOTP and HOTP](https://developers.yubico.com/OATH) authentication.
The **YubiKey** series from Yubico are among the most popular security keys with FIDO Level 2 Certification[^1]. The **YubiKey 5 Series** has a wide range of features such as FIDO2/WebAuthn and FIDO U2F, [TOTP and HOTP](https://developers.yubico.com/OATH) authentication, [Personal Identity Verification (PIV)](https://developers.yubico.com/PIV), and [OpenPGP](https://developers.yubico.com/PGP).
[:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://yubico.com/products/yubikey-5-overview){ .md-button .md-button--primary }
[:octicons-eye-16:](https://yubico.com/support/terms-conditions/privacy-notice){ .card-link title="Privacy Policy" }
@ -68,7 +68,7 @@ The [comparison table](https://yubico.com/store/compare) shows how the YubiKeys
YubiKeys can be programmed using the [YubiKey Manager](https://yubico.com/support/download/yubikey-manager) or [YubiKey Personalization Tools](https://yubico.com/support/download/yubikey-personalization-tools). For managing TOTP codes, you can use the [Yubico Authenticator](https://yubico.com/products/yubico-authenticator). All of Yubico's clients are open source.
For models which support HOTP and TOTP, there are 2 slots in the OTP interface which could be used for HOTP and 32 slots to store TOTP secrets. These secrets are stored encrypted on the key and never exposed to the devices they are plugged into. Once a seed (shared secret) is given to the Yubico Authenticator, it will only give out the six-digit codes, but never the seed. This security model helps limit what an attacker can do if they compromise one of the devices running the Yubico Authenticator and make the YubiKey resistant to a physical attacker.
For models which [support HOTP and TOTP](https://support.yubico.com/hc/articles/360013790319-How-many-accounts-can-I-register-my-YubiKey-with), the secrets are stored encrypted on the key and never exposed to the devices they are plugged into. Once a seed (shared secret) is given to the Yubico Authenticator, it will only give out the six-digit codes, but never the seed. This security model helps limit what an attacker can do if they compromise one of the devices running the Yubico Authenticator and make the YubiKey resistant to a physical attacker.
<div class="admonition warning" markdown>
<p class="admonition-title">Warning</p>
@ -85,7 +85,7 @@ The firmware of YubiKey is not updatable. If you want features in newer firmware
![Nitrokey](assets/img/security-keys/nitrokey.jpg){ width="300" }
</figure>
**Nitrokey** has a security key capable of [FIDO2 and WebAuthn](basics/multi-factor-authentication.md#fido-fast-identity-online) called the **Nitrokey FIDO2**. For PGP support, you need to purchase one of their other keys such as the **Nitrokey Start**, **Nitrokey Pro 2**, or the **Nitrokey Storage 2**.
**Nitrokey** has a cost-effective security key capable of FIDO2/WebAuthn and FIDO U2F called the **Nitrokey Passkey**. For support for features such as PIV, OpenPGP, and TOTP and HOTP authentication, you need to purchase one of their other keys like the **Nitrokey 3**. Currently, only the **Nitrokey 3A Mini** has [FIDO Level 1 Certification](https://nitrokey.com/news/2024/nitrokey-3a-mini-receives-official-fido2-certification).
[:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://nitrokey.com){ .md-button .md-button--primary }
[:octicons-eye-16:](https://nitrokey.com/data-privacy-policy){ .card-link title="Privacy Policy" }
@ -95,23 +95,14 @@ The firmware of YubiKey is not updatable. If you want features in newer firmware
</div>
The [comparison table](https://nitrokey.com/products/nitrokeys) shows how the different Nitrokey models compare to each other in terms of features and other specifications. The **Nitrokey 3** listed will have a combined feature set.
The [comparison table](https://nitrokey.com/products/nitrokeys#:~:text=The%20Nitrokey%20Family) shows how the different Nitrokey models compare to each other in terms of features and other specifications. Refer to Nitrokey's [documentation](https://docs.nitrokey.com/nitrokeys/features) for more details about the features available on your Nitrokey.
Nitrokey models can be configured using the [Nitrokey app](https://nitrokey.com/download).
For the models which support HOTP and TOTP, there are 3 slots for HOTP and 15 for TOTP. Some Nitrokeys can act as a password manager. They can store 16 different credentials and encrypt them using the same password as the OpenPGP interface.
<div class="admonition warning" markdown>
<p class="admonition-title">Warning</p>
While Nitrokeys do not release the HOTP/TOTP secrets to the device they are plugged into, the HOTP and TOTP storage is **not** encrypted and is vulnerable to physical attacks. If you are looking to store HOTP or TOTP secrets, we highly recommend that you use a YubiKey instead.
</div>
<div class="admonition warning" markdown>
<p class="admonition-title">Warning</p>
Resetting the OpenPGP interface on a Nitrokey [Pro 2](https://docs.nitrokey.com/nitrokeys/pro/factory-reset) or Nitrokey [Start 2](https://docs.nitrokey.com/nitrokeys/storage/factory-reset) will also make the password database inaccessible.
Excluding the Nitrokey 3, Nitrokeys which support HOTP and TOTP do not have encrypted storage, making them vulnerable to physical attacks.
</div>

