sandwiching
tl, dr
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sandwiching occurs when a searcher identifies a profitable trade in the mempool that will cause an impact on the price of an asset.
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a searcher buys or sells a calculated amount directly before the large trade is executed and then immediately exits their position after the large order has taken place, banking a profit.
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the main theme of sandwich attacks is the deterministic price slippage caused by available liquidity in the pool, which is deterministic . slipage is the change in the price of an asset during a trade.
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sandwiches (and most frontruns) are often labelled toxic mev because the tx that is frontrun either executes at worse conditions or fails to execute.
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a softer side of sandwich is on the lens of economic efficiency, on which an order can create a consumer surplus and the absence of a nash equilibrium. the bot operator would love the economic system back.