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@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
---
title: DNS Filtering
meta_title: "Self-Hosting DNS Solutions - Privacy Guides"
icon: material/dns
description: For our more technical readers, self-hosting a DNS solution can provide filtering for devices not covered by cloud-based DNS solutions.
cover: dns.webp
---
<small>Protects against the following threat(s):</small>
- [:material-server-network: Service Providers](../basics/common-threats.md#privacy-from-service-providers){ .pg-teal }
- [:material-account-cash: Surveillance Capitalism](../basics/common-threats.md#surveillance-as-a-business-model){ .pg-brown }
**Self-hosting DNS** is useful for providing [DNS filtering](https://cloudflare.com/learning/access-management/what-is-dns-filtering) on controlled platforms, such as smart TVs and other IoT devices, as no client-side software is needed. Keep in mind that the DNS solutions below are typically restricted to your home or local network unless you set up a more advanced configuration.
## DNS Sinkholes
[**DNS sinkholes**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNS_sinkhole) use DNS filtering to block unwanted web content such as advertisements.
### Pi-Hole
<div class="admonition recommendation" markdown>
![Pi-hole logo](../assets/img/self-hosting/pi-hole.svg){ align=right }
**Pi-hole** is an open-source DNS sinkhole which features a friendly web interface to view insights and manage blocked content. Pi-hole is designed to be hosted on a Raspberry Pi, but it is not limited to such hardware.
[:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://pi-hole.net){ .md-button .md-button--primary }
[:octicons-eye-16:](https://pi-hole.net/privacy){ .card-link title="Privacy Policy" }
[:octicons-info-16:](https://docs.pi-hole.net){ .card-link title="Documentation" }
[:octicons-code-16:](https://github.com/pi-hole/pi-hole){ .card-link title="Source Code" }
[:octicons-heart-16:](https://pi-hole.net/donate){ .card-link title="Contribute" }
</div>
### AdGuard Home
<div class="admonition recommendation" markdown>
![AdGuard Home logo](../assets/img/self-hosting/adguard-home.svg){ align=right }
**AdGuard Home** is an open-source DNS sinkhole which features a polished web interface to view insights and manage blocked content.
[:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://adguard.com/adguard-home/overview.html){ .md-button .md-button--primary }
[:octicons-eye-16:](https://adguard.com/privacy/home.html){ .card-link title="Privacy Policy" }
[:octicons-info-16:](https://github.com/AdguardTeam/AdGuardHome/wiki){ .card-link title="Documentation" }
[:octicons-code-16:](https://github.com/AdguardTeam/AdGuardHome){ .card-link title="Source Code" }
</div>

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@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
---
title: Email Servers
meta_title: "Self-Hosted Email - Privacy Guides"
meta_title: "Self-Hosting Email - Privacy Guides"
icon: material/email
description: For our more technical readers, self-hosting your own email can provide additional privacy assurances by having maximum control over your data.
cover: email.webp
@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ cover: email.webp
- [:material-server-network: Service Providers](../basics/common-threats.md#privacy-from-service-providers){ .pg-teal }
Advanced system administrators may consider setting up their own email server. Mail servers require attention and continuous maintenance in order to keep things secure and mail delivery reliable. In addition to the "all-in-one" solutions below, we've picked out a few articles that cover a more manual approach:
Advanced system administrators may consider setting up their own **email server**. Mail servers require attention and continuous maintenance in order to keep things secure and mail delivery reliable. In addition to the "all-in-one" solutions below, we've picked out a few articles that cover a more manual approach:
- [Setting up a mail server with OpenSMTPD, Dovecot and Rspamd](https://poolp.org/posts/2019-09-14/setting-up-a-mail-server-with-opensmtpd-dovecot-and-rspamd) (2019)
- [How To Run Your Own Mail Server](https://www.c0ffee.net/blog/mail-server-guide) (August 2017)

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@ -0,0 +1,81 @@
---
title: File Management
meta_title: "Self-Hosting File Management Tools - Privacy Guides"
icon: material/file-multiple-outline
description: For our more technical readers, self-hosting file management tools can provide additional privacy assurances by having maximum control over your data.
cover: cloud.webp
---
<small>Protects against the following threat(s):</small>
- [:material-server-network: Service Providers](../basics/common-threats.md#privacy-from-service-providers){ .pg-teal }
Self-hosting your own **file management** tools may be a good idea to reduce the risk of encryption flaws in a cloud provider's native clients.
## Photo Management
### PhotoPrism
<div class="admonition recommendation" markdown>
![PhotoPrism logo](../assets/img/self-hosting/photoprism.svg){ align=right }
**PhotoPrism** is a platform for managing photos. It supports album syncing and sharing as well as a variety of other [features](https://photoprism.app/features). It does not include end-to-end encryption, so it's best hosted on a server that you trust and is under your control.
[:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://photoprism.app){ .md-button .md-button--primary }
[:octicons-eye-16:](https://photoprism.app/privacy){ .card-link title="Privacy Policy" }
[:octicons-info-16:](https://photoprism.app/kb){ .card-link title="Documentation" }
[:octicons-code-16:](https://github.com/photoprism){ .card-link title="Source Code" }
</div>
## File Sharing and Sync
### FreedomBox
<div class="admonition recommendation" markdown>
![FreedomBox logo](../assets/img/self-hosting/freedombox.svg){ align=right }
**FreedomBox** is an operating system designed to be run on a [single-board computer (SBC)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single-board_computer). The purpose is to make it easy to set up server applications for use cases like sharing files.
[:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://freedombox.org){ .md-button .md-button--primary }
[:octicons-info-16:](https://wiki.debian.org/FreedomBox/Manual){ .card-link title="Documentation" }
[:octicons-code-16:](https://salsa.debian.org/freedombox-team/freedombox){ .card-link title="Source Code" }
[:octicons-heart-16:](https://freedomboxfoundation.org/donate){ .card-link title="Contribute" }
</div>
### Nextcloud
<div class="admonition recommendation" markdown>
![Nextcloud logo](../assets/img/self-hosting/nextcloud.svg){ align=right }
**Nextcloud** is a suite of free and open-source client-server software for creating your own file hosting services on a private server you control.
[:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://nextcloud.com){ .md-button .md-button--primary }
[:octicons-eye-16:](https://nextcloud.com/privacy){ .card-link title="Privacy Policy" }
[:octicons-info-16:](https://nextcloud.com/support){ .card-link title="Documentation" }
[:octicons-code-16:](https://github.com/nextcloud){ .card-link title="Source Code" }
[:octicons-heart-16:](https://nextcloud.com/contribute){ .card-link title="Contribute" }
<details class="downloads" markdown>
<summary>Downloads</summary>
- [:simple-googleplay: Google Play](https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.nextcloud.client)
- [:simple-appstore: App Store](https://apps.apple.com/app/id1125420102)
- [:simple-github: GitHub](https://github.com/nextcloud/android/releases)
- [:fontawesome-brands-windows: Windows](https://nextcloud.com/install/#install-clients)
- [:simple-apple: macOS](https://nextcloud.com/install/#install-clients)
- [:simple-linux: Linux](https://nextcloud.com/install/#install-clients)
</details>
</div>
<div class="admonition danger" markdown>
<p class="admonition-title">Danger</p>
We don't recommend using the [E2EE App](https://apps.nextcloud.com/apps/end_to_end_encryption) for Nextcloud as it may lead to data loss; it is highly experimental and not production quality. For this reason, we don't recommend third-party Nextcloud providers.
</div>

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@ -1,17 +1,28 @@
---
title: Self-Hosting
meta_title: "Self-Hosted Software and Services - Privacy Guides"
description: For our more technical readers, self-hosted software and services can provide additional privacy assurances since you have maximum control over your data.
meta_title: "Self-Hosting Software and Services - Privacy Guides"
description: For our more technical readers, self-hosting software and services can provide additional privacy assurances since you have maximum control over your data.
cover: router.webp
---
<small>Protects against the following threat(s):</small>
- [:material-server-network: Service Providers](../basics/common-threats.md#privacy-from-service-providers){ .pg-teal }
Using **self-hosted software and services** can be a way to achieve a higher level of privacy through digital sovereignty, particularly independence from cloud servers controlled by product developers or vendors. By self-hosting, we mean hosting applications and data on your own hardware.
**Self-hosting** software and services can be a way to achieve a higher level of privacy through digital sovereignty, particularly independence from cloud servers controlled by product developers or vendors. By self-hosting, we mean hosting applications and data on your own hardware.
Self-hosting your own solutions requires advanced technical knowledge and a deep understanding of the associated risks. By becoming the host for yourself and possibly others, you take on responsibilities you might not otherwise have. Self-hosting privacy software improperly can leave you worse off than using e.g. an end-to-end encrypted service provider, so it is best avoided if you are not already comfortable doing so.
## :material-dns: DNS Filtering
<div class="grid cards" markdown>
- ![AdGuard Home logo](../assets/img/self-hosting/adguard-home.svg){ .twemoji loading=lazy } [AdGuard Home](dns-filtering.md#adguard-home)
- ![Pi-Hole logo](../assets/img/self-hosting/pi-hole.svg){ .twemoji loading=lazy } [Pi-Hole](dns-filtering.md#pi-hole)
</div>
[Learn more :material-arrow-right-drop-circle:](dns-filtering.md)
## :material-email: Email Servers
<div class="grid cards" markdown>
@ -24,6 +35,36 @@ Self-hosting your own solutions requires advanced technical knowledge and a deep
[Learn more :material-arrow-right-drop-circle:](email-servers.md)
## :material-file-multiple-outline: File Management
<div class="grid cards" markdown>
- ![PhotoPrism logo](../assets/img/self-hosting/photoprism.svg){ .twemoji loading=lazy } [PhotoPrism](file-management.md#photoprism)
- ![FreedomBox logo](../assets/img/self-hosting/freedombox.svg){ .twemoji loading=lazy } [FreedomBox](file-management.md#freedombox)
- ![Nextcloud logo](../assets/img/self-hosting/nextcloud.svg){ .twemoji loading=lazy } [Nextcloud](file-management.md#nextcloud)
</div>
[Learn more :material-arrow-right-drop-circle:](file-management.md)
## :material-form-textbox-password: Password Management
### Vaultwarden
<div class="admonition recommendation" markdown>
![Vaultwarden logo](../assets/img/self-hosting/vaultwarden.svg#only-light){ align=right }
![Vaultwarden logo](../assets/img/self-hosting/vaultwarden-dark.svg#only-dark){ align=right }
**Vaultwarden** is an alternative implementation of [Bitwarden](../passwords.md#bitwarden)'s sync server written in Rust and compatible with official Bitwarden clients, perfect for self-hosted deployment where running the resource-heavy, [official service](https://github.com/bitwarden/server) might not be ideal.
[:octicons-repo-16: Repository](https://github.com/dani-garcia/vaultwarden#readme){ .md-button .md-button--primary }
[:octicons-info-16:](https://github.com/dani-garcia/vaultwarden/wiki){ .card-link title="Documentation" }
[:octicons-code-16:](https://github.com/dani-garcia/vaultwarden){ .card-link title="Source Code" }
[:octicons-heart-16:](https://github.com/sponsors/dani-garcia){ .card-link title="Contribute" }
</div>
## :material-account-supervisor-circle-outline: Social Networks
Self-hosting your own instance of a social network software can help circumvent potential [censorship on a server level](../social-networks.md#censorship-resistance) by a public server's administrator or admin team.
@ -102,6 +143,14 @@ Tool recommendations in other categories of the website also provide a self-host
<div class="grid cards" markdown>
- ![Peergos logo](../assets/img/cloud/peergos.svg){ .twemoji } [**Peergos**](../cloud.md#peergos)
---
[:octicons-home-16:](https://peergos.org){ .card-link title="Homepage" }
[:octicons-info-16:](https://github.com/peergos/peergos#usage---running-locally-to-log-in-to-another-instance){ .card-link title="Admin Documentation" }
[:octicons-code-16:](https://github.com/Peergos/Peergos){ .card-link title="Source Code" }
- ![Addy.io logo](../assets/img/email-aliasing/addy.svg){ .twemoji } [**Addy.io**](../email-aliasing.md#addyio)
---
@ -118,6 +167,14 @@ Tool recommendations in other categories of the website also provide a self-host
[:octicons-info-16:](https://github.com/simple-login/app#prerequisites){ .card-link title="Admin Documentation" }
[:octicons-code-16:](https://github.com/simple-login){ .card-link title="Source Code" }
- ![Ente logo](../assets/img/photo-management/ente.svg){ .twemoji } [**Ente Photos**](../photo-management.md#ente-photos)
---
[:octicons-home-16:](https://ente.io){ .card-link title="Homepage" }
[:octicons-info-16:](https://help.ente.io/self-hosting){ .card-link title="Admin Documentation" }
[:octicons-code-16:](https://github.com/ente-io/ente){ .card-link title="Source Code" }
- ![CryptPad logo](../assets/img/document-collaboration/cryptpad.svg){ .twemoji } [**CryptPad**](../document-collaboration.md#cryptpad)
---
@ -126,6 +183,22 @@ Tool recommendations in other categories of the website also provide a self-host
[:octicons-info-16:](https://docs.cryptpad.org/en/admin_guide/index.html){ .card-link title="Admin Documentation" }
[:octicons-code-16:](https://github.com/xwiki-labs/cryptpad){ .card-link title="Source Code" }
- ![Send logo](../assets/img/file-sharing-sync/send.svg){ .twemoji } [**Send**](../file-sharing.md#send)
---
[:octicons-home-16:](https://send.vis.ee){ .card-link title="Homepage" }
[:octicons-info-16:](https://github.com/timvisee/send/blob/master/docs/deployment.md){ .card-link title="Admin Documentation" }
[:octicons-code-16:](https://github.com/timvisee/send){ .card-link title="Source Code" }
- ![LibreTranslate logo](../assets/img/language-tools/libretranslate.png){ .twemoji } [**LibreTranslate**](../language-tools.md#libretranslate)
---
[:octicons-home-16:](https://libretranslate.com){ .card-link title="Homepage" }
[:octicons-info-16:](https://docs.libretranslate.com){ .card-link title="Admin Documentation" }
[:octicons-code-16:](https://github.com/LibreTranslate/LibreTranslate){ .card-link title="Source Code" }
- ![Miniflux logo](../assets/img/news-aggregators/miniflux.svg#only-light){ .twemoji }![Miniflux logo](../assets/img/news-aggregators/miniflux-dark.svg#only-dark){ .twemoji } [**Miniflux**](../news-aggregators.md#miniflux)
---

29
docs/tools.md
View file

@ -205,13 +205,13 @@ If you're looking for added **security**, you should always ensure you're connec
[Read Full Review :material-arrow-right-drop-circle:](email.md#proton-mail)
- ![Mailbox.org logo](assets/img/email/mailboxorg.svg){ .lg .middle .twemoji } **Mailbox.org**
- ![Mailbox Mail logo](assets/img/email/mailbox-mail.svg){ .lg .middle .twemoji } **Mailbox Mail**
---
Mailbox.org is an email service with a focus on being secure, ad-free, and privately powered by 100% eco-friendly energy. They have been in operation since 2014. Mailbox.org is based in Berlin, Germany. Accounts start with up to 2 GB storage, which can be upgraded as needed.
Mailbox Mail is an email service with a focus on being secure, ad-free, and powered by 100% eco-friendly energy. They have been in operation since 2014. Mailbox Mail is based in Berlin, Germany. Accounts start with up to 2 GB storage, which can be upgraded as needed.
[Read Full Review :material-arrow-right-drop-circle:](email.md#mailboxorg)
[Read Full Review :material-arrow-right-drop-circle:](email.md#mailbox-mail)
- ![Tuta logo](assets/img/email/tuta.svg#only-light){ .lg .middle .twemoji }![Tuta logo](assets/img/email/tuta-dark.svg#only-dark){ .lg .middle .twemoji } **Tuta**
@ -299,17 +299,6 @@ We [recommend](dns.md#recommended-providers) a number of encrypted DNS servers b
[Learn more :material-arrow-right-drop-circle:](dns.md#encrypted-dns-proxies)
#### Self-hosted Solutions
<div class="grid cards" markdown>
- ![AdGuard Home logo](assets/img/dns/adguard-home.svg){ .twemoji loading=lazy } [AdGuard Home](dns.md#adguard-home)
- ![Pi-hole logo](assets/img/dns/pi-hole.svg){ .twemoji loading=lazy } [Pi-hole](dns.md#pi-hole)
</div>
[Learn more :material-arrow-right-drop-circle:](dns.md#self-hosted-dns-filtering)
### Financial Services
#### Payment Masking Services
@ -338,7 +327,6 @@ We [recommend](dns.md#recommended-providers) a number of encrypted DNS servers b
<div class="grid cards" markdown>
- ![Ente logo](assets/img/photo-management/ente.svg){ .twemoji loading=lazy } [Ente Photos](photo-management.md#ente-photos)
- ![PhotoPrism logo](assets/img/photo-management/photoprism.svg){ .twemoji loading=lazy } [PhotoPrism](photo-management.md#photoprism)
</div>
@ -350,6 +338,7 @@ We [recommend](dns.md#recommended-providers) a number of encrypted DNS servers b
- ![Brave Search logo](assets/img/search-engines/brave-search.svg){ .twemoji loading=lazy } [Brave Search](search-engines.md#brave-search)
- ![DuckDuckGo logo](assets/img/search-engines/duckduckgo.svg){ .twemoji loading=lazy } [DuckDuckGo](search-engines.md#duckduckgo)
- ![Mullvad logo](assets/img/vpn/mullvad.svg){ .twemoji loading=lazy } [Mullvad Leta](search-engines.md#mullvad-leta)
- ![SearXNG logo](assets/img/search-engines/searxng.svg){ .twemoji loading=lazy } [SearXNG](search-engines.md#searxng)
- ![Startpage logo](assets/img/search-engines/startpage.svg#only-light){ .twemoji loading=lazy }![Startpage logo](assets/img/search-engines/startpage-dark.svg#only-dark){ .twemoji loading=lazy } [Startpage](search-engines.md#startpage)
@ -408,7 +397,6 @@ We [recommend](dns.md#recommended-providers) a number of encrypted DNS servers b
<div class="grid cards" markdown>
- ![Nextcloud logo](assets/img/document-collaboration/nextcloud.svg){ .twemoji loading=lazy } [Nextcloud (Self-Hostable)](document-collaboration.md#nextcloud)
- ![CryptPad logo](assets/img/document-collaboration/cryptpad.svg){ .twemoji loading=lazy } [CryptPad](document-collaboration.md#cryptpad)
</div>
@ -431,7 +419,6 @@ For encrypting your OS drive, we typically recommend using the encryption tool y
<div class="grid cards" markdown>
- ![Cryptomator logo](assets/img/encryption-software/cryptomator.svg){ .twemoji loading=lazy } [Cryptomator](encryption.md#cryptomator-cloud)
- ![Picocrypt logo](assets/img/encryption-software/picocrypt.svg){ .twemoji loading=lazy } [Picocrypt](encryption.md#picocrypt-file)
- ![VeraCrypt logo](assets/img/encryption-software/veracrypt.svg#only-light){ .twemoji loading=lazy }![VeraCrypt logo](assets/img/encryption-software/veracrypt-dark.svg#only-dark){ .twemoji loading=lazy } [VeraCrypt (FDE)](encryption.md#veracrypt-disk)
- ![Kryptor logo](assets/img/encryption-software/kryptor.png){ .twemoji loading=lazy } [Kryptor](encryption.md#kryptor)
- ![Tomb logo](assets/img/encryption-software/tomb.png){ .twemoji loading=lazy } [Tomb](encryption.md#tomb)
@ -459,8 +446,6 @@ For encrypting your OS drive, we typically recommend using the encryption tool y
- ![Send logo](assets/img/file-sharing-sync/send.svg){ .twemoji loading=lazy } [Send](file-sharing.md#send)
- ![OnionShare logo](assets/img/file-sharing-sync/onionshare.svg){ .twemoji loading=lazy } [OnionShare](file-sharing.md#onionshare)
- ![FreedomBox logo](assets/img/file-sharing-sync/freedombox.svg){ .twemoji loading=lazy } [FreedomBox](file-sharing.md#freedombox)
- ![Nextcloud logo](assets/img/document-collaboration/nextcloud.svg){ .twemoji loading=lazy } [Nextcloud (Self-Hostable)](file-sharing.md#nextcloud-client-server)
- ![Syncthing logo](assets/img/file-sharing-sync/syncthing.svg){ .twemoji loading=lazy } [Syncthing](file-sharing.md#syncthing-p2p)
</div>
@ -490,9 +475,9 @@ For encrypting your OS drive, we typically recommend using the encryption tool y
- ![Drip logo](assets/img/health-and-wellness/drip.png){ .twemoji loading=lazy } [Drip](health-and-wellness.md#drip)
- ![Euki logo](assets/img/health-and-wellness/euki.svg){ .twemoji loading=lazy } [Euki](health-and-wellness.md#euki)
- ![Apple Health logo](assets/img/health-and-wellness/apple-health.svg#only-light){ .twemoji loading=lazy } ![Apple Health logo](assets/img/health-and-wellness/apple-health-dark.svg#only-dark){ .twemoji loading=lazy } [Apple Health](health-and-wellness.md#apple-health)
- ![Apple Fitness logo](assets/img/health-and-wellness/apple-fitness.webp){ .twemoji loading=lazy } [Apple Fitness](health-and-wellness.md#apple-fitness)
- ![Gadgetbridge logo](assets/img/health-and-wellness/gadgetbridge.svg#only-light){ .twemoji loading=lazy }![Gadgetbridge logo](assets/img/health-and-wellness/gadgetbridge-dark.svg#only-dark){ .twemoji loading=lazy } [Gadgetbridge](health-and-wellness.md#gadgetbridge)
- ![Apple Health logo](assets/img/health-and-wellness/apple-health.svg#only-light){ .twemoji loading=lazy } ![Apple Health logo](assets/img/health-and-wellness/apple-health-dark.svg#only-dark){ .twemoji loading=lazy } [Apple Health Records](health-and-wellness.md#apple-health-records)
- ![Apple Health logo](assets/img/health-and-wellness/apple-health.webp#only-light){ .twemoji loading=lazy } ![Apple Health logo](assets/img/health-and-wellness/apple-health-dark.webp#only-dark){ .twemoji loading=lazy } [Apple Health Records](health-and-wellness.md#apple-health-records)
- ![CommonHealth logo](assets/img/health-and-wellness/commonhealth.png){ .twemoji loading=lazy } [CommonHealth](health-and-wellness.md#commonhealth)
</div>
@ -504,6 +489,7 @@ For encrypting your OS drive, we typically recommend using the encryption tool y
<div class="grid cards" markdown>
- ![LanguageTool logo](assets/img/language-tools/languagetool.svg#only-light){ .twemoji loading=lazy }![LanguageTool logo](assets/img/language-tools/languagetool-dark.svg#only-dark){ .twemoji loading=lazy } [LanguageTool](language-tools.md#languagetool)
- ![LibreTranslate logo](assets/img/language-tools/libretranslate.png){ .twemoji } [LibreTranslate](language-tools.md#libretranslate)
</div>
@ -583,6 +569,7 @@ For encrypting your OS drive, we typically recommend using the encryption tool y
- ![Psono logo](assets/img/password-management/psono.svg){ .twemoji loading=lazy } [Psono](passwords.md#psono)
- ![KeePassXC logo](assets/img/password-management/keepassxc.svg){ .twemoji loading=lazy } [KeePassXC](passwords.md#keepassxc)
- ![KeePassDX logo](assets/img/password-management/keepassdx.svg){ .twemoji loading=lazy } [KeePassDX (Android)](passwords.md#keepassdx-android)
- ![KeePassium logo](assets/img/password-management/keepassium.svg){ .twemoji loading=lazy } [KeePassium (iOS & macOS)](passwords.md#keepassium-ios-macos)
- ![Gopass logo](assets/img/password-management/gopass.svg){ .twemoji loading=lazy } [Gopass (CLI)](passwords.md#gopass-cli)
</div>

1
docs/vpn.md
View file

@ -340,7 +340,6 @@ A VPN is pointless if it can't even provide adequate security. We require all ou
- Strongest Encryption: RSA-4096.
- Optional quantum-resistant encryption.
- Forward Secrecy.
- Comprehensive published security audits from a reputable third-party firm.
- Bug-bounty programs and/or a coordinated vulnerability-disclosure process.
- RAM-only VPN servers.

2
includes/strings.en.env
View file

@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
ANALYTICS_FEEDBACK_NEGATIVE_NAME="This page could be improved"
ANALYTICS_FEEDBACK_NEGATIVE_NOTE='Thanks for your feedback! If you want to let us know more, please leave a post on our <a href="https://discuss.privacyguides.net/c/site-development/7" target="_blank" rel="noopener">forum</a>.'
ANALYTICS_FEEDBACK_NEGATIVE_NOTE="Thanks for your feedback! If you want to let us know more, please leave a post on our <a href='https://discuss.privacyguides.net/c/site-development/7' target='_blank' rel='noopener'>forum</a>."
ANALYTICS_FEEDBACK_POSITIVE_NAME="This page was helpful"
ANALYTICS_FEEDBACK_POSITIVE_NOTE="Thanks for your feedback!"
ANALYTICS_FEEDBACK_TITLE="Was this page helpful?"

15
mkdocs.blog.yml
View file

@ -27,6 +27,12 @@ site_description: "Privacy Guides is the most popular & trustworthy non-profit p
edit_uri_template: blob/main/blog/{path}?plain=1
extra:
scope: /
ghost:
base_url: https://www.privacyguides.org
admin_url: https://ghost.privacyguides.org/ghost
tb_site_uuid: 5f3bdb03-a1af-4844-85ca-cbc82c89eb9a
content_api_key: da9d77deb3e85ee73925167f3a
privacy_guides:
footer:
intro:
@ -47,7 +53,7 @@ extra:
- fontawesome/brands/creative-commons
- fontawesome/brands/creative-commons-by
- fontawesome/brands/creative-commons-sa
homepage: !ENV [MAIN_SITE_BASE_URL, "https://www.privacyguides.org/en/"]
homepage: /
generator: false
context: !ENV [BUILD_CONTEXT, "production"]
offline: !ENV [BUILD_OFFLINE, false]
@ -118,7 +124,7 @@ theme:
- search.highlight
extra_css:
- assets/stylesheets/extra.css?v=20240829
- assets/stylesheets/extra.css?v=20250723
watch:
- theme
@ -163,8 +169,6 @@ plugins:
plugins:
macros: {}
meta: {}
optimize:
enabled: !ENV [OPTIMIZE, PRODUCTION, NETLIFY, false]
typeset: {}
social:
cards: !ENV [CARDS, true]
@ -202,6 +206,9 @@ markdown_extensions:
pymdownx.emoji:
emoji_index: !!python/name:material.extensions.emoji.twemoji
emoji_generator: !!python/name:material.extensions.emoji.to_svg
options:
custom_icons:
- theme/icons
tables: {}
footnotes: {}
toc:

220
mkdocs.videos.yml
View file

@ -1,220 +0,0 @@
# Copyright (c) 2022-2024 Jonah Aragon <jonah@triplebit.net>
# Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
# of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to
# deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the
# rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or
# sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
# furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
# The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
# all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
# THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
# IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
# FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NON-INFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
# AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
# LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING
# FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS
# IN THE SOFTWARE.
docs_dir: "videos"
site_url: "https://www.privacyguides.org/videos/"
site_dir: "site/videos"
site_name: Privacy Guides
site_description: "This is our home for the latest video content from the Privacy Guides team. Privacy Guides is the most popular & trustworthy non-profit privacy resource to find privacy tools and learn about protecting your digital life."
edit_uri_template: blob/main/videos/{path}?plain=1
extra:
privacy_guides:
footer:
intro:
!ENV [
FOOTER_INTRO,
"Privacy Guides is a non-profit, socially motivated website that provides information for protecting your data security and privacy.",
]
note:
!ENV [
FOOTER_NOTE,
"We do not make money from recommending certain products, and we do not use affiliate links.",
]
copyright:
author:
!ENV [FOOTER_COPYRIGHT_AUTHOR, "Privacy Guides and contributors."]
date: !ENV [FOOTER_COPYRIGHT_DATE, "2019-2025"]
license:
- fontawesome/brands/creative-commons
- fontawesome/brands/creative-commons-by
- fontawesome/brands/creative-commons-sa
homepage: !ENV [MAIN_SITE_BASE_URL, "https://www.privacyguides.org/en/"]
generator: false
context: !ENV [BUILD_CONTEXT, "production"]
offline: !ENV [BUILD_OFFLINE, false]
deploy: !ENV DEPLOY_ID
social:
- icon: simple/mastodon
link: https://mastodon.neat.computer/@privacyguides
name: !ENV [SOCIAL_MASTODON, "Mastodon"]
- icon: simple/peertube
link: https://neat.tube/c/privacyguides
name: !ENV [SOCIAL_PEERTUBE, "PeerTube"]
- icon: simple/matrix
link: https://matrix.to/#/#privacyguides:matrix.org
name: !ENV [SOCIAL_MATRIX, "Matrix"]
- icon: simple/discourse
link: https://discuss.privacyguides.net/
name: !ENV [SOCIAL_FORUM, "Forum"]
- icon: simple/github
link: https://github.com/privacyguides
name: !ENV [SOCIAL_GITHUB, "GitHub"]
- icon: simple/torbrowser
link: http://www.xoe4vn5uwdztif6goazfbmogh6wh5jc4up35bqdflu6bkdc5cas5vjqd.onion/posts/
name: !ENV [SOCIAL_TOR_SITE, "Hidden service"]
repo_url:
!ENV [BUILD_REPO_URL, "https://github.com/privacyguides/privacyguides.org"]
repo_name: ""
theme:
name: material
language: en
custom_dir: theme
font:
text: Public Sans
code: DM Mono
palette:
- media: "(prefers-color-scheme)"
scheme: default
accent: deep purple
toggle:
icon: material/brightness-auto
name: !ENV [THEME_DARK, "Switch to dark mode"]
- media: "(prefers-color-scheme: dark)"
scheme: slate
accent: amber
toggle:
icon: material/brightness-2
name: !ENV [THEME_LIGHT, "Switch to light mode"]
- media: "(prefers-color-scheme: light)"
scheme: default
accent: deep purple
toggle:
icon: material/brightness-5
name: !ENV [THEME_AUTO, "Switch to system theme"]
favicon: assets/brand/logos/png/favicon-32x32.png
icon:
repo: simple/github
features:
- announce.dismiss
- navigation.tracking
- navigation.tabs
- navigation.path
- navigation.indexes
- navigation.footer
- content.action.edit
- content.tabs.link
- content.tooltips
- search.highlight
extra_css:
- assets/stylesheets/extra.css?v=20240829
watch:
- theme
- includes
plugins:
blog:
blog_dir: .
blog_toc: true
post_url_format: "{date}/{file}"
post_excerpt_max_authors: 0
authors_profiles: false
categories: false
rss:
match_path: posts/.*
abstract_chars_count: -1
date_from_meta:
as_creation: date.created
as_update: date.updated
categories:
- categories
- tags
glightbox: {}
tags: {}
search: {}
privacy:
enabled: !ENV [BUILD_PRIVACY, true]
offline:
enabled: !ENV [BUILD_OFFLINE, false]
group:
enabled: !ENV [BUILD_INSIDERS, true]
plugins:
macros: {}
meta: {}
optimize:
enabled: !ENV [OPTIMIZE, PRODUCTION, NETLIFY, false]
typeset: {}
social:
cards: !ENV [CARDS, true]
cards_dir: assets/img/social
cards_layout_dir: theme/layouts
cards_layout: page
markdown_extensions:
admonition: {}
pymdownx.details: {}
pymdownx.superfences:
custom_fences:
- name: mermaid
class: mermaid
format: !!python/name:pymdownx.superfences.fence_code_format
pymdownx.tabbed:
alternate_style: true
pymdownx.arithmatex:
generic: true
pymdownx.critic: {}
pymdownx.caret: {}
pymdownx.keys: {}
pymdownx.mark: {}
pymdownx.tilde: {}
pymdownx.snippets:
auto_append:
- !ENV [BUILD_ABBREVIATIONS, "includes/abbreviations.en.txt"]
pymdownx.tasklist:
custom_checkbox: true
attr_list: {}
def_list: {}
md_in_html: {}
meta: {}
abbr: {}
pymdownx.emoji:
emoji_index: !!python/name:material.extensions.emoji.twemoji
emoji_generator: !!python/name:material.extensions.emoji.to_svg
tables: {}
footnotes: {}
toc:
toc_depth: 4
nav:
- !ENV [NAV_HOME, "Home"]: !ENV [MAIN_SITE_BASE_URL, "/en/"]
- !ENV [NAV_KNOWLEDGE_BASE, "Knowledge Base"]:
!ENV [MAIN_SITE_KNOWLEDGE_BASE_URL, "/en/basics/why-privacy-matters/"]
- !ENV [NAV_RECOMMENDATIONS, "Recommendations"]:
!ENV [MAIN_SITE_RECOMMENDATIONS_URL, "/en/tools/"]
- !ENV [NAV_BLOG, "Articles"]: !ENV [ARTICLES_SITE_BASE_URL, "/articles/"]
- !ENV [NAV_VIDEOS, "Videos"]:
- index.md
- playlists.md
- !ENV [NAV_FORUM, "Forum"]: "https://discuss.privacyguides.net/"
- !ENV [NAV_WIKI, "Wiki"]:
!ENV [
NAV_WIKI_LINK,
"https://discuss.privacyguides.net/c/community-wiki/9411/none",
]
- !ENV [NAV_ABOUT, "About"]: !ENV [MAIN_SITE_ABOUT_URL, "/en/about/"]
validation:
nav:
not_found: info

26
mkdocs.yml
View file

@ -32,10 +32,17 @@ edit_uri_template:
!ENV [BUILD_EDIT_URI_TEMPLATE, "blob/main/docs/{path}?plain=1"]
extra:
scope: /
homepage: /
generator: false
context: !ENV [BUILD_CONTEXT, "production"]
offline: !ENV [BUILD_OFFLINE, false]
deploy: !ENV DEPLOY_ID
ghost:
base_url: https://www.privacyguides.org
admin_url: https://ghost.privacyguides.org/ghost
tb_site_uuid: 5f3bdb03-a1af-4844-85ca-cbc82c89eb9a
content_api_key: da9d77deb3e85ee73925167f3a
privacy_guides:
footer:
intro:
@ -122,10 +129,10 @@ extra:
link: https://matrix.to/#/#privacyguides:matrix.org
- icon: material/information-outline
name: !ENV [HOMEPAGE_CTA_ABOUT_NAME, "Learn more about us"]
link: about/
link: !ENV [HOMEPAGE_CTA_ABOUT_LINK, "about/"]
- icon: material/hand-coin
name: !ENV [HOMEPAGE_CTA_DONATE_NAME, "Donate to Privacy Guides"]
link: about/donate/
link: !ENV [HOMEPAGE_CTA_DONATE_LINK, "about/donate/"]
description:
!ENV [
HOMEPAGE_CTA_DESCRIPTION,
@ -182,6 +189,7 @@ extra:
- icon: simple/torbrowser
link: http://www.xoe4vn5uwdztif6goazfbmogh6wh5jc4up35bqdflu6bkdc5cas5vjqd.onion/
name: !ENV [SOCIAL_TOR_SITE, "Hidden service"]
language_switcher: !ENV [LANGUAGE_SWITCHER, true]
alternate:
- name: English
link: /en/
@ -207,10 +215,14 @@ extra:
link: /nl/
lang: nl
icon: https://raw.githubusercontent.com/twitter/twemoji/master/assets/svg/1f1f3-1f1f1.svg
- name: 正體中文
- name: 中文 (繁體)
link: /zh-hant/
lang: zh-Hant
icon: https://raw.githubusercontent.com/twitter/twemoji/master/assets/svg/1f1ed-1f1f0.svg
icon: https://raw.githubusercontent.com/jdecked/twemoji/master/assets/svg/1f1ed-1f1f0.svg
- name: 中文 (繁體，台灣)
link: /zh-TW/
lang: zh-TW
icon: https://raw.githubusercontent.com/jdecked/twemoji/master/assets/svg/1f1f9-1f1fc.svg
- name: Русский
link: /ru/
lang: ru
@ -281,7 +293,7 @@ theme:
- search.highlight
extra_css:
- assets/stylesheets/extra.css?v=20250306
- assets/stylesheets/extra.css?v=20250723
extra_javascript:
- path: assets/javascripts/randomize-element.js?v=20250306
defer: true
@ -316,8 +328,6 @@ plugins:
- index.md
fallback_to_build_date: true
enable_creation_date: true
optimize:
enabled: !ENV [OPTIMIZE, PRODUCTION, NETLIFY, false]
typeset: {}
social:
cards: !ENV [CARDS, true]
@ -395,7 +405,9 @@ nav:
- "tools.md"
- !ENV [NAV_SELF_HOSTING, "Self-Hosting"]:
- "self-hosting/index.md"
- "self-hosting/dns-filtering.md"
- "self-hosting/email-servers.md"
- "self-hosting/file-management.md"
- !ENV [NAV_INTERNET_BROWSING, "Internet Browsing"]:
- "tor.md"
- "desktop-browsers.md"

2
modules/mkdocs-material

@ -1 +1 @@
Subproject commit ce2cca8c5240ae520e09a67954de09949bd04efe
Subproject commit 33c22511c28f74ba51733e402071515c9cd4ed6e

6
run.sh
View file

@ -100,14 +100,14 @@ if [ "$language" == "he" ]; then
export BUILD_THEME_FONT_TEXT="Open Sans"
fi
# Set font if chinese
if [ "$language" == "zh-Hant" ]; then
# Set font if russian or chinese
if [[ "ru zh-Hant zh-TW" =~ $language ]]; then
export BUILD_THEME_FONT_CODE="Noto Sans TC"
export BUILD_THEME_FONT_TEXT="Noto Sans TC"
fi
# Set stylesheet if hebrew or russian or chinese
if [[ "he ru zh-Hant" =~ $language ]]; then
if [[ "he ru zh-Hant zh-TW" =~ $language ]]; then
export TRANSLATION_STYLESHEET="assets/stylesheets/lang-$language.css?v=20240410"
fi

1
theme/assets/img/email/kolab_now-dark.svg
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theme/assets/img/email/kolab_now.svg
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theme/assets/img/email/mailbox-mail.svg Normal file
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</g>
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theme/assets/stylesheets/extra.css
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@ -46,6 +46,7 @@
--pg-green: #2e7e31;
--pg-blue-gray: #546d78;
--pg-viridian: #40826d;
--ghost-accent-color: #4f46e5;
}
:root, [data-md-color-scheme="slate"] {
--md-default-bg-color: rgb(26, 26, 27);
@ -67,6 +68,7 @@
--pg-blue-gray: #9ab2bc;
--pg-viridian: #40826d;
--md-footer-bg-color--dark: var(--md-default-bg-color);
--ghost-accent-color: #4f46e5;
}
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opacity: 1;
color: var(--md-primary-bg-color--light);
color: var(--md-default-fg-color--light);
}
#ghost-portal-root, #ghost-comments-root {
color-scheme: light;
}

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/*
/// Copyright (c) 2023 Jonah Aragon <jonah@triplebit.net>
///
/// Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a
/// copy of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"),
/// to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation
/// the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense,
/// and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the
/// Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
///
/// The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
/// all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
///
/// THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
/// IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
/// FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NON-INFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL
/// THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
/// LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING
/// FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER
/// DEALINGS
*/
/* chinese-traditional */
@font-face {
font-family: 'Noto Serif TC';
font-style: normal;
font-weight: 400;
src: url(https://fonts.bunny.net/noto-serif-tc/files/noto-serif-tc-chinese-traditional-400-normal.woff2) format('woff2'), url(https://fonts.bunny.net/noto-serif-tc/files/noto-serif-tc-chinese-traditional-400-normal.woff) format('woff');
}
/* latin */
@font-face {
font-family: 'Noto Serif TC';
font-style: normal;
font-weight: 400;
src: url(https://fonts.bunny.net/noto-serif-tc/files/noto-serif-tc-latin-400-normal.woff2) format('woff2'), url(https://fonts.bunny.net/noto-serif-tc/files/noto-serif-tc-latin-400-normal.woff) format('woff');
}
/* chinese-traditional */
@font-face {
font-family: 'Noto Serif TC';
font-style: normal;
font-weight: 700;
src: url(https://fonts.bunny.net/noto-serif-tc/files/noto-serif-tc-chinese-traditional-700-normal.woff2) format('woff2'), url(https://fonts.bunny.net/noto-serif-tc/files/noto-serif-tc-chinese-traditional-700-normal.woff) format('woff');
}
/* latin */
@font-face {
font-family: 'Noto Serif TC';
font-style: normal;
font-weight: 700;
src: url(https://fonts.bunny.net/noto-serif-tc/files/noto-serif-tc-latin-700-normal.woff2) format('woff2'), url(https://fonts.bunny.net/noto-serif-tc/files/noto-serif-tc-latin-700-normal.woff) format('woff');
}
h1, h2, h3, .md-header__topic {
font-family: "Bagnard", "Noto Serif TC", serif;
font-weight: 700!important;
}

